Life Cycle Cost Value Research Articles

A risk-based multi-criteria decision-making framework for offshore green hydrogen system developments: Pathways for utilizing existing and new infrastructure

Unlocking the potential of offshore renewables for green hydrogen (GH2) production can be a game-changer, empowering economies with their visionary clean energy policies, amplifying energy security, and promoting economic growth. However, their novelty entails uncertainty and risk, necessitating a robust framework for facility deployment and infrastructure planning. To optimize offshore GH2 infrastructure placement, this work proposes a novel and robust GIS-based multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) framework. Encompassing thirty-two techno-socio-economic-safety factors and ocean environmental impact analysis this methodology facilitates informed decision-making for sustainable and safe GH2 development. Utilizing the synergies between offshore wind and solar resources, this study investigates the potential of hybrid ocean technologies to enhance space utilization and optimize efficiency. To illustrate the practical application of the proposed framework, a case study examining a GH2 system in Australia's marine region and its potential nexus with nearby offshore industries has been conducted. The performed life cycle assessment (LCA) explored various configurations of GH2 production, storage, and transportation technologies. A Bayesian objective weight integrating technique has been introduced and contrasted statistically with the hybrid CRITIC, Entropy, MEREC and MARCOS-based MCDM approaches. Various locations are ranked based on the net present value of life cycle cost, GH2 production capacity, risk, availability, and environment sustainability factors, illustrating their compatibility. A sensitivity analysis is conducted to confirm that a Bayesian approach improves the decision-making outcomes through identifying optimal criteria weights and alternative ranks more effectively. Empowering strategic GH2 decisions globally, the proposed approach optimizes system performances, cost, sustainability, and safety, excelling in harsh environments.

Value Engineering Building Structure Civil Servent Paspampres PUPR Precast with Lead Rubber Bearing Potential Fault Zone

Life cycle cost (LCC) analysis is a method that can be used to control initial costs and future costs in investing in a project where in this case the use of Lead Rubber Bearing (LRB) technology. The purpose of this study is to analyze the economic value of a building by taking into account the cost of operating the building during the life cycle. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct a study on life cycle cost analysis to find out what costs are contained in the ASN Paspampres, IKN Flat Construction Project and to be able to find out how much costs are incurred starting from the design stage to the age of the building plan that has been determined. The data used are Plan Drawings, Cost Budget Plans (RAB) from the project and literature studies that support the research. The estimated cost of replacement and repair in the future is calculated on present value, with an economic life of building construction for 50 years with a simulation of an earthquake occurring only 1 time, assuming 6% interest, assuming an inflation rate of 2.61%, an increase in the price of construction materials and Lead Rubber Bearing (LRB) per year of 0.99%. Life Cycle Cost (LCC) analysis based on 4 system categories is that conventional LCC is greater than precast LCC, conventional LCC + LRB and precast LCC + LRB. Based on the value of Conventional LCC + LRB and Precast LCC + LRB is still more efficient than Conventional LCC and precast LCC, if the earthquake event is below the 12th year for Conventional LCC + LRB and the earthquake event is below 38 years for precast LCC + LRB. The deviation value between conventional LCC + LRB decreases over time until it approaches zero deviation (0) near the 12th year and after that year (12th) the deviation becomes negative. This means that after the 12th year Conventional LCC + LRB is already inefficient compared to Conventional LCC. The deviation value between Precast LCC + LRB decreases over time until it approaches zero deviation (0) near the 38th year and after that year (38th) the deviation becomes negative. This means that after the 38th year Precast LCC + LRB is no longer efficient compared to Conventional LCC.

The optimization and energy efficiency analysis of a multi-tank solar-assisted air source heat pump water heating system

This article undertakes an optimization study of a solar-assisted air source heat pump water heating system by harnessing the advantages inherent in a multiple water tank arrangement. The Hooke-Jeeves algorithm was adopted to optimize the system parameters. The optimization variables encompass pivotal parameters such as water tank volume, collector area, dip angle, azimuth angle and heat pump power, while the objective function is the annual value of life cycle cost. By research and analysis of the monthly power consumption, electricity cost, solar fraction, average coefficient of performance (COP) and annual value of carbon emissions of the single-tank, dual-tank, and triple-tank system, it is discovered that the triple-tank system exhibits superior performance in overall aspects. Compared to the pre-optimized version, it achieves an annual energy consumption reduction of approximately 3.9%, leading to a 22.5% decrease in electricity expenses. Furthermore, it brings a 5.2% reduction in the annual lifecycle cost and a 6.3% decrease in carbon emissions, while simultaneously improving exergy efficiency by 4.8%.

