Value Of Municipal Solid Waste Research Articles

A method for determining the recycling value of unprocessed municipal solid waste in one cubic meter waste composition analysis technique

The transition from conventional landfill-centric waste management to resource-centric methodologies necessitates an enhanced comprehension of municipal solid waste (MSW) composition and its inherent value. Existing methodologies documented in the literature exhibit a lack of standardization, impending the formulation of a systematic engineering approach for MSW characterization and valuation. This study introduces a methodology specifically tailored to discern the composition of waste origination from urban households and evaluate its recyclability within the confines of a circular economy framework, Employing a volume-based measurement approach, aims to estimate the recycling value of waste materials. The study's outcomes contribute significantly to quantifying the potential recycling value that accrues to society. Furthermore, the validation of the proposed protocol elucidates the dynamic nature of recyclable value as it traverses the intricate pathways of the waste supply chain. This insight facilitates the formulation of commercial models grounded in circular economy principles for the effective management of household solid waste. Empirical findings reveal that the total recycling value fluctuates within the range of USD 3.39 and USD 5.76 per cubic meter of waste volume, contingent upon the specific waste composition at the experiment site. Additionally, the proposed methodology uncovers the nuanced variability in MSW composition and recycling value across diverse household collection patterns, identifying mixed plastic, paper, cardboard, mixed MSW, and clothing as primary constituents. The application of this methodology extends beyond mere quantification, providing a foundational framework for simulating the latent recycling value embedded within MSW samples. This, in turn, offers invaluable support to strategy developers, policymakers, and entrepreneurial ventures engaged in the sustainable management of household solid waste. In essence, this study establishes the groundwork for a comprehensive understanding of MSW composition and its recyclability, facilitating informed decision-making in the pursuit of a circular economy.•Novel methodology based on one cubic meter (1m3) composition analysis of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW).•A new method to evaluate the recycling value of Municipal Solid Waste.•A basis for business model development for the waste-to-resource conversion model.

Harnessing Untapped Resources for Sustainable Energy Production from Municipal Solid Waste in Recourse Challenged Economies: A Case Study of Rajshahi City Corporation, Bangladesh

The sustainable management of municipal solid waste is of utmost importance for cities in Bangladesh, including Rajshahi City, which faces unique challenges due to rapid urbanization, industrial growth, and population expansion. This study aimed to gain insights into waste generation patterns and characteristics in Rajshahi by analyzing factors like moisture content, bulk density, dry density, and calorific value of municipal solid waste at the Rajshahi landfill site. The objective was to identify the most feasible method for waste characterization and segregation. The research methodology utilized a comprehensive approach, incorporating field surveys, laboratory analyses, and statistical modeling to create an energy matrix and assess the potential for waste-to-energy production in Rajshahi City. This study aligns with several Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) related to waste and energy management, including SDG 7: Affordable and Clean Energy - by exploring waste-to-energy options. SDG 11: Sustainable Cities and Communities - by addressing waste management challenges in a rapidly urbanizing area. SDG 12: Responsible Consumption and Production - by promoting sustainable waste management practices. SDG 13: Climate Action - by potentially reducing greenhouse gas emissions through efficient waste-to-energy conversion. Overall, this research contributes to Rajshahi City's efforts to achieve sustainable development while addressing its waste and energy needs by converting its 75.8% organic waste to electricity using an anaerobic digester.

The impact of pollutant emissions from co-incineration of industrial waste in municipal solid waste incinerators

