Red Blood Cell Values Research Articles

Application of laboratory methods for determining hypersensitivity to antuberculosis drugs in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis

To date, there are no unified and standardized laboratory methods for the diagnosis of hypersensitivity to anti-TB drugs.Objective — to establish the most informative available in vitro immunolo-gical tests to determine the sensitivity to anti-TB drugs in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis.Materials and methods. Clinical and immunological examination was carried out in 36 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis, which were divided into two groups: 1 — with the presence of typical clinical manifestations of hypersensitivity to anti-TB drugs; 2 — without visible clinical signs of hypersensitivity. The tests were performed to detect intolerance to first-line anti-TB drugs in vitro: inhibition of lymphocyte migration, neutrophil alteration, inhibition of the adhesive ability of polymorphic nuclear leukocytes to plastic, release of potassium ions by blood leukocytes, erythrocyte sedimentation reaction.Results and discussion. A higher frequency of detecting positive reactions with anti-TB drugs was established in tests of neutrophilocyte alteration and erythrocyte sedimentation. Patients of the 1st group showed higher levels on average: serum tryptase, intensities of alteration of neutrophilic granulocytes, sedimentation values of red blood cells with anti-TB drugs at the 3rd and 24th hours.Conclusions. The most informative tests to determine the unpredictable reactions of drug intolerance in TB patients were the neutrophil alteration test and the sedimentation test of red blood cells with anti-tuberculosis drugs. The use of these tests can help to understand the pathogenesis of drug hypersensitivity in each case.

Foraging ecology and diet of Eurasian spoonbills (Platalea leucorodia) in the German Wadden Sea

Eurasian spoonbills (Platalea leucorodia) were first recorded breeding in the German Wadden Sea in 1995. Since then, the breeding numbers have been increasing. However, the foraging habitats and diet of spoonbills in this area remain largely unknown. We therefore analysed the foraging ecology of spoonbills from three colonies in this area using GPS telemetry and examined their diet based on regurgitates and stable isotope analysis. GPS logger data (2014–2016) implied that tidal creeks near the mainland coast are used as the main foraging hotspots in the breeding season. Regurgitates (n = 77) and blood samples (n = 78) collected from spoonbill chicks in 2014 and 2016 showed slight variations in diet compositions between years and among colonies. Regurgitates (reflecting the diet during the day prior to sampling) included prey items ranging from ragworms and shrimps to fish, indicating an opportunistic foraging strategy. Smelts (31.9%) (Osmerus eperlanus), sticklebacks (22.6%) (Gasterosteus aculeatus), and gobies (13.3%) (Pomatoschistus minutus) were the dominant prey organisms by mass. Analyses of δ15N and δ13C values in blood serum of spoonbill chicks (reflecting the diet 1 week before sampling) showed a diverse diet composition, with flatfish, smelts, gobies, and sticklebacks as the main prey species at the end of May. In contrast, values in red blood cells (reflecting the diet up to 3 weeks prior to sampling) demonstrated that sticklebacks and flatfish were the main dietary components of spoonbills in the German Wadden Sea in early May. The combination of different diet analyses determined the diet choice of spoonbills in the German Wadden Sea on different time scales. Telemetry data enabled the study of fine-scale habitat use.

Hematological and biochemical profiles of Mangalarga Marchador mares in the transition period bred on pasture

ABSTRACT The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of the transition period on hematological and biochemical constituents in Mangalarga Marchador mares. Forty-eight mares were used to form a maintenance group (MG) and transition group (TG), formed by pregnant mares and, after delivery, infants. Blood samples were collected at the following times: T-60 (60 d pre-delivery), T-30 (30 d pre-delivery), T-15 (15 d pre-delivery), T0 (first 6h post-delivery), T15 (15 d post-delivery), T30 (30 d post-delivery), and T60 (60 d post-delivery). The TG had lower values (P< 0.05) of red blood cells, hematocrit and hemoglobin at T0, T15, T30 and T60 times than MG. The mean corpuscular volume was lower in MG (P< 0.05) than in TG (T0, T15, T30 and T60) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration was higher (P< 0.05) in MG than in TG (T15, T30 and T60). On the other hand, the diameter distribution of red blood cells presented a lower value (P< 0.05) in MG than in TG (T15 and T30). Mares in transition period presented regenerative anemia. The results demonstrate physiological metabolic variations of different intensities during pregnancy, delivery and early lactation.

