Value Of Reflection Coefficient Research Articles

Photon backscattering for various stainless steel thicknesses from 0.25 to 20 MeV using Monte Carlo simulation FLUKA code

PurposeStainless steel has a robust microstructure that makes it an excellent material for shielding in a range of radiation applications. Thus, knowledge of backscattering photons and photon reflection coefficient is required to minimise radiation risks to passers-by and workers in close proximity to the radiation region. The stainless steel utilised in this research is composed of a blend of iron (74%), chromium (18%), and nickel (8%). MethodsThe FLUKA Monte Carlo algorithm was used to study the effect of photon reflection coefficients at various energies and for various stainless steel thicknesses. ResultsThe data was tabulated as a function of the angle of reflection. Moreover, the reflection coefficient was calculated as a function of different energies to determine the dose reduction factor compared to standard shielding concrete. ConclusionsRegarding the reflection coefficient values, the saturation depth of the stainless steel is at a thickness of 2 cm. Therefore, there is no more increase in photon backscattering behind this thickness. Also, stainless steel showed better radiation shielding properties for less than 2.8 MeV incident energies.

A Miniaturized Triple-Band Antenna Based on Square Split Ring for IoT Applications

This article presents a miniaturized triple-band antenna for Internet of Things (IoT) applications. The miniaturization is achieved by using a split square ring resonator and half ring resonator. The antenna is fabricated on an FR4 substrate with dimensions of (33 × 22 × 1.6) mm3. The proposed antenna resonates at the frequencies 2.4 GHz, 3.7 GHz, and 5.8 GHz for WLAN and WiMax applications. The obtained −10 dB bandwidth for the three bands of the proposed antenna are 300 MHz, 360 MHz, and 900 MHz, respectively. The measured reflection coefficient values of the proposed antenna corresponding to each resonant frequency are equal to −14.772 dB, −20.971 dB, and −28.1755 dB, respectively. The measured gain values are 1.43 dBi, 0.89 dBi, and 1 dBi, respectively, at each resonant frequency. There is a good agreement between the measured and simulated results, and both show an omnidirectional radiation pattern at each of the antenna resonant frequencies that is suitable for IoT portable devices.

Design of Log Periodic Dipole Array with FEM and FDTD Based Analysis for GSM, PCS, Industry Standard Medical and Wi-Fi Communication Applications

There is a need of low profile and multiband antennas in various fields of wireless communication lower band applications. Suitable gain with higher data rates for future communication modules in compact range is most challenging for design engineers. In this paper, Log Periodic Dipole Array antenna was designed and proposed for frequency range from 900 MHz to 2.6 GHz, operating frequency for the proposed antenna is 0.9 GHz (GSM), 2.1 GHz (PCS) and 2.4 GHz Industry standard Medical (ISM) and Wi-Fi applications. The modelled antenna constructed on FR4 substrate with height of 1.6mm, and analysed with electromagnetic simulation software like Magus, CST (Computer Simulation Technology) and HFSS (High Frequency structure simulator) tools. The proposed antenna has advantages like wideband, simple design, antenna results indicate the reflection coefficient value below -10dB for whole band from 900 MHz to 2600 MHz. The proposed antenna showing overall gain of 6 dB. Several antenna parameters are evaluated in Finite Element Method (FEM) and Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) and provided comparative analysis in this work.

Sandwich-Structured Surface Coating of a Silver-Decorated Electrospun Thermoplastic Polyurethane Fibrous Film for Excellent Electromagnetic Interference Shielding with Low Reflectivity and Favorable Durability.

Nowadays, high efficiency and low reflection electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials have a wide potential application of electronic fields. However, it is still challenging to achieve long-term durability under external mechanical deformations or other harsh conditions. Herein, sandwich-structured surface coatings with a mixture of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)/carboxylated multiwalled carbon nanotube and magnetic ferriferous oxide nanoparticle hybrid fillers (MWCNTs-COOH/Fe3O4, MFs) are introduced onto a silver-decorated electrospun thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) fibrous film to achieve both outstanding low reflective EMI shielding and favorable durability. The surface coatings not only act as an effective absorbing layer but also provide a micro-nano hierarchical superhydrophobic surface. The resultant film shows a remarkable conductivity (361.0 S/cm), an excellent EMI shielding effectiveness (SE) approaching 85.4 dB, and a low reflection coefficient value of 0.61. Interestingly, the obtained film still maintains an excellent EMI SE even after mechanical deformations or being immersed in strong acidic solution, alkaline solution, and organic solvents for 6 h. This work opens a new avenue for the design of low reflective EMI shielding films under harsh environments.