A large amount of industrial solid waste (including waste plastics, textiles, wood, etc., which are byproducts of industrial production) urgently needs to be treated. Incineration is undoubtedly the most efficient and convenient method. The existing municipal solid waste incineration plants can be transformed to burn such industrial wastes. However, the potential risks associated with high levels of heavy metals in industrial waste and the air pollution caused by co-incineration pose significant challenges to the co-incineration disposal of industrial solid waste. The change of physical and chemical properties of municipal solid waste and the emission characteristics of flue gas pollutants after co-incineration of industrial waste were studied by means of material flow simulation and experiment. In addition, experiments were designed to study the effects of temperature, calcium sulfur ratio and chlorine content on heavy metal emission during the incineration of industrial waste. The results showed that co-incineration of a certain proportion of industrial waste significantly increased the calorific value of municipal solid waste, but excessive mixing of plastic and paper industrial waste would increase the ash content. Co-incineration of plastic industrial waste can significantly increase HCl, and with the increase of temperature, the transformation of Cl to HCl is more thorough. The increase of temperature can promote the migration of Cr, Pb and Se elements to the gas phase. When Cr, Pb, and Se elements are present in the gas phase, they can combine with other gases and aerosols to form particulate matter and toxic substances, causing air pollution. When Ca/S is 1, Ba, Mn, Ni, Zn can effectively reduce the retention rate of elements in the ash. Under certain conditions, chlorine in industrial waste plastics will react with Zn to form tiny particles and low boiling point chlorides, which will increase its volatility. The mineral components in the ash can also be used for making ceramsite and building materials. These results will provide reference for the pollutants controlling during co-incineration of industrial waste and municipal solid waste process.

Assessment of the impact of moisture content on the heating value of Municipal solid waste from Kabagarame dumping site in Bushenyi District, Uganda

Modern management of waste around the world has moved from waste disposal to energy recovery through WtE. Technologies that can be utilized to recover energy from MSW mainly include thermal conversion processes such as incineration, gasification, pyrolysis, biochemical conversion processes and chemical conversion. This study focused on the impact of moisture content on the heating value of Municipal solid waste from Kabagarame dumping site in Bushenyi District, Uganda. Specifically, wet solid waste samples were analyzed and the impact of moisture content on the heating value was evaluated. This study evaluated the impact of moisture content on the heating value of the waste. The result showed that dry matter gives out more energy than wet matter. The Gross energy content of the MSW on wet basis when compared to the Gross energy content on dry basis is observed to be lower. This is attributed to the fact that the moisture content in the waste lowers the heating value of the waste by absorbing the heat thereby reducing the relative efficiency of heating when the solid waste is combusted. In, wet season, there should be a temporary roof at the dumping site to shelter the municipal solid waste so as to minimize exposure of the waste to moisture as this significantly lowers the Energy content of the waste. Keywords: Moisture content, heating value, solid waste and dumping site

Circular economy strategy and waste management: a bibliometric analysis in its contribution to sustainable development, toward a post-COVID-19 era.

A descriptive analysis of 416 documents was performed using bibliometric techniques, in order to gather existing knowledge in circular economy focusing on waste management (2007–2020). The results of this study indicate that annual scientific production increased 94% in the last 5 years, highlighting the countries of Italy, Spain, the UK, China, Brazil, and India. Between the most cited documents stand out those related to calorific value of municipal solid waste and waste to energy technologies for achieving circular economy systems. The conceptual analysis indicates strong linkage between circular economy and sustainable production, waste management, and recycling. Emerging research trends evolved from processes and industry-oriented approach (2017) toward waste management, recycling, and circular economy (2019) and sustainable development and urban solid waste (2020). The analysis reveals five dominant circular economy and waste research themes: (1) greenhouse gases; (2) circular economy, waste management, and recycling; (3) life cycle; (4) waste treatment; and (5) anaerobic digestion and recovery; trends research are related to policy interventions, and enforcement of authorities’ regulations to foster circular economy transition, increase the use of practices of recycling and reusing, as well as discourage a growing consumption culture. Results found denote the challenge represented by the implementation of comprehensive policies in circular economy. The above being a key alternative for green recovery in response to the current COVID-19 pandemic.

Estimating economic value of household municipal solid waste reduction program: A willingness-to-accept (WTA) approach

This study is aimed at estimating economic value of municipal solid waste (MSW) reduction program in the Mekong Delta by employing the willingness-to-accept (WTA) approach. This research will address two important issues in current growing literature about MSW management. First, this is the first research to evaluate economic value of the MSW reduction program in Mekong Delta. The second major contribution is the approach employed - supply curve through the WTA. This program requires community participation and provision incentives to them, therefore the requirement of public acceptance through WTA is estimated. Findings reveal that people are willing to accept an average of 30,000 VND/month for the MSW reduction program. Assume that household's MSW management fee subsidy policy is canceled, and the household is facing a full fee for the MSW collection (about 150,000 VND/month), they are willing to classify MSW at source to get a reduction of 30,000 VND or they are willing to accept a fee of 120,000 VND/month. In addition, it is interesting that more than 70 percent of people are willing to participate in this program. The determinants of WTA identified include the type of MSW at the source, education level, type of urban areas. This research then proposes that MSW management implementation policy should be focused on motivating households and improving people's perception of MSW. In case of government budget deficit, community participation would be more appropriate to manage MSW.