Breed-specific reference intervals of hematologic variables in Shami goats (Capra aegagrus hircus) with the possible effects of age and sex.

Shami goats are an economically and sentimentally important breed of goats in the Mediterranean region. Shami goats are known for superior fecundity and productivity compared with other indigenous breeds. Shami goats also appear to be more susceptible to various infectious and production-related diseases. Therefore, the establishment of breed-specific hematologic reference intervals (RIs) is required. The objective of this study was to establish breed-specific RIs of some hematologic variables in Shami goats and to report the effects of age and sex on these values. A total of 100 Shami goats were used to determine the total red blood cell (RBC) count, packed cell volume (PCV), hemoglobin concentration, mean cell volume (MCV),mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), mean cell hemoglobin (MCH), total whitle blood cell (WBC) count, absolute values, and the percentages of neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratios (N/L), using traditional manual laboratory methods. Reference intervals of several variables in Shami goats were generated according to the American Society of Veterinary Clinical Pathology guidelines. Females were found to have significantly higher RBC, MCHC, and WBC values, while males were found to have significantly higher MCV values and lower neutrophil and lymphocyte numbers. Adult goats were found to have significantly higher RBC, PCV, MCV, MCH, WBC values, and neutrophil and lymphocyte numbers compared with juvenile goats. Data presented here could be used as baseline information to evaluate the health status of Shami goats and assist in reaching a diagnosis for several pathologic diseases.

Evaluation of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), Tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), Interleukins (IL-6, IL-8) and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels in neonatal calves with presumed septicemia

In this study; intercellular molecule-1 (ICAM-1), Tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Interleukin-8 (IL-8) and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were evaluated in neonatal calves with presumed septicemia. The material of this study consisted of a total of 30 calves. Study group consisted of 20 septicemic calves and 10 clinically healthy calves and with same breed and weight and their ages were between 1 and 10 days. The statistical analysis indicated that leukocyte (WBC), red blood cell (RBC), hematocrit (Hct) hemoglobin (Hb) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) values in neonatal calves with presumed septicemia were higher than those of the control group (P<0.05), whereas PLT values of neonatal calves with septicemia were lower than those of the control group (P<0.05). The levels of ICAM-1, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8 and CRP values in septicemic calves were higher than those of the control group (P<0.05). As a result, it was concluded that analyzes of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8 and particularly ICAM-1 concentrations may be considered in evaluating the severity and prognosis of patients with septicemia, as well as monitoring the efficacy of the treatment of the disease.

Effects of anticoagulants on stable-isotope values (δ13 C and δ15 N) of shark blood components.

The effects of anticoagulant EDTA and sodium heparin (SH) on stable carbon δ13 C and nitrogen δ15 N isotopic values of red blood cells (RBC) and blood plasma in juvenile blacktip reef sharks Carcharhinus melanopterus were analysed. Plasma preserved with anticoagulants was not isotopically distinct from plasma stored in no-additive control tubes but RBC δ15 N values exhibited small enrichments when preserved with EDTA and SH. Results suggest EDTA and SH are viable anticoagulants for stable isotopic analyses of blood fractions but further studies are advised to validate results.