A wide axial-ratio beamwidth circularly-polarized oval patch antenna with sunlight-shaped slots for gnss and wimax applications

This paper proposes a quadruple band stacked oval patch antenna with sunlight-shaped slots supporting L1/L2/L5 GNSS bands and the 2.3 Ghz WiMAX band. The antenna produces right-hand circular polarization waves with wide axial-ratio beamwidth of 223/216^{circ } and 231/203^{circ } at two orthogonal cutplanes at L5 and L2 GNSS bands, respectively. Firstly, the resonant modes TM_{110} and TM_{210} are excited inside a single layer oval patch antenna, where resonance frequencies are calculated using Mathieu functions. Meanwhile, it is shown that another version of the mode TM_{110} with similar distribution but orthogonal direction is excitable inside the same oval patch. Then, a second stacked oval patch layer is added, which splits the resonance frequency of each of the modes TM_{110} and TM_{210} into two different values. Depending on the probe feed position and the separation between the two layers, the phase shifts between modes versions in the upper and the lower layers change. Thus, by fine-tuning the probe feed position and the separation between layers, spatially-orthogonal with quadrature-phase-shift versions of the mode TM_{110} are obtained, producing a circularly polarized waves at L2 and L5 bands. Furthermore, sunlight shaped slots are etched into the upper and lower layer patches to fine tune the phase shifts between different modes versions, which enhances the overall axial-ratio beamwidth. Despite the simplicity of the overall structure and the feeding mechanism utilized in the proposed design, wide axial-ratio beamwidths are obtained, as compared to previous works. The proposed antenna shows low reflection coefficient values at 1.14–1.29 GHz (L2/L5), 1.45–1.6 GHz (L1), and 2.26–2.4 GHz (WiMAX). The antenna gains are 5.9, 5.6, 6, and 6.5 dBi/dBic at L5, L2, L1, and WiMAX bands, respectively. The half-power beamwidths are 99/96^{circ }, 102/96^{circ }, 112/85^{circ }, and 65/48^{circ } at two orthogonal cutplanes at L5, L2, L1, and WiMAX bands, respectively.

Investigation of ultrasonic soft tissue-bone reflection coefficients correlating with curve severity in children with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis.

Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a three-dimensional curvature of spine. Children with AIS and low bone quality have higher chance to get curve progression leading to bigger spinal curvature. In addition, bone quality affects acoustic impedance of bone, thus influencing the reflection coefficient of ultrasound signal from the soft tissue–bone interface. This study aimed to estimate the bone quality of AIS patients based on the reflection coefficients to determine the correlation of the bone quality with curve severity. A simple bone model was used to develop an equation to calculate the reflection coefficient value. Experiments were conducted on five different phantoms. Acrylic was used to design a vertebral shape to study the effect of surface roughness and inclination, including: smooth flat surface (SFS), smooth curved surface (SCS), rough curved surface (RCS), and the rough curved inclined surface (RCIS). A clinical study with 37 AIS patients were recruited. The estimated reflection coefficient values of plate phantoms agreed well with the predicted values and the maximum error was 6.7%. The reflection coefficients measured from the acrylic-water interface for the SFS, SCS, RCS, RCIS (3° and 5°) were 0.37, 0.33, 0.28, (0.23 and 0.12), respectively. The surface roughness and inclination increased the reflection loss. From the clinical data, the average reflection coefficients for children with AIS were 0.11 and 0.07 for the mild curve group and the moderate curve group, respectively. A moderate linear correlation was found between the reflection coefficients and curve severity ( = 0.3). Patients with lower bone quality have observed to have larger spinal curvature.

Enhanced and tunable Imbert-Fedorov shift based on epsilon-near-zero response of Weyl semimetal

We theoretically investigate the reflected spatial Imbert–Fedorov (IF) shift of transverse-electric (TE)-polarized beam illuminating on a bulk Weyl semimetal (WSM). The spatial IF shift is enhanced significantly at two different frequencies close to the epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) frequency, where large values of reflection coefficients |r pp|/|r ss| are obtained due to the ENZ response induced different rapid increasing trends of |r pp| and |r ss|. Particularly, the tunable ENZ effect with tilt degree of Weyl cones and Fermi energy enables the enhanced spatial IF shift at different frequencies. The enhanced spatial IF shift also shows the adjustability of WSM thickness, incident angle and Weyl node separation. Our findings provide easy and available methods to enlarge and adjust the reflected IF shift of TE-polarized light with a WSM.