Estimating Optimal Cost, Insulation Layer Thickness, and Structural Layer Thickness of Different Composite Insulation External Walls Using Computational Methods

All the modern gadgets and space conditioning in buildings consume lots of energy. Energy consumption can be optimized using Composite Insulation External Walls (CIEW) built from mortar plaster and structural and insulation layers. This study aimed to improve the overall performance of CIEW by optimizing the structural and insulation layer thickness. The objective was to minimize the Life Cycle Cost (LCC) and maximize the Life Cycle Savings (LCS) of CIEW. The nonlinear Least Squares Estimation (LSE) optimization technique for optimizing LCC and LCS of CIEW was used in the study. The study considered three insulation materials—Extruded Polystyrene (XPS), Rock Wool (RW), and Glass Wool (GW)—across three heat sources, including Circulating Fluidized Bed (CFB), Grate-Fired Boiler (GFB), and Air-Source Heat Pump (ASHP). The Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) methodology suggested by Huang using a traditional optimization technique was used as a basis for mathematical formulations and result comparison. The payback period of CIEW with optimal structural and insulation layer thickness was computed. The findings revealed that applying the LSE method enabled greater economic efficiency than the LCCA method, with an up to 9.12% increase in LCS value and an up to 7.41% decrease in LCC value. The research also revealed significant correlations between insulation and structural layer thicknesses and economic parameters.

Energy simulation and life cycle cost discussion for a novel fixed model in offices as a zero energy building in a country with hot and cold dry weather

This paper presents a new configuration of heating and cooling systems for a net zero energy building (NZEB).In this paper, one design for Net Zero Energy Building(NZEB) systems is simulated, which can provide cooling and heating needs in a wide variety of climates. This current model benefits from direct evaporating cooling (DEC) which is coupled with the ground instead of the chiller in order to reduce the consumption of energy, water usage, and humidity of indoor air. The PV cells and heat pump that are connected to the ground generate electricity and heating energy, respectively in the building besides domestic hot water is provided by solar collectors. This model is simulated in ten cities of Iran as a multi climate country with six various major climates. The Life Cycle Cost (LCC)is calculated for all of these cities and the value is compared with the usual systems. The results show the possibility of an NZEB in various dry weather in Iran, furthermore the thermal comfort situation is confirmed. The cooling energy demand proportion to other energy usage tends to be zero. The LCC value will be able to reduce to 50% of the usual systems.

A Bayesian Pipe Failure Prediction for Optimizing Pipe Renewal Time in Water Distribution Networks

The sustainable management of the water supply system requires methodologies to monitor, repair, or replace the aging infrastructure, but more importantly, it must be able to assess the condition of the networks and predict their behavior over time. Among other infrastructure systems, the water distribution network is one of the essential civil infrastructure systems; therefore, the effective maintenance and renewal of the infrastructure’s physical assets are essential. This article aims to determine pipe failure prediction to optimize pipe renewal time. This research methodology investigates the most appropriate parameters for predicting pipe failure in the optimization. In particular, the non-homogeneous Poisson process (NHPP) with the Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) approach is presented for Bayesian inference, while maximum likelihood (ML) is applied for frequentist inference as a comparison method. It is concluded that the two estimations are relatively appropriate for predicting failures, but MCMC estimation is closer to the total observed data. Based on life-cycle cost (LCC) analysis, the MCMC estimation generates flatter LCC curves and lower LCC values than the ML estimation, which affects the decision making of optimum pipe renewal in water distribution networks.

