Values Of Laser Power Research Articles

Laser powder bed fusion of a nanocrystalline Finemet Fe-based alloy for soft magnetic applications

The aim of this work is to explore the laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) processability window of the nanocrystalline soft magnetic Finemet alloy. With that purpose, several laser power and scan speed values and a meander scanning strategy were probed to process simple geometry specimens. Good dimensional accuracy was obtained within the entire processing window investigated. Relative densities as high as 89% were achieved for processing conditions including high laser power and low scan speeds. The fraction of amorphous phase, which peaked at 49%, was found to be mostly dependent on the scan speed and only slightly influenced by the laser power. The microstructure of the crystalline domains is formed by ultrafine, equiaxed grains with random orientations. Irrespective of the processing conditions, the LPBF-processed samples exhibit a similar saturation magnetization, lower permeability, and higher coercivity than fully amorphous melt-spun ribbons of the same composition. The coercive field of the additively manufactured specimens is fairly independent of the relative density and exhibits a moderate inverse variation with the amorphous fraction. Consistent with earlier works, this study suggests that the average grain size is an important contributor to coercivity.

A Comparative Analysis of Low and High SiC Volume Fraction Additively Manufactured SiC/Ti6Al4V(ELI) Composites Based on the Best Process Parameters of Laser Power, Scanning Speed and Hatch Distance.

Silicon carbide (SiC) exhibits intriguing thermo-physical properties such as higher heat capacity and conductivity, as well as a lower density than Ti6Al4V(ELI). These properties make SiC a good candidate for the reinforcement of Ti6Al4V(ELI) with respect to its use as a heat shield in aero turbines to increase their efficiency. The traditional materials used in aircraft structures were required to have a combination of good mechanical properties such as strength, stiffness, and hardness and low weight, as well as low thermo-physical properties such as coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) and thermal conductivity. The alloy Ti6Al4V(ELI) has a density of 4.45 g/cm3, which is lower than that of structural steel (7.4 g/cm3) and higher than that of aluminium (2.5 g/cm3). Lower density benefits light weighting. Aluminium is the lightest of the traditional materials used but has relatively low strength. The CTE of SiC of 4.6 × 10-6/K is lower than that of Ti6Al4V(ELI) of 8.6 × 10-6/K, while the density of SiC of 3.21 g/cm3 is lower than that of Ti6Al4V(ELI) of 4.45 g/cm3. Therefore, from the theory of composites, SiC/Ti6Al4V(ELI) composites are expected to have lower densities and CTEs than those of Ti6Al4V(ELI), thus providing for lightweighting and less thermal related buckling or separation at their joints with carbon/epoxy resin panels. The specific strength, stiffness, and Knoop hardness of SiC of 75-490 kNm/kg, 132 MNm/kg, and 600-3800 GPa, respectively, are generally larger than those of Ti6Al4V(ELI) of 211 KNm/kg, 24 MNm/kg, and 880 GPa, respectively. Therefore, investigating reinforcement of Ti6Al4V(ELI) with SiC particles is worthwhile as it will lead to the formation of composites that are stronger, stiffer, harder, and lighter, with lower values of CTE. For additive manufacturing, this requires initial studies to optimise the process parameters of laser power and scanning speed for single tracks. To print single tracks in the present work, different laser powers ranging from 100 W to 350 W and scanning speeds ranging from 0.3 m/s to 2.7 m/s were used for different SiC volume fraction values of values. To print single layers, different values of hatch distance were used together with the best values of laser power and scanning speed determined elsewhere by the authors for different volume fractions of SiC. Through optical microscopy, the built tracks and their cross sections were examined. By using laser power and scanning speeds of 200 W and 1.2 m/s, and 150 W and 0.8 m/s, respectively, the best tracks at 5% and 10% volume fractions were obtained, whereas the best tracks at 25% volume fraction were achieved using a laser power of 200 W and a scanning speed of 0.5 m/s. Furthermore, the results showed that the maximum SiC volume percentage of 30% resulted in limited or no penetration. Therefore, it is concluded from the study that parts with improved mechanical properties can be produced at SiC volume fractions ranging from 5% to 25%, while parts produced at the high volume fraction of 30% would have unacceptable mechanical qualities for the final part.