Dietary garlic and chitosan alleviated zearalenone toxic effects on performance, immunity, and challenge of European sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax, to Vibrio alginolyticus infection

The current investigation was carried out to assess the efficacy of dietary garlic (GP) and/or chitosan (CH) powders to protect European sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax, against the adverse effects of zearalenone (ZEN) toxicity. Hence, ZEN (0.725 g/kg diet) was incorporated in a fish diet alone or with 30 g GP and/or 10 g CH/kg diet and the treatments were assigned as a control diet (T1), a control diet + ZEN (T2), a control diet + ZEN + GP (T3), a control diet + ZEN + CH (T4), and a control diet + ZEN + GP + CH (T5). Fish (30.7 ± 0.6 g) fed one of the tested diets up to apparent satiation thrice a day for 4 weeks. After the feeding trial, fish were intraperitoneally injected with pathogenic bacteria Vibrio alginolyticus for 14 days during which fish mortality was observed. The dietary ZEN inhibited fish growth and feed utilization; meanwhile, co-supplementation of GP and/or CH restored the reduced fish performance as a result of reducing the ZEN toxicity. The ZEN toxicity induced macrocytic hypochromic anemia in European sea bass; however, significant reductions were observed in values of red blood cells (RBCs), hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Ht), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) together with significant elevations in mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) values in comparison with the control fish. Likewise, lymphopenia, monocytosis, leucopenia, eosinophilia, neutrophilia, and thrombocytopenia were the characteristic features of ZEN-toxicated fish with drastic reduction in white blood cells (WBCs) counts. Significant reductions in total protein, albumin, globulin, and lysozyme were also observed in fish serum due to ZEN toxicity. The co-supplementation of GP and/or CH to ZEN-fed fish elevated significantly values of RBCs, Hb, MCHC, and WBCs count with decreasing and increasing of its constituents. Significant rises in total protein, albumin, globulin, and lysozyme were observed with co-supplementation of GP and/or CH to ZEN-toxicated fish to be near these fed on the control diet. The ZEN toxicity also suppressed the fish immunity and subsequently elevated fish susceptibility to V. alginolyticus infection causing highest fish mortality as compared with other treatments. The co-supplementation of GP or CH to fish significantly enhanced their immunity causing a high relative percent of survival (RSP) of fish after bacterial infection (18.8 or 43.8%, respectively); meanwhile, fish fed both of GP and CH showed better RSP (68.8%). On the other hand, the co-supplementation of GP or CH reduced the ZEN residue (1.18 and 0.87 μg/kg dry weight) in fish muscles. These results show that CH was more effective than GP in enhancing fish immunity and protection against ZEN toxicity, whereas the co-supplementation of both GP and CH was most effective in protecting fish against ZEN toxicity resulting in lowest ZEN residue (0.53 μg/kg dry weight) in fish muscles.

Reference Values for Selected Blood Parameters in Rabbits: Effects of Age and Physiological Status

Rabbit is widely used as an experimental animal model in infectious and non-infectious diseases. The haematologic data can be helpful in evaluating the health status of animals over time. The aim of this study was to determine the levels of red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC) and differential leukocyte counts in 5 nulliparous and 5 multiparous females, i.e. in young and older animals, at mating and at delivery. The values of RBC did not change with age, but WBC and lymphocytes decreased with age, a -33% and a -60% less in multiparous females than nulliparous ones. Monocytes count was double at delivery than at mating. In conclusion, aging on the immune system is manifested as reduction in production of mature lymphocytes and as a result, older females would not respond to immune challenge as robustly as the young ones. Physiological status is only related to production of monocytes.

Global asymptotic stability of a unique positive periodic solution for a discrete hematopoiesis model with unimodal production functions

The present paper is concerned with the global dynamics of a discrete hematopoiesis model. This model has several unimodal production functions, and periodic coefficients and periodic time delays whose periods are the same $$\omega \in {\mathbb {N}}$$. Since these production functions are unimodal, they have no monotonicity. The obtained result guarantees that this model has only one positive $$\omega $$-periodic solution and its periodic solution is globally asymptotically stable. To prove that the unique positive $$\omega $$-periodic solution is globally asymptotically stable, the difference between that the periodic solution and an arbitrary other is analyzed in detail. It is necessary to evaluate the upper and lower limit values of all the positive solutions to carry out the detailed analysis. Because the production functions have no monotonicity, it is not easy to evaluate the upper and lower limit values of the solutions. Two suitable examples are included to illustrate the main result. Numerical simulation is presented for one of them. The other example is based on the upper and lower limit values of red blood cells for healthy humans known from clinical laboratory tests, and clinical data obtained from clinical studies.