Implementation of a Life Cycle Cost Deep Learning Prediction Model Based on Building Structure Alternatives for Industrial Buildings

Undoubtedly, most industrial buildings have a huge Life Cycle Cost (LCC) throughout their lifespan, and most of these costs occur in structural operation and maintenance costs, environmental impact costs, etc. Hence, it is necessary to think about a fast way to determine the LCC values. Therefore, this article presents an LCC deep learning prediction model to assess structural and envelope-type alternatives for industrial building, and to make a decision for the most suitable structure. The input and output criteria of the prediction model were collected from previous studies. The deep learning network model was developed using a Deep Belief Network (DBN) with Restricted Boltzmann Machine (RBM) hidden layers. Seven investigation cases were studied to validate the prediction model of a 312-item dataset over a period of 30 years, after the training phase of the network to take the suitable hidden layers of the RBM and hidden neurons in each hidden layer that achieved the minimal errors of the model. Another case was studied in the model to compare design structure alternatives, consisting of three main structure frames—a reinforced concrete frame, a precast/pre-stressed concrete frame, and a steel frame—over their life cycle, and make a decision. Precast/pre-stressed concrete frames were the best decision until the end of the life cycle cost, as it is possible to reuse the removed sections in a new industrial building.

Analysis of alternative selection for vertical clearance design under Tabalong Bridge of PT Adaro Indonesia

PT Adaro Indonesia is trying to adjust a vertical clearance under Tabalong Bridge 1 (unloaded) and Tabalong Bridge 2 (loaded) because the existing conditions still apply a minimum vertical clearance of 4 m. I t should be in accordance with latest Regulation of the Minister of Public Works No. 19/PRT/M/2011 that for vertical clearance above national road at least 5.1 m. This specification has not been met by the national road under the Tabalong 1 & 2 Bridges bec ause both bridges were built in the 90s. Therefore we need an engineering technique to overcome this. There are 2 alternative designs, namely lowering the elevation of the national road and increasing the elevation of the bridge's upper structure to mitiga te oversized vehicles so as not to hit the lower structure of the Tabalong bridge. In determining the selection of the best alternative designs in this research is based on two (2) things, non financial criteria with Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and financial criteria with Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA)/Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) method. This study uses a survey method by distributing questionnaires and interviews as a means of collecting primary data. In addition, previous research and consultant DED documents were used as a means of collecting secondary data. The AHP method is used to process primary data to produce a decision from a non financial aspect. While the LCC/BCR method is used to process secondary data to produce a decision from the financi al aspect . The results of the AHP analysis obtained that the synthesis value of the decision the option of lowering national roads was 85% and the bridge lifting option was 15% and the consistency ratio (CR) was 0.05 < 0.1. The consistency ratio below 0.1 shows that the questionnaire data from the respondents are consistent. The results of the analysis of Life Cycle Cost (LCC) obtained the option of lowering national roads where the LCC value is Rp. 44,877,651,669.27 more economical than the bridge lifting option. Then the results of the Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) analysis obtained the option of lowering national roads with a BCR value of 2.33 > 1 and NPV = Rp. 43,442,264,804.34 > 1 means that the option lowering national roads is feasible. While the bridge li fting option is obtained by analyzing the value of BCR = 0.98 < 1 and NPV = option is not feasible to implement.

Life Cycle Cost (LCC) Level of an Urban Transport Fleet with Differentiated Share of Buses with Alternative Drive Systems

In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the number of buses operated by urban public transport companies powered by alternative fuels and equipped with alternative drive systems. In addition to economic factors, operators should also take environmental aspects into account when purchasing new vehicles. In this case, a useful criterion for selecting a vehicle is the Life Cycle Cost (LCC), which, in addition to the cost of purchasing a bus, takes into account the necessary expenses associated with its maintenance, operation, decommissioning, as well as emissions costs. This paper presents a study of the LCC values, estimated for the entire bus fleet based on several bus replacement variants, taking into account different shares of alternative buses in the transport fleet. Analyses have shown that replacing conventional buses by the compressed natural gas (CNG) powered buses will reduce life cycle cost by 27% compared to the LCC level in 2019. Increasing the share of electric buses in the fleet will significantly reduce the level of emissions of harmful substances contained in exhaust gases.

Life-cycle cost (LCC) based design procedure to determine the optimal design parameters and target reliability under nonlinear deformation for marine installations

ABSTRACT This study proposes a procedure to determine the optimal design parameters and target reliability based on Life cycle cost (LCC) based analysis. An iterative design procedure is performed for different levels of reserve strength ratio (RSR), and LCC is calculated. A case study is carried out for installation of the bottom fixed jacket support structure for offshore wind turbines (OWT) system subjected to extreme loading condition. To determine the ultimate capacity of the structure, static pushover analysis is integrated with the proposed design methodology. An evolutionary based particle swarm algorithm is selected for the structural design optimization of offshore jackets. The RSR evaluated from pushover analysis assists to determine the probability of failure based on the first order reliability method (FORM). Based on a set of LCC values, which are the collective sum of capital expenditure (CAPEX), operational cost (OPEX), and risk cost (RISKEX), the optimal design is reached.