Electromagnetic shield design based on pseudooval scattering elements for information protection from leakage via the electromagnetic channel

The results of the study of the values of the reflection coefficients and the effective scattering surface of the developed design of the electromagnetic radiation screen in the frequency range of 2…12 GHz are considered. The structure consists of a layer of moisture-containing pseudo-oval scattering elements with linear dimensions of 1…4, 1…2 and 10…20 mm, which is placed between two layers of polyurethane sealing mastic. The use of pseudo-oval elements with linear dimensions of 1…4 mm containing solutions made on the basis of a 20 % solution in the developed electromagnetic radiation screen design allows reducing the values of the reflection coefficients of electromagnetic radiation at frequencies 4.2…6.5 and 1.0…4.1, 8.0…12.0 GHz. The formation of a screen design based on elements with linear dimensions of 1…2 and 10…20 mm, impregnated with a 20 % sodium chloride solution, leads to a decrease in the values of reflection coefficients in the frequency range of 2…12 GHz. It is established that the values of the effective scattering surface of ground objects in case of placing or fixing of the specified design variant of the electromagnetic radiation screen on their surface are 0.6…24.0 m2 in the frequency range of 2…12 GHz. This makes it significantly difficult to obtain reliable information about the location and characteristics of ground objects in the frequency range under consideration.

A study on the wave reflection coefficient near berthing facilities

Introduction. The article deals with the experimental studies on values of the wave reflection coefficient near the structures of berthing facilities with a front vertical wall. The authors present the findings of experimental studies conducted in the form of physical modeling.
 Materials and methods. The method of physical modeling was employed to conduct the experimental studies. These studies are an integral part of the research project that benefits all modern large marine cargo facilities being designed. The method of physical modeling, applied to port facilities, allows obtaining a model wave, identical to that of a full-scale object, and studying interaction between waves and designed hydraulic engineering structures within a pre-set time range. Experiments were conducted in a wave flume of the Hydraulic Engineering Centre for Research and Experiments at NRU MGSU. The most advanced measuring equipment, produced by Wallingford (UK), was used in the experiment.
 Results. As a result of the experiment, the authors obtained values of the coefficient of reflection of waves near a berthing facility with a vertical front wall (the bulwark type of the berthing structure), subjected to the impact of a standard storm. The main Russian regulatory document, SP (Construction regulations) 38.13330.2018 doesn’t have information about the definition of the wave reflection coefficient for all types of hydraulic structures, and the information available there is not exhaustive. The availability of information about the exact values of the wave reflection coefficient for various types of hydraulic structures, such as berthing facilities, can reasonably reduce their elevation, that will ultimately lead to a substantial reduction in construction costs and time.
 Conclusions. The results of these scientific studies will ensure the successful implementation of the most recent designs of seaports, terminals and cargo complexes in unfavourable natural environments, including the harsh climate of Arctic latitudes, regions where raw hydrocarbons and liquefied natural gas are intensively extracted. This will help to solve the priority task of our time: construction of new transshipment facilities along the Northern Sea Route.

Antenna for 5G Mobile Communication at 28 GHz

Fifth generation (5G) mobile communications has become one of the trendiest issues in recent years, especially in the development of wireless technology for communications. As such, 5G mobile communications will also suffer severe path loss, due to the high frequency bands. This work presents the antennas for 5G mobile communication at 28 GHz on Rogers RT5880 with a dielectric constant, εr of 2.2, loss tangent, tan δ of 0.0009 and thickness, h of 0.787 mm. A rectangular microstrip patch are proposed in this work which consist of a single element and array configurations with two and four elements. Microstrip feed line and inset feed line are implemented to observe their performances. It can be observed from the simulation results that the gain and directivity increase from a single element up until four elements array antenna for both the microstrip feed line and inset feed line of the rectangular microstrip patch antenna. This confirm to the fact that array antenna produces high gain and directivity which could overcome the challenge of high free space path loss in millimeter-wave. The spacing between each element in the array antenna are spaced accordingly and not so close with each other in order to suppress the mutual coupling between the elements. It is shown that the mutual coupling is greatly reduced based on the greater values of reflection coefficient in two-element and four-element array antennas. Based on the gain, directivity and reflection coefficient, inset feed line antennas perform better than microstrip feed line antennas. In terms of dimensions, the size of the antenna with an inset feed line reduces as compared to microstrip feed line as the number of elements increases. Thus, it is safe to conclude that inset feed line antennas outperform microstrip feed line antennas when it comes to gain, directivity, reflection coefficient, and dimensions of antennas. Therefore, the proposed array antennas in this work are suitable to be used in 5G mobile communications.