Stable Isotope Analyses of Multiple Tissues of Great Shearwaters (Ardenna Gravis) Reveals Long-Term Dietary Stability, Short-Term Changes in Diet, and Can be Used as a Tool to Monitor Food Webs

The great shearwater (Ardenna gravis) is a common pelagic bird with a distribution that spans almost the entire Atlantic basin, which in conjunction with its relatively high abundance, makes great shearwaters an effective bio indicator. We compared δ13C and δ15N values from the feathers, red blood cells (RBCs), and plasma of great shearwaters collected in 2014 and 2015 from the waters off Massachusetts and Cape Cod. The δ13C and δ15N values of RBCs were quite constant between sampling periods and years, suggesting a generally stable food web over that time period. However, the δ13C of plasma indicates a small seasonal change in diet between July and September for both years, with plasma δ15N values suggesting a slight increase in trophic level late in summer. Comparison of the δ15N of RBCs and plasma indicates that great shearwaters experienced a diet shift during the first few weeks of summer 2014, but not in 2015. Comparisons with other studies suggest that these shearwaters feed at a lower trophic level than great shearwaters sampled in the Bay of Fundy and that there is a decrease in δ13C with increasing latitude, which could indicate a more pelagic diet in northern waters. Stable isotope analysis of the sixth primary feathers provided evidence that these feathers are molted in the Northern Hemisphere and that the diet of great shearwaters shortly after arrival was different in 2014 and 2015. This study demonstrates that within species comparisons of tissue isotopic signatures over time and comparisons of isotopic signatures of tissues with different turnover rates, can detect changes in diet and be used as a tool to monitor for changes in marine food webs over time and space. The relevant signals remain informative even in the absence of species-specific data on tissue-diet discrimination factors, tissue turnover rates, or knowledge of dietary components and their stable isotopic signatures, suggesting dietary changes indicative of a corresponding change in the food web.

BLOOD CELLS PROFILE IN UMBILICAL CORD OF LATE PRETERM AND TERM NEWBORNS.

ABSTRACTObjective: To describe the hematological profile in cord blood of late preterm and term newborns and compare blood indices according to sex, weight for gestational age and type of delivery.Methods: Cross-sectional study with late preterm and term newborns in a second-level maternity. Multiple gestation, chorioamnionitis, maternal or fetal hemorrhage, suspected congenital infection, 5-minute Apgar <6, congenital malformations, and Rh hemolytic disease were excluded. Percentiles 3, 5,10, 25, 50, 75, 90, 95 and 97 of blood indices were calculated for both groups.Results: 2,662 newborns were included in the sample, 51.1% males, 7.3% late preterms, 7.8% small for gestational age (SGA) and 81.2% adequate for gestational age (AGA). Mean gestational age was 35.6±1.9 and 39.3±1.0 weeks, respectively, for premature and term neonates. The erythrocytes indices and white blood cells increased from 34-36.9 to 37-41.9 weeks. Basophils and platelets remained constant during gestation. Premature neonates presented lower values ​​of all blood cells, except for lymphocytes and eosinophils. SGA neonates presented higher values ​​of hemoglobin, hematocrit and lower values of leukocytes, neutrophils, bands, segmented, eosinophils, monocytes and platelets. Male neonates presented similar values ​​of erythrocytes and hemoglobin and lower leukocytes, neutrophils, segmented and platelets. Neonates delivered by C-section had lower values ​​of red blood cells and platelets. Chronic or gestational hypertension induced lower number of platelets.Conclusions: Blood cells increased during gestation, except for platelets and basophils. SGA neonates had higher hemoglobin and hematocrit values and lower leukocytes. Number of platelets was smaller in male SGAs, born by C-section and whose mothers had hypertension.