Net-zero energy building design and life-cycle cost analysis with air-source variable refrigerant flow and distributed photovoltaic systems

Net-zero energy building (NZEB) design has been gaining widespread acceptance as a major driver to reach feasible long-term goals of energy reductions in a building sector for the coming decades. Accordingly, net-zero energy targets for commercial buildings have been specified by federal and/or local government agencies in U.S. Although moving toward NZEB goals has technically feasible long-term advantages, economic issues are one of primarily concerns by building owners and designers for the application of advanced building technologies in NZEB design of their retrofit or new building construction. However, the lack of life cycle cost (LCC) data has still hindered reliable understanding of adopting NZEB design by building owners in a cost-effective manner. In response to this gap, this study conducts life-cycle cost analysis (LCCA) of NZEB design with an energy-efficient heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system and a solar power generation system. To enable NZEB design, an air-source VRF heat pump (HP) type system is considered for energy-efficient HVAC equipment in an office building model with a grid-tied photovoltaic (PV) system. Results reveal that the LCC of NZEBs varies primarily due to a combined effect of annual site EUIs, on-site power generation, and cost-items of each location in U.S. climates. Some hot and mild climate zones in the U.S. represent that LCC values of NZEBs are considerably lower. In contrast, some other cold zones result in unattractive LCC values for NZEBs, caused by a combined effect of relatively lower potential of on-site PV electricity generation and city cost indices. Yet, with subsidized financing by the federal government for PV installation costs, LCC values of NZEBs become significantly attractive in most climate locations.

Development of Cost Estimation Model of the Membrane System

Apart from product quality, the manufacturing cost is an important element to compete in the competitive industry. Detail economic assessment is important to estimate the product cost accurately and avoid overestimating or underestimating that give bad impact to the firm. Membrane system; a compact, sustainable and cheaper wastewater treatment system compared to the traditional system. Yet, there is limited study analysing the economic aspect of the membrane system due to the limited historical data, a complicated process involved and deal with tangible overhead costs. Thus, this study aims to develop a cost model to estimate the total cost of the membrane system during its lifespan. Activity-based costing (ABC) method is used as cost estimation technique to calculating the overhead cost and added the direct costs to determine the life-cycle cost (LCC) of the membrane system by using Microsoft Excel while Microsoft Visual Basic is used to demonstrate a user-friendly cost estimation model. The proposed cost model is a simpler system because the end user is guided to get the LCC value without has to deal with a complicated equation. The proposed model cost is tested to estimating the LCC of HFMM in treating wastewater from the prototype stage until the disposal stage.

Economic benefit of methane hydrate reformation management in transport pipeline by reducing thermodynamic hydrate inhibitor injection

Hydrate reformation is an inherent risk in a methane hydrate production system because dissociated water and methane flow through transport pipelines simultaneously. In this study, comprehensive experiments using high-pressure autoclaves are performed to investigate the effect of reducing the concentration of thermodynamic hydrate inhibitor on hydrate reformation characteristics. In order to simulate the production of methane hydrates, these are formed and dissociated in the preliminary stage; thereafter, the hydrates are reformed from dissociated water. Although dissociated water and fresh water are found to have similar formation rates, they have a major difference in relative torque, especially in the early stage of hydrate formation. The instant rise of the relative torque in the dissociated water is observed to be up to 2.5; thereafter, it remains approximately 3.0 until hydrate conversion reaches 28 vol%. This trend is different from that in fresh water, where a steady increase in relative torque with sudden spikes is observed. These results clearly show the high risk of hydrate blockage in the transport pipelines of a methane hydrate production system; hence, the injection of hydrate inhibitor is necessary. In this study, monoethylene glycol (MEG) is the selected thermodynamic hydrate inhibitor; its concentration is maintained below a specific value to completely avoid hydrate formation. Despite the occurrence of hydrate reformation, a stable relative torque is observed in a 20 wt% MEG concentration, where the conversion of water to hydrate approximately reaches 40 vol%. For a 10 wt% MEG concentration, a sudden increase in relative torque of up to 2.0 is observed in the early stage of hydrate formation; this suggests that the foregoing is less effective in sustaining flowability. Compared to fresh water, the addition of a 20 wt% MEG to dissociated water results in a more stable torque. Once the performance of the MEG concentration reduction is confirmed, the MEG regeneration process is designed accordingly by using both multiphase flow and process simulation models. A life cycle cost (LCC) analysis is conducted by estimating the capital expenditures (CAPEX) and operating expenditures (OPEX) of the MEG regeneration process. Considering both CAPEX and OPEX, the LCC for complete inhibition (35 wt%) is 90.15 MUSD (million United States dollars); however, for the 20 and 10 wt% MEG concentrations, the LCC values are reduced to 86.79 and 84.58 MUSD, respectively. The foregoing suggests the potential economic benefit of methane hydrate reformation management to avoid blockage.