Carbonized Solid Fuel Production from Polylactic Acid and Paper Waste Due to Torrefaction.

The quantity of biodegradable plastics is increasing steadily and taking a larger share in the residual waste stream. As the calorific value of biodegradable plastic is almost two-fold lower than that of conventional ones, its increasing quantity decreases the overall calorific value of municipal solid waste and refuse-derived fuel which is used as feedstock for cement and incineration plants. For that reason, in this work, the torrefaction of biodegradable waste, polylactic acid (PLA), and paper was performed for carbonized solid fuel (CSF) production. In this work, we determined the process yields, fuel properties, process kinetics, theoretical energy, and mass balance. We show that the calorific value of PLA cannot be improved by torrefaction, and that the process cannot be self-sufficient, while the calorific value of paper can be improved up to 10% by the same process. Moreover, the thermogravimetric analysis revealed that PLA decomposes in one stage at ~290–400 °C with a maximum peak at 367 °C, following a 0.42 reaction order with the activation energy of 160.05 kJ·(mol·K)−1.

Review of higher heating value of municipal solid waste based on analysis and smart modelling

Energy recovery from 252 kinds of solid waste originating from various geographical areas under thermal waste-to-energy operation is investigated. A fast, economical, and comparative methodology is presented for evaluating the heating values resulted from burning municipal solid waste (MSW) based on prior knowledge, specialist experience, and data-mining methods. Development of models for estimating higher heating values (HHVs) of 252 MSW samples based on the ultimate analysis is conducted by simultaneously utilising five nonlinear models including Radial Basis Function (RBF) neural network in conjunction with Genetic Algorithm (GA), namely GA-RBF, genetic programming (GP), multivariate nonlinear regression (MNR), particle swarm optimisation adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (PSO-ANFIS) and committee machine intelligent system (CMIS) models to increase the accuracy of each model. Eight different equations based on MNR are developed to estimate energy recovery capacity from different MSW groups (e.g., textiles, plastics, papers, rubbers, mixtures, woods, sewage sludge and other waste). A detailed investigation is conducted to analyse the accuracy of the models. It is indicated that the CMIS model has the best performance comparing the results obtained from different models. The R2 values of the test dataset for GA-RBF are 0.888, for GP 0.979, for MNR 0.978, for PSO-ANFIS 0.965, and for CMIS 0.985. The developed models with an acceptable accuracy would be followed by a better estimation of HHV and providing reliable heating value for an automatic combustion control system. The results obtained from this study are beneficial to design and optimise sustainable thermal waste-to-energy (WTF) processes to accelerate city transition into a circular economy.

Prediction of the heating value of municipal solid waste: a case study of the city of Johannesburg

ABSTRACT In this study, a municipality-based model was developed for predicting the Lower heating value (LHV) of waste, which is capable of overcoming the demerit of generalised model in capturing the peculiarity and characteristics of waste generated locally. The city of Johannesburg was used as a case study. Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy-Inference System (ANFIS) models were developed using the percentage composition of waste streams such as paper, plastics, organic, textile and glass as input variables and LHV as the output variable. The ANFIS model used three clustering techniques, namely Grid Partitioning (ANFIS-GP), Fuzzy C-means (ANFIS-FCM) and Subtractive Clustering (ANFIS-SC). ANN architectures with a range of 1–30 neurons in a single hidden layer were tested with three training algorithms and activation functions. The GP-clustered ANFIS model (ANFIS-GP) outperformed all other models with root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute deviation (MAD), and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) values of 0.1944, 0.1389 and 4.2982, respectively. Based on the result of this study, a GP-clustered ANFIS model is viable and recommended for predicting LHV of waste in a municipality.