Interaction between long water waves and two fixed submerged breakwaters of wavy surfaces

In this work, we carried out an asymptotic analysis, up to the second order in a regular expansion, of the interaction between linear long waves and two submerged breakwaters of wavy surfaces, which obey a sinusoidal profile. The governing equations are expressed in their dimensionless version. The boundary conditions at the breakwaters surfaces are non-homogeneous; therefore, they are linearized using the domain perturbation method. Breakwaters with wavy surfaces generate larger reflection coefficient values than those obtained for breakwaters with flat surfaces. The largest values of this coefficient are obtained when the breakwater’s length is of the same order of magnitude as the wavelength. The asymptotic solution is compared with classical analytical solutions and the results are in good agreement. The present asymptotic solution can be used as a practical reference for the selection of the geometric configuration of a submerged floating breakwater under shallow flow conditions.

Study on Impact of Mutual Coupling on Performance of Dual Polarized Phased Array Antenna

This study involves the determination of the impact of mutual coupling between antenna elements on the performance of a dual-polarized, wide-angle scanning, phased array antenna for weather radar applications. Weather radars require dual linearly polarized antennas with low cross-polarization, and a narrow beam phased array for wide scanning angle. For this simulation-based study, a microstrip dual linearly polarized 2x20 phased array antenna operating at S-band (2.65 to 3.0 GHz) is designed. This antenna has been designed to have a cross-polarization level less than -45 dB at both polarizations and for the scan angle range of -55o to 55o, which is better than most of the existing dual-pol phased array antennas. This antenna has been used to analyze the impact of mutual coupling on cross-polarization, beamwidth, and antenna gain at various scan angles. Mutual coupling is studied in terms of antenna active element pattern and the corresponding cross-polarization value as well as the active reflection coefficient and impedance values for inter-element spacings of 0.4λ and 0.5λ. It has been found in this study that cross-polarization levels of the whole array (at various scan angles) are affected significantly because of mutual coupling between elements.

Spatio-Spectral Ultrasound Characterization of Reflection and Transmission Through Bone With Temperature Dependence.

Transcranial focused ultrasound (tFUS) is a promising approach for the treatment of neurological disorders. It has proven useful in several clinical applications, with promising outcomes reported in the recent literature. Furthermore, it is currently being investigated in a range of neuromodulation (NM) and ablative applications, including epilepsy. In this application, tFUS access through the temporal window is the key to optimizing the treatment safety and efficacy. Traditional approaches have utilized transducers with low operating frequencies for tFUS applications. Modern array transducers and driving systems allow for more intelligent use of the temporal window by exploiting the spatio-spectral transmission bandwidth to a specified target or targets within the brain. To demonstrate the feasibility of this approach, we have investigated the ultrasound reflection and transmission characteristics for different access points within the temporal window of human skull samples ex vivo. Different transmit-receive (Rx) configurations are used for characterization of the spatio-spectral variability in reflection and transmission through the temporal window. In this article, we show results from a dual-piston transducer set up in the frequency range of 2-7 MHz. Broadband pulses as well as synthesized orthogonal frequency division multiplexed (OFDM) waveforms were used. The latter was used to improve the magnitude and phase measurements in 100-kHz subbands within the 2-7 MHz spectral window. A temperature-controlled water bath was used to characterize the change in reflection and transmission characteristics with temperature in the 25°C-43°C range. The measured values of the complex reflection and transmission coefficients exhibited significant variations with space, frequency, and temperature. On the other hand, the measured transmission phase varied more with location and frequency, with smaller sensitivity to temperature. A measurement-based hybrid angular spectrum (HAS) simulation through the human temporal bone was used to demonstrate the dependence of focusing gain on the skull profile and spatial distribution of change of speed of sound (SOS) at different skull temperatures.