Life Cycle Costing of Public Construction Projects

The purpose of this paper is to highlight the role of life cycle costing in the preparation phase of public construction projects. Life cycle costing is a method of economic analysis directed at all costs related to constructing, operating, and maintaining a construction project over a defined period of time. In the early phase of construction projects, an enormous benefit in life cycle costing can be achieved. The commonly used construction cost minimization approach should be substituted for life cycle cost optimization. In order to gain the maximum value for money, all costs incurred over the whole life span must be estimated. The optimization of the life cycle costs of a construction project is essential for a complex decision making process. All taken into consideration, the solution with the minimum value of life cycle costs can be chosen. Public investors are required to meet the objectives of sustainable building, and as a group they face limited financial resources and frequently a very strict institutional framework including procurement procedures. The quantification of life cycle costs, when deciding on a construction project, is required by the public sector in the Czech Republic. In addition, the estimated amount of life cycle costs has become a criterion in public tenders. The paper summarizes experience in building design valuation in terms of these life cycle costs.

Improving battery lifetime and reducing life cycle cost of a PV/battery system using supercapacitor for remote agricultural farm power application

One of the challenges in utilizing photovoltaic systems in agricultural applications is the cost of batteries. Batteries are often replaced when used for farm power compared to residential applications due to the incessant high current that is drawn from the battery as a result of the nature of operation in agricultural applications. This increases the overall life cycle cost (LCC) of the system, which makes generation of electricity from renewable energy sources unattractive. This paper proposes the use of supercapacitors (SCs) to improve the battery lifetime and reduce the life cycle cost of a standalone Photovotaic (PV)/battery system for a remote farm power application. Two scenarios are created: PV/battery system only (i.e., without SC) and PV/battery/SC (i.e., with SC) for a typical remote agricultural feedmill. The sizes of PV, battery, and SC are optimally matched with the load profile of the feedmill using genetic algorithm, while the battery lifetime was estimated based on Schiffer's technique. The analysis is carried out through simulation in the Matlab™ environment. Some of the key results reveal that PV/battery only has a slightly lower initial capital cost of $5010 compared to PV/battery/SC with an initial capital cost of $5480. However, the battery lifetimes with and without the use of SC are 5 and 2 years, respectively, denoting an improvement of 40% in the battery lifetime when SC is adopted. The LCC values of the PV/battery system with and without SC are obtained to be $6423 and $11 037, respectively, indicating a significant reduction of 58% in the LCC when SC is utilized.

Duelist algorithm for optimisation of safety instrumented system at distillation column based on RAMS + C

This paper describes the optimisation of safety instrumented system at distillation column based on reliability, availability, maintenance, safety, plus cost using duelist algorithm. Safety instrumented system maintain operating condition in the safe regime when normal operation over the allowable limits. Diversity redundancy was implemented as allocation redundancy. The requirement of safety instrumented system has been appointed by international standard, International Electrotechnical Commission 61508. The objective of this study is to achieve the lowest value of lifecycle cost that affected by average probability of failure on demand and spurious trip rate value. Average probability of failure on demand is involved by failure rate danger that has an effect on safety instrumented level value; meanwhile, spurious trip rate is influenced by failure rate safe that has an effect to the product losses caused unscheduled shutdown. The field instruments subsystems are provided by utilising one of or all different technologies. The best optimisation solution utilises vote 1 out of 1 for all subsystem with smart transmitter technology and air-operated actuator. Its solution obtained lifecycle cost 1,139,898 USD, average probability of failure on demand 7181 × 10−02/h and spurious trip rate 4844 × 10−05/h.