Effect of “Amprolinsyl” and “Amprolium 22%” on morphological indices of blood of turkeys for eumeria invasion

The article gives data on the influence of Amprolinsyl and Amprolium 22% on morphological parameters of blood after eumirioic invasion. It has been shown that after application of amprolium 22% for the treatment of turkeys infected with eumeria invasion, gradual normalization of hematological parameters of blood begins. Thus, at the 3rd day of treatment, the number of red blood cells increased, but remained 25.1% lower, and the hemoglobin level increased, but remained at 16.3% lower, compared with clinically healthy poultry. During this period, within the limits of normal values was the value of the color index, the mass of hemoglobin in the erythrocyte and the value of hematocrit. The obtained results indicate a gradual normalization of the erythropoietic function of the bone marrow. However, the large average volume of one erythrocyte is 1.12 ± 0.07 μm against 0.96 ± 0.03 μm³ in the control, and the decrease in the average concentration of hemoglobin in one erythrocyte by 13.3% against the norm indicates an incomplete recovery of the erythropoietic bone marrow function. At day 5 of treatment with amprolium, 22% of red blood cells and hemoglobin levels increased but still remained below physiological values by 12.3% and 6.8%, respectively, compared to control. At the 10th day of the experiment, restoration of hematopoietic function of the bone marrow was observed on physiological values of erythrocytes and hemoglobin content of the blood, as well as blood leukogram. In the treatment of turkeys with "Amprolisyl", at the 5th day, the hematopoietic function of the bone marrow completely normalized, as indicated by the number of red blood cells, hemoglobin content and red blood cell index values. It is known that the values of red blood cells, namely the volume of erythrocytes, the mass and concentration of hemoglobin in them, and the color index objectively reflect the state of hematopoietic function of the bone marrow. The results of our studies indicate that in the turkey infected with imeiriosis and treated with amprolium 22%, clinical recovery occurs at day 5, and the hematopoietic function of the bone marrow is restored spontaneously in 5 days after recovery. In the treatment of turkeys with Amprolinsyl, the restoration of morphological parameters, the normalization of white blood cell leukemogram and the clinical recovery of turkeys arose on the fifth day of treatment. Thus, due to the fact that Amporolinsyl, in addition to the active ingredient, contains sparse fruit of thistle spots, which contain high levels of vitamins A and K, and trace elements – Ferum, Kuprum and Cobalt, which are directly involved in hemopoiesis, therefore, the restoration of hematopoietic function of the bone marrow comes much faster than with the application of amprolium itself 22%.

Dried Pig Feces: Impacts on Growth, Haematology and Histology of Clarias gariepinus

Aims: Improper utilization and disposal of pig faeces in pig farms have been a great concern due to their hazards and risks they constitute to the environment. This situation calls for effective utilization of pig Feces for fish feed. This project was designed to provide information on safe level of Dried Pig Feces (DPF) on growth, histology and haematology of Clarias gariepinus.&#x0D; Study Design: A twelve week feeding trial experiment was conducted using one hundred and fifty samples of C. gariepinus juveniles. The fish meal was replaced at different graded levels of DPF (0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%) and was coded T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 respectively.&#x0D; Materials and Methods: Growth parameters, histology of vital organs and haematology of the fish samples were determined according to standard methods. Data obtained were analysed using ANOVA and Duncan multiple range test was used to separate the means.&#x0D; Results: The Mean Weight Gain (MWG) revealed a significant (P&lt;0.05) value in T3 (69.40 g), while 100% inclusion exhibited lowest MWG (21.07%). The Packed Cell Volume, Haemoglobin and Red Blood Cell values obtained decreased with increase in DPF inclusions, while an increase was observed in T4 (26.50%). White Blood Cell count was significant (P&lt;0.05) in T3 (16,150±2.07 g/l) and decreased in T4(15,800±1.01 g/l) and T5(12,650±0.85 g/l) respectively. Histological results confirmed the absence of lesions in the heart, gills and the intestine of fish samples. Lesions in the liver were severed in T4 and T5.&#x0D; Conclusions: The findings of this study revealed that 50% inclusion of DPF is the safe level for growth of C. gariepinus. Since the histological results revealed no lesions in all the vital organs, except the liver that had severe lesions, DPF can be recommended as an alternative feed ingredient.