Construction of Si3N4/SiO2/SiC–Y2Si2O7 composite ceramics with gradual impedance matching structure for high-temperature electromagnetic wave absorption

Good impedance matching is vital in upgrading the performance of electromagnetic (EM) wave-absorbing materials. In this study, Si3N4/SiO2/SiC–Y2Si2O7 composite ceramics were synthesized by sintering and chemical vapor infiltration (CVI) technology with gradual impedance matching. The relationship between the microstructure of the as-prepared composite ceramics and EM wave absorption characteristics was thoroughly explored. It was found that the amorphous Si3N4, SiO2, and SiC layers were constructed with a gradual impedance matching structure, which not only improved impedance matching but also increased the number of nano interfaces. More importantly, SiC nanocrystals effectively increased the conduction loss, and the presence of defects and nanoscale heterogeneous interfaces further increased the polarization loss. Consequently, the as-prepared composite ceramics displayed enhanced EM wave absorption properties, with a minimum reflection coefficient (RCmin) value of less than −20 dB over a temperature range of 25 °C (RT)-300 °C, and an effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) maintained at 4.2 GHz with the thickness range of 3.75–4.75 mm. These results demonstrated the practical significance of high-performance EM wave absorption materials that can be applied in high-temperature and water vapor environments.

Experimental Investigation of the Performance of Porous-Slope Floating Breakwater

Floating breakwater is an alternate solution to traditional breakwaters that can be applied effectively in coastal zones with a moderate wave. In this study, five physical models of the porous-slope floating breakwater have been tested on regular waves in a wave flume. The variations have been applied in wave height, wave period, and mooring angle. The performance of floating breakwater has been evaluated on transmission and reflection coefficient. Under conditions of low wave parameters, the transmission coefficient is higher compared to the high wave parameter. Moreover, the best transmission coefficient value has been found at 60o slope and 5% porosity combination, since the porous-shaped structure has caused large wave dissipation. The slope has caused an increasing value of the average transmission and reflection coefficient at 3.85% and 21.67%, respectively for floating breakwater without porosity. At 5% of porosity, the same improving behavior of transmission and reflection coefficient has been investigated at 2,95% and 27,22% for slope changing as 15° (from 45° to 60°). The result shows that the larger the slope is, the larger the value of the hydrodynamic coefficients is. On the other hand, the porosity has put an effect on transmission and reflection coefficient as well. Floating breakwater with 5% porosity causes an increasing value on the transmission coefficient as 5% and decreases the reflection coefficient value at 8-10% for 45° and 60° slopes respectively.

Influence of Size, Shape, and Scattering on Electrical Resistivity of Metal Nanowires

A simple quantitative model has been proposed for exploring the combined effect of size, shape, and electron scattering on the electrical resistivity of metallic nanowires. In the present model, the effect of different cross-sectional shapes of nanowires has been comprised on the surface and grain boundary scattering. For understanding electrical behavior at the nanolevel, the incorporation of specularity parameter (p) with different cross-sectional shapes of nanowires is essential. It is responsible for the reduction in the mean free path of electrons; which generates the favorable condition for enhancing the surface scattering, consequently contributing to increment of electrical resistivity. The applicability of the proposed model has been investigated for copper, nickel, silver, and aluminum metallic nanowires of four different cross-sectional shapes (rectangular, triangular, square, and spherical) along with different values of reflection coefficient (R). Calculated results have been compared with the available experimental data and it is observed that the results are in close agreement, which proves the validity of the proposed model. The proposed model shows the collective effect of size, scattering, and crosssectional shape factor (δ) on electrical resistivity in a very simple and straightforward manner and able to reduce the complexity of existing models up to great extent.