Life Cycle Costing as an Important Contribution to Feasibility Study in Construction Projects

The purpose of this paper is to highlight the role of life cycle cost (LCC) analysis in the feasibility study of construction projects, especially in the public sector. Feasibility study is usually conducted in the early phase of construction projects when the greatest benefit of LCC can be obtained. The commonly used construction cost minimization approach should be replaced with LCC optimization. In order to achieve the maximum value for money, all costs incurred over the whole life span must be evaluated. Life cycle costing is a method of economic analysis directed at all costs related to constructing, operating, and maintaining a construction project over a defined period of time. The optimization of the LCC of a project, construction or equipment, is essential for the complex decision-making process. It is then at this point that the solution with the minimum value of LCC can be chosen. The public sector in the Czech Republic is now beginning to require quantification of LCC when deciding on construction. In addition, LCC has become a criterion in public tenders. This paper summarizes the experience of assessing building designs in terms of LCC. Not only public sector benefits are identified and summarized but also some significant difficulties. Case studies are provided.

MULTI-CRITERIA APPROACH FOR DESIGNING SUSTAINABLE DRAINAGE IN MALANG RESIDENTIAL AREA INDONESIA

Environmentally sound approach for sustainable urban drainage could promote infiltration and lower the risk of flooding. This study presents the framework to evaluate the drainage alternatives considering multiple aspects including water quantity, life cycle cost and amenity. This approach is verified through application at a residential area in Malang city Indonesia. Different combinations of drainage components comprising of drainage channels, infiltration wells and biopore absorption holes are assessed regarding runoff reduction, present value of life cycle cost, and willingness to pay for the convenience. The first part describes the effective designs of sustainable drainage components in the houses as well as in the public spaces of the housing. The second part of this study describes the use of analytic hierarchy process for weight assignment of sustainability criteria and multiple benefit calculation. The study recommends infiltration wells and biopore absorption holes together with drainage channels as the best management practice of sustainable drainage system based on its overall sustainability index.

Quantitative Assessment of the Impact of Alternative Manufacturing Methods on Aeroengine Component Lifing Decisions

Static structural aeroengine components are typically designed for full lifetime operation. Under this assumption, efforts to reduce weight in order to improve the performance result in structural designs that necessitate proven yet expensive manufacturing solutions to ensure high reliability. However, rapid developments in fabrication technologies such as additive manufacturing may offer viable alternatives for manufacturing and/or repair, in which case different component lifing decisions may be preferable. The research presented in this paper proposes a value-maximizing design framework that models and optimizes component lifing decisions in an aeroengine product–service system context by considering manufacturing and maintenance alternatives. To that end, a lifecycle cost model is developed as a proxy of value creation. Component lifing decisions are made to minimize net present value of lifecycle costs. The impact of manufacturing (represented by associated intial defects) and maintenance strategies (repair and/or replace) on lifing design decisions is quantified by means of failure models whose output is an input to the lifecycle cost model. It is shown that, under different conditions, it may not be prudent to design for full life but rather accept shorter life and then repair or replace the component. This is especially evident if volumetric effects on low cycle fatigue life are taken into account. It is possible that failure rates based on legacy engines do not translate necessarily to weight-optimized components. Such an analysis can play a significant supporting role in engine component design in a product–service system context.

Developing a weighted reward criterion for the Markov-based decision of road maintenance.

Reward criterion is an important decision factor in a Markov-based road maintenance optimization model. At present, average reward criterion or discounted reward criterion is widely used to optimize life cycle costs of road maintenance. However, the former one cannot reflect the time value of life cycle costs whereas the latter one tends to neglect the costs accumulated in the later periods over the decision horizon. In this regard, a weighted reward criterion is developed for the Markov-based road maintenance optimization model. It measures the trade-off of the average reward and the discounted reward by setting the weights of two rewards. In addition, the existence of the optimal plan under the weighted reward criterion is proven by two numerical examples under two scenarios with and without considering the inflation on maintenance costs. Finally, comparison is conducted between the proposed criterion and the average reward criterion/the discounted reward criterion to check the impacts of discount rates and inflation rates on the optimal plan.