Effects of various feeding and starvation strategies on growth, hematological and biochemical parameters, and body composition of Caspian brown trout (Salmo caspius Kessler 1877) parr

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of starvation and feeding regimes on growth performance, haematological and biochemical parameters of blood and body composition of Caspian brown trout parr. For this purpose, 900 fish (average weight: 12.5±1 g) were stocked in 300-l tanks (18 tanks at a stocking rate of 50 fish in each tank) using an open system. Six experimental groups composed of feeding and starvation regimes were considered for the experiment as follows: FFF (Six weeks feeding), SSS (Six weeks starvation), SFS (Two weeks starvation + two weeks feeding + two weeks starvation), FSF (Two weeks feeding + two weeks starvation + two weeks feeding), FS (Three weeks feeding+three weeks starvation), and SF (Three weeks starvation + three weeks feeding). According to results obtained, the growth rate (GR), special growth rate (SGR), condition factor (K) and hepatosomatic index (HSI) decreased as the length of starvation periods increased (p 0.05) while the highest values of red blood cells (RBCs) and white blood cells (WBCs) were observed in the SSS group (p 0.05). In conclusion, our results showed that starvation has significant physiological and morphological effects on Caspian brown trout parr.

Effects of hot melt extrusion processed nano-iron on growth performance, blood composition, and iron bioavailability in weanling pigs.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of hot melt extrusion (HME) nano-iron as an alternative for the common ferrous sulfate on iron (Fe) bioavailability, growth performance, nutrient digestibility, intestinal morphology, and intestinal microbiota of weanling pigs. A total of 200 piglets (Landrace × Yorkshire × Duroc) were randomly allotted to seven treatments on the basis of initial body weight (BW) and sex. Treatments were the INO100 (100 ppm Fe as FeSO4), HME-Fe levels (50, 75, and 100 ppm nano-Fe as FeSO4). ORG100 (100 ppm Fe as iron methionine). In phase 1, the HME50 pigs showed the lowest Fe content in feed and feces. Plasma Fe concentration was increased in HME100 and ORG100 pigs. In phase 2, there were significantly lower concentration of Fe in feed and feces of HME50 pigs (p < 0.01). A lower Fe concentration in the plasma and liver were observed in HME50 pigs compared with HME100 pigs. Concentration of red blood cell (RBC) was the lowest (p < 0.01) for HME50 pigs. During phase 2, the HME100, HME75, and ORG100 pigs showed a higher RBC and hemoglobin values compared with HME50 pigs. Digestibility of gross energy (GE) and crude protein (CP) were significantly higher in HME100 pigs compared with HME50 pigs. There was an increased (p < 0.01) villus height in the duodenum and jejunum of HME100 pigs compared with HME50 pigs. It is concluded that dietary Fe does not improve growth performance of weanling pigs; however, increasing the dietary iron concentration in weanling piglets increased the RBC and hemoglobin. In addition, the potential ability of HME to be used at a lower level (HME75) was observed.