Modelling the higher heating value of municipal solid waste for assessment of waste-to-energy potential: A sustainable case study

The municipal solid waste (MSW) is widely considered as a heterogeneous source of energy, with numerous characteristics varying depending on its geographical region or origin from where it is collected. The development of correlations for the prediction of the higher heating value (HHV) of MSW is a sustainable and cleaner way based on data of specific region from where MSW is obtained. In this research, a new approach reported for the development of correlations to predict the energy content of MSW accurately. The developed correlations lie within the all parameter affecting the HHV of MSW. The models presented can predict the HHV of MSW accurately (R2 > 0.8) compared to other models reported in the literature. However, model 13 developed on the basis of ultimate analysis demonstrated maximum accuracy (R2 = 0.919) among all 7 developed models. The aim of developing the prediction model for the HHV of different MSW samples was to reliably predict using proximate or ultimate analytical data to save experimentation costs and provide theoretical foundations for modelling MSW combustion, pyrolysis processes and thermal conversion for the energy security.

Design of upi incinerator heat-electricity conversion system by applying classic rankine cycle

UPI has successfully developed a smokeless incinerator. Incinerator combustion occurs at high temperatures. High temperature is the potential energy that can be converted into electricity. The innovation space is still open here to increase the ability of the UPI incinerator to become part of a system that can generate electricity by utilizing the burning of waste that occurs in the incinerator. This conversion system uses the Rankine Cycle. The Rankine cycle utilizes water as its working fluid. This research is targeted to get the design of an incinerator heat energy conversion system into electricity by using classical basic Rankine cycle. The investigation will vary three different pumps to get the best performance. The performance parameter are the cycle thermal efficiency and net power produced by the cycle. The design process starts with the calculation of potential heat from waste combustion. The calculation uses the LHV value of municipal solid waste and the second heat source comes from reaction of LPG which consists of 48.5% propane, 48.5% butane and 3% pentane and air which consists of 79% Nitrogen and 21% Oxygen. The reaction is assumed perfect and Nitrogen is not reacted. Total heat is 581.4 kW which comes from 574 kW from LHV of municipal waste and 7.76 kW from the reaction of LPG and air. The heat transferred to work fluid comes from 50% LHV of municipal waste and 14% from the reaction of LPG and air. The cycle can produce 55.5 kW power and the efficiency is 13%. The cycle use 600W water pump with 8 liter/min debit. Debit is the important parameter to get better power output and efficiency from heat of incinerator waste combustion.

Modeling and robust prediction of high heating values of municipal solid waste based on ultimate analysis

ABSTRACT The heating/calorific value of municipal solid waste (MSW) is essential in selecting or designing the appropriate waste to energy (WTE) systems. Experimental evaluation of the heating value of solid fuels is labor intensive, costly, and subject to experimental errors. Different models have been established to predict the high heating values of MSW and other solid fuels, from the ultimate analysis. However, the reliability of OLS estimator used in the linear regression model depends on the non-violation of assumptions that include independency of the predictor variables and normality of the error term. In this study, a new technique of robust estimators is employed to solve the problem of non-normality and dependency of the predictor variables in the linear regression model. The Robust ridge, robust Liu and robust K-L estimators were applied to mitigate the problems of multicollinearity and non-normality in the linear regression model. Eight (8) models were developed, and the adequacies were evaluated using the coefficient of determination (R 2), adjusted R 2, Akaike criterion (AIC), the mean squared error and the Schwarz criterion (SBIC). The eighth model is considered as the best because it has the highest adjusted R2 (0.9710), the least mean squared error (1.9564), minimum AIC (133.2755) and SBIC (145.9437). The selected model with the robust K-L estimator is finally used to predict the high heating/calorific value of the ultimate analysis.