Model-Based input energy control for reproducible AISI 316L laser deposited tracks

In the Directed Energy Deposition (DED) process, when the mass flow of metal particles is relatively high, the thickness of the layers increases, leading to a more productive process. The higher the mass flow is, the more difficult it becomes to get a stable melt pool. The accumulation of residual heat in the previously consolidated material constitutes a thermal input affecting the balance at the laser-material interaction zone. An accurate control of the temperature of the laser-material interaction zone is critical to maintain the dynamic viscosity of the liquid metal within the narrow margin in which it can be managed in a stable way. The present work introduces a thermal model in which domains with tunable properties are considered to reproduce the growing of the manufactured sample. Concurrently, a virtual closed-loop PID regulator has been implemented in order to calculate suitable values of laser power to compensate the heat accumulated in the material, offering the results from the model as input process parameters to be directly applied in the real process. The levels of laser power proposed by the model have been experimentally applied, leading to a stable process capable of carrying out in reality the desired component.

Thermal design considerations for a L-PBF built metal component: effects of Inter-Layer Cooling Time, Preheating Temperature and Gas Flow

The paper aims to investigate some important thermal effects that could affect the Additive Manufacturing (AM) process of Laser Powder Bed Fusion. This analysis starts with investigating the variation of the material substrate temperature due to a variation of the Interlayer Cooling-Time (ILCT); then, the paper analyzes the effect of Preheating temperature on the material microstructure of the first building layers. Finally, we assess the effect of variation in gas flow speed as a function of part position on the building platform. In addition, in this work, the previously mentioned thermal aspects are evaluated in detail under particular geometrical and printing conditions considered the most critical for the L-PBF process. All cases studied are performed on IN718 superalloy specimens. In particular, for ILCT investigation, 60 microns layered specimens are printed for Preheating temperature analysis 40 and 60 layered specimens and for gas flow speed evaluation 40 microns one. All the results are evaluated through a porosity and melt pool analysis. The results obtained in this work highlight a critical range for low ILCT, 2-6 seconds, for part integrity that could be affected by overheating effects. To avoid this criticality, inserting ghost parts during the printing or reducing the laser power value is suggested. Concerning the preheating temperature effect, the first 1.2 mm of printed layers are found to be critical and affected by melt pool instability. In this case, a sacrificial substrate used in the first layers could save the quality of a few layers height part. The gas flow analysis highlights how some areas of the building platform are affected by particular thermal conditions negatively influencing material printability. To minimize this issue as much as possible, modify the job layout to avoid printing parts in the critical zones.

Revolutionizing Antibacterial Surfaces: 3D Printed Nanoscale and Microscale Topographies through Two-Photon Polymerization

The evolving bacteria defense mechanism against antimicrobial agents due to the overuse and misuse of antimicrobial chemicals has led to a catastrophic problem - antimicrobial resistance, this has spurred the quest for innovative antibacterial approach to inhibit bacterial growth effectively without using any chemicals. Tailored nano- and microstructured architecture, inspired by natural nanotopography such as those found on cicada wings, hold great promise in antibacterial activity due to their unique mechano-antibacterial properties. Among the various nano-/microfabrication techniques, the two-photon polymerisation (TPP) stands out as a versatile and precise approach to fabricate arbitrarily functional three-dimensional structures with sub-micrometre resolution. The process involves the use of femtosecond laser pulses to induce polymerization of a biocompatible acrylate-based photoresin in a precise spatial pattern to generate the nano-/microarchitecture. In this study, we investigated the influence of key fabrication parameters, such as laser power, exposure time, and interface value to achieve the final pre-defined nano-/microarchitecture. Microscopy analysis showed that nanostructure of heights between 350-650 nm; 300-400 nm diameter; and increasing center-