Physiological and bacteriological profile of the fish Clarias gariepinus (Siluriformes: Clariidae) chronically exposed to different concentrations of municipal waste leachate in Nigeria

Introduction: One of the most commonly used methods of waste management is landfilling, which has been a major environmental concern. Objective: To examine the effect of leachate on Clarias gariepinus. Methods: We tested Clarias gariepinus (n=700) with varying concentrations of leachate (0, 10, 15, 20 and 25%) from the Amoyo dumpsite, Ilorin, Nigeria. After 28-day exposure, haematological, biochemical, bacteriological and histopathological assays were carried out. Results: pH ranged from 7,78 to 13,97; cadmium, iron, lead, manganese and zinc were 178-, 134-, 6248-, 400- and 3-fold, respectively, higher than the regulatory limits for waterbodies, while copper fell within the limits. Values of red blood cell, haemoglobin, packed cell volume, mean cell volume, mean cell haemoglobin, mean cell haemoglobin concentration, lymphocytes and monocytes were significantly lower than the control. Conversely, white blood cell, neutrophils and eosinophils increased in a concentration-dependent manner. There were tissue-specific differences in the responses of all biochemical parameters investigated except for protein that significantly decreased in all the tissues. veitisiete bacterial isolates classified into seven genera including Bacillus, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, Acinetobacter, Escherichia and Micrococcus were recorded from the leachate and selected organs of C. gariepinus. The total bacterial, viable coliform and total counts in the leachate were 4,2×106CFU/mL, 3,8×108CFU/mL, 3,6× 106CFU/mL and 2,7×108CFU/mL, respectively. The highest counts were recorded in the gills (14,2×106CFU/mL) and lowest in the muscle (2,7×106CFU/mL) at the highest and least concentration of the leachate, respectively. Most of the bacteria isolated from the leachate were also recovered from the fish organs. Escherichia coli had the highest frequency of occurrence (26%). Conclusion: This study revealed that toxic constituents of the leachate elicited deleterious changes in the bacteriology and physiology of C. gariepinus.

Age and sex-related differences in performance, carcass traits, hemato–biochemical parameters, and meat quality in Japanese quails

The effect of sex and age of Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica) on their performance, blood biochemical parameters, carcass traits, and meat quality was evaluated in this experiment. A total of 450, 3-wk-old Japanese quails (225 males and 225 females) were equally divided into six groups (75 birds each) in a 2 × 3 factorial design, including two sex (male and female) and three slaughter ages (5, 6, and 7 wk of age). Each group was subdivided into five replicates each of 15 birds. The body weight (BW) and feed intake (FI) values were significantly higher in female quails than in males, and these values showed an increasing trend with age. Female quails recorded the higher percentages of liver and giblets, and lower heart percentage than males. Sex × age interaction had a significant impact on carcass parameters except for breast and thigh yield. No significant sex-based differences were detected for quail meat chemical composition except for meat fat content. Moisture and ash content of meat were gradually deceased with age. Meat from female showed higher values for tenderness, intramuscular fat percentage (IMF), and meat lightness, but showed lower values of water holding capacity (WHC) and meat redness. Meat juiciness and tenderness decreased, while WHC, IMF, and meat redness increased with age. Mean values of red blood cells (RBC), packed cell volume (PCV), hemoglobin (Hb), and white blood cells (WBC) were higher (P < 0.05) in male quails than female ones. Plasma total protein, cholesterol, triglycerides, calcium, phosphorus, and uric acid were decreased in males comparable to females. The progress in quail age (5 to 7 wk) leads to significant increase in values of RBC, PCV, and Hb. Plasma cholesterol, total protein, triglycerides, and hemoglobin were linearly deceased with age. It could be concluded that Japanese quails (both males and females) should be slaughtered at 5 or 6 wk of age to obtain higher carcass yields and the best meat quality and composition. Furthermore, male quails recorded the highest values of meat quality and composition when compared to females.

Koyunlarda Detomidin-Butarfanol-Ketamin ve Atipamezol’ün Klinik, Kardiyorespiratorik, Hematolojik Parametreler Üzerine Etkileri