Statistical model for heating value of municipal solid waste in Brazil based on gravimetric composition

Municipal solid waste (MSW) management is a serious problem for public administrations, especially in terms of treatment and final disposal. These wastes have a high energy content and one of the possibilities of treatment is the recovery of energy through thermochemical processes. The parameter used to measure the amount of useful energy available in collected waste when submitted to thermochemical processes is called the lower heating value (LHV), which is usually determined in the laboratory or through empirical models from the literature. To this end, this paper aims to present two models for prediction of the LHV in the municipal solid waste of the municipality of Santo André. Samples were collected from 36 garbage trucks in the above-mentioned city, from September 2015 to January 2016. The models were developed based on the results of the gravimetric composition and laboratory analysis. The technique used to develop the models was the multiple linear regression by least squares method. As a result, the models obtained mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) indexes of 5.09% and 5.52%, considered excellent according to the literature classification. In addition, the calculated LHV of the Santo André municipal waste was 7.03 MJ/kg, which indicates a great potential for energy recovery using thermochemical processes. These are the first LHV prediction models developed in Brazil, which has been a significant accomplishment in Brazil. The proposed models were developed using empirical measurements of moisture in the solid waste and the LHV on samples collected with a statistically representative sampling method.

Multilayer perceptron artificial neural network for the prediction of heating value of municipal solid waste

Energy from municipal solid waste is steadily being integrated into the global energy feedstock, given the huge amount of waste being generated from various sources. This study develops a Multilayer Perceptron Artificial Neural Network for the prediction of High Heating Value of municipal solid waste as a function of moisture content, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulphur, and ash. A total of 123 experimental data were extracted from reliable database for training, testing, and validation of the model. This model was trained, validated and tested with 70%, 20%, and 10% of the municipal solid waste biomass datasets respectively. The predicted High Heating Value was compared with the experimental data for two different training functions: Levenberg Marquardt backpropagation and Resilience backpropagation, and with some correlation from the literature. The accuracy of the model was reported based on some known performance criteria. The values of Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE), Mean Absolute Deviation (MAD), Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE), and Coefficient of Correlation (CC) were 3.587, 2.409, 21.680, 0.970 respectively for RP and 3.095, 0.328, 22.483, 0.986 for LM respectively. Regression analysis was also carried out to determine the level of correlation between the experimental and predicted High Heating Values (HHV). The authors concluded that these models can be a useful tool in the prediction of heating value of MSW in order to facilitate clean energy production from waste.

Self-lubricating layer consist of polytetrafluoroethylene micropowders and fluorocarbon acrylate resin formation on surface of geotextile

In this study, the self-lubricating layer consist of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) micropowders and two types fluorocarbon acrylate resin were formed on the surface of geotextile, to improves the evenness and decreases the frictional angle value of geotextile surface. The surface and cross section morphology of geotextile were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was determined that composite resin emulsion was evenly coated on the surface of geotextile, to form a even and complete self-lubricating layer, and it was strongly combined with the geotextile due to formation of the transition layer. The tensile fracture stress and strain values of samples were evaluated by mechanical properties measurement, the tensile fracture stress of the untreated and treated sample was approximately 5329 kN/m and 5452 kN/m while the elongation at the yield of them was approximately 85% to 83.9%, respectively. In addition, the frictional angle values of municipal solid waste (MSW)/geotextile interface was measured by the tilt table test, the values of untreated sample was 28.1° and 24.2° under the dry and moist condition, the values of treated sample was 16.2° and 9.8°, respectively.

Municipal solid waste management and waste-to-energy in the context of a circular economy and energy recycling in Europe

Abstract This paper proposes an overarching review of national municipal waste management systems and waste-to-energy as an important part of it in the context of circular economy in the selected countries in Europe. The growth of population and rising standards of living means that the consumption of goods and energy is increasing. On the one hand, consumption leads to an increase in the generation of waste. On the other hand, the correlation between increased wealth and increased energy consumption is very strong as well. Given that the average heating value of municipal solid waste (MSW) is approximately 10 MJ/kg, it seems logical to use waste as a source of energy. Traditionally, waste-to-energy (WtE) has been associated with incineration. Yet, the term is much broader, embracing various waste treatment processes generating energy (for instance, in the form of electricity and/or heat or producing a waste-derived fuel). Turning waste into energy can be one key to a circular economy enabling the value of products, materials, and resources to be maintained on the market for as long as possible, minimising waste and resource use. As the circular economy is at the top of the EU agenda, all Member States of the EU (including the EEA countries) should move away from the old-fashioned disposal of waste to a more intelligent waste treatment encompassing the circular economy approach in their waste policies. Therefore, the article examines how these EU policies are implemented in practice. Given that WtE traditionally is attached to the MSW management and organisation, the focus of this article is twofold. Firstly, it aims to identify the different practices of municipal waste management employed in selected countries and their approaches in embracing the circular economy and, secondly, the extent to which WtE technologies play any role in this context. The following countries, Estonia, Greece, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Poland, Slovenia, Spain, and the UK were chosen to depict a broad European context.