In situ acoustic characterization of a locally reacting porous material by means of PU measurement and model fitting

Reliable data on acoustical properties of materials are crucial for the design of a desired acoustic environment as well as to obtain accurate results from acoustic simulations. Although the acoustical properties of materials can be obtained via laboratory measurements, situations where in situ measurements are needed are often encountered. However, in situ measurement methods presented so far are limited by their poor portability or inaccuracies in the low-frequency range. In this work, we propose a characterization method that combines an in situ pressure-velocity (PU) measurement with a model fitting procedure using the Delany-Bazley-Miki impedance model for porous materials. The method uses an optimization routine to find the best match of measured and modelled reflection coefficient values within a given frequency range for the optimization parameters: flow resistivity, panel thickness, and probe-sample distance. The optimal parameter values allow, in turn, calculating the porous panel’s reflection coefficients for a broad frequency range including frequencies below the lower bounds of the optimization frequency range. The sensitivity of the method to panel width, lower bound of fitting frequency range, and to excluding parasitic reflections by time windowing is studied. The study shows that the proposed method provides characterization results in good agreement with reference data for panels of dimensions larger than 1800 mm and that the method is robust for reduction of one dimension of the panel down to 300 mm. It also shows that the model fitting accuracy is best when the frequency range of analysis is restricted to 1000–5000 Hz.

Dodecagon-Shaped Frequency Reconfigurable Antenna Practically Loaded with 3-Delta Structures for ISM Band and Wireless Applications

An edge fed, dual band, quarter-wave transformer coupled, monopole, ultra-wideband (UWB), dodecagon-shaped miniaturized frequency reconfigurable antenna for ISM and wireless applications is designed, analysed and investigated. The impedance transformer is utilized in the structure for impedance matching and hence results in lower reflection coefficient values. The antenna uses defected ground structure (DGS) in the bottom and radiating patch that is practically loaded with three numbers of delta structures. The use of DGS reduces the value of gain and provides ultra-wideband bandwidth across the designed frequency. The addition of three delta structures in the patch improves the value of gain. Miniaturizing in the size of the antenna has been achieved by reducing the ground along the width that led to a total 30.41% size reduction in the fundamental circular patch antenna. The antenna exhibits two bands 1.82–3.61 GHz and 5.24–12.43 GHz thus antenna is suitable for ISM band, PCS, 5G, Wi-Fi/WiMAX/WLAN and other wireless applications. The fabricated antenna is frequency reconfigured by utilizing the switching property of four numbers of PIN diodes (BAP64-02V). Frequency reconfigurable antenna is used flexibly and versatile for various microwave applications based on the switching conditions (more than eight digital combination cases) of PIN diodes. The prototype measured results provide good agreements with the simulated reflection coefficients values in some mode of operations. Antenna radiating patch and ground is etched on FR-4 substrate of dimension 52 mm × 59 mm × 1.6 mm using printed circuit board technology.

A microwave system based on a UWB microstrip antenna for non‐invasive in vitro measurement of glycemia in human blood: An experimental study

AbstractThe current study focuses on a non‐invasive microwave system based on a UWB antenna for blood glucose measurements in the frequency range of 1–4 GHz. Calculations of the minimal values of microwave reflection coefficient (S11 Min) corresponding to various blood glycemia, as well as comparisons to measured values using the Vector Network Analyzer Anritsu MS46121B, were the major findings of this study. The results were in good agreement, with a shift of less than 5%, demonstrating the effectiveness of our microwave method in detecting blood glycemia. To define an experimental approach between blood and dextrose solution, a comparative study in terms of slops in a linear approximation of both S11 Min and resonant frequency versus glucose concentration for the two mediums was interesting. The deviations in the results are less than 5% in the range of 1–2 GHz. However, it is not the case in the ranges of 2–3 GHz and 3–4 GHz since the two mediums show contrary behavior regarding S11 Min and resonant frequency. Consequently, D‐Solution might be used to simulate blood using our system for the investigation of glycemia only in the range of 1–2 GHz.

Half-Mode Waveguide Based on Gap Waveguide Technology for Rapid Prototyping

In this letter, a half-mode waveguide based on gap waveguide (GW) technology for rapid prototyping is explored. Two devices have been designed and measured for demonstration purposes: a power divider and a curved waveguide. Both devices are constructed from two noncontacting metal pieces. Both devices also follow the same design process. In the bottom piece, a horizontally polarized groove GW (GGW) is housed. The height of the groove is about half, which is required to propagate the fundamental mode. The top cover is a uniform pinned surface that acts as a high impedance surface (HIS) over the groove below. Both the power divider and the curved waveguide show measured reflection coefficient values of less than −15 dB in the bandwidth of interest (28–31 GHz) and are in excellent agreement with simulated results. These devices stand out for their ease of fabrication and open a horizon for cheaper and more robust GW designs for mass production.