The aim of this study was to evaluate the sedative-anesthetic effects of detomidine (D) 30 µg/kg, intramuscular (IM), butorphanol (B) 0.2 mg/kg IM and ketamine (K) 5 mg/kg, IM combination in sheep. Five female and nine male healthy (1-2 years old) Akkaraman sheep were used as animal material. Detomidine and butorphanol were used to produce sedation. Ten minutes later K was administrated for anaesthesia. The anaesthetic effect of the drugs was reserved by atipamezole (AT) 30 µg/kg, IM administration at 30 minutes after K injection. The sedative effects of DB demerged in 3 minutes after injection and anaesthetic effects (by the lack of pain stimuli) were visible in 5 minutes after K injection. Heart rate, body temperature and amplitude P values significantly decreased until the administration of AT. Contrarily, respiratory rate, PR interval and R amplitude values increased during anesthesia. Partial venous oxygen pressure (PO2) and Partial venous carbon dioxide pressure (PCO2) values decreased during anaesthesia. There were no significant alterations seen for hematological parameters including hemoglobin (Hg), white blood cell (WBC), red blood cell (RBC) and hematocrit (Ht) values in sheep. As a result, BDK anaesthetic combination depresses the cardiorespiratoric system but produces adequate sedation and anaesthesia for sheep. AT can be safely used for this anaesthetic combination in sheep.

IVSII-74 T&gt;G: As harmless as we thought?

Abstract Background IVSII-74 T &gt; G is one of the most frequently identified polymorphic sites on the β-globin gene. In our report, we present three cases with low mean corpuscular volume (MCV) value in three and high red blood cell (RBC) value in two of the cases. The objective of this study was to further analyse the reason for condition of three patients, who were referred for the investigation of persistent anemia. Materials and Methods Following the HPLC analyses of Hb migration pattern, direct nucleotide sequencing of α- and β-globin genes was performed for all cases. Results The common finding was the homozygosity for the intronic change, IVSII-74 T &gt; G. Conclusion In the intersection point of the variations on our patients, we claim a homozygous change at position 74 on the intron II of the β-globin gene alone may be sufficient to cause a β-thalassemia carrier phenotype.

The haematological, proinflammatory cytokines and IgG changes during an ovine experimental theileriosis.

Malignant ovine theileriosis is caused by Theileria lestoquardi, which is highly pathogenic in sheep. Theileriosis involves different organs in ruminants. Little is known about the role of proinflammatory cytokines in the pathogenesis of T. lestoquardi infection. The aim of this study was to measure concentration changes of proinflammatory cytokines and immunoglobulin G (IgG) during an ovine experimental theileriosis and correlate it with clinical and haematological parameters. During an experimental study, seven healthy Baluchi sheep (four females and three males) about 6–8 months old were infected with T. lestoquardi by feeding of infected unfed ticks on the sheep’s ears. The infected sheep were clinically examined during the study and blood samples were collected on days 0, 2, 5, 7, 10, 12, 14, 17 and 21. The haematological parameters were analysed by an automatic veterinary haematology cell counter and the inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and IgG were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. All infected sheep had temperatures above 40 °C on days 3–4 post infection (PI). The maximum temperature was noted on day 7, and it remained high until day 21. The parasitaemia of T. lestoquardi infection increased from 0.01% (day 7 PI) to 3.3% (day 21 PI). The mean white blood cell (WBC), red blood cell (RBC), lymphocyte, neutrophil and platelet values slightly increased on day 2 PI and decreased by day 17 and day 21 PI. The percentage parasitaemia and fever had a negative correlation with the numbers of WBCs, RBCs, lymphocytes, neutrophils and platelets. The serum concentration of IL-6, TNF-α and IFN-γ cytokines increased and peaked on day 12 and thereafter decreased to levels lower than 0. Out of all tested cytokines, the concentration of IL-6 was significantly higher, as early as day 2 PI. No significant changes were observed for the IgG levels during the course of disease. A significant and strong correlation was observed between IL-6, TNF-α and IFN-γ values and a moderate correlation between IL-6 and the numbers of lymphocytes in the present study. A strong correlation was determined between the percentage parasitaemia and haematological parameters in T. lestoquardi-infected sheep. In addition, preliminary results indicate that the measurement of the serum concentrations of IL-6 in combination with haematological parameters could be considered a good marker to estimate the pathogenicity of T. lestoquardi strain.