Effect of storage conditions on the calorific value of municipal solid waste

Storage conditions are considered to be an important factor as far as waste material characteristics are concerned. This experimental investigation was conducted using municipal solid waste (MSW) with a high moisture content and varying composition of organic waste. The objective of this study was to understand the effect of storage conditions and temperature on the moisture content and calorific value of the waste. Samples were subjected to two different storage conditions and investigated at specified temperatures. The composition of sample materials investigated was varied for each storage condition and temperature respectively. Gross calorific value was determined experimentally while net calorific value was calculated using empirical formulas proposed by other researchers. Results showed minimal changes in moisture content as well as in gross and net calorific values when the samples were subjected to sealed storage conditions. Moisture content reduced due to the ventilation process and the rate of moisture removal increased with a rise in storage temperature. As expected, rate of moisture removal had a positive effect on gross and net calorific values. Net calorific values also increased at varying rates with a simultaneous decrease in moisture content. Experimental investigation showed the effectiveness of ventilation in improving the combustion characteristics of the waste.

An artificial intelligence approach to predict a lower heating value of municipal solid waste

ABSTRACT The lower heating value is an important parameter to conduct the modeling of any fuel processing system. In this study, the relationship between the physical composition of municipal solid waste and its lower heating values was investigated using a Bayesian regularized artificial neural network (ANN) as an artificial intelligence approach. A new nonlinear regression model was also developed in this study. The artificial intelligence approach was compared using the developed and published correlations. The approach offers a high degree of correlation, and as a result, the ANN provides a useful tool for designing any thermolysis process for municipal solid waste.

Experimental Measurement and Prediction of Heating Values of Municipal Solid Waste

The weight percentage of food waste, plastics and rubber, paper, textile, weed and wood, and leather were measured for dry-base municipal solid wastes in a city of west China respectively. The dry higher heating value, wet higher heating value, and wet lower heating value of municipal solid wastes were also measured respectively. Based on the measured physical compositions data of wastes, three models were developed to predict three kinds of heating values respectively by the multiple linear regression method. The prediction results were compared with three predictive models from different regions in the world, and the predictive results of the developed models are the most accurate.

Waste-to-energy and recycling value for developing integrated solid waste management plan in Lahore

ABSTRACTThis paper aims to determine the waste-to-energy (WTE) and recycling value of municipal solid waste (MSW) for developing an integrated solid waste management (ISWM) system for Lahore, the second largest city in Pakistan. The overall generated waste in Lahore contains 58% organic waste, 25% recyclables, and 17% others. The recyclable materials including glass, paper, and plastic are generating US$ 15.3 million per year mostly by informal sector. An estimated production of 0.45 m3 CH4/kg volatile solids with total energy value of 8747.3 TJ or 2.43 TWh can be achieved if the total organic waste stream (0.57 million ton/year) dumped at Saggian landfill site is processed using anaerobic digestion technology. The estimated refused derived fuel (RDF) value for MSW, excluding metals, glass, and other inorganic waste is about 7.71 MJ/kg with total energy potential of 6191.13 TJ or 1.72 TWh/year. The presence of high volatile organic carbon and fixed carbon in textile and paper-related waste confirmed their suitability for incineration process. A significant reduction in the final volume of waste reaching to landfill can be achieved if these WTE technologies and recycling practices are in place. This will make a premise for ISWM system in Lahore based on reduce, reuse, recycle, and recovery principles. The recovered materials and energy will not only generate revenue to fund waste management activities in Lahore, but also protect the River Ravi from waste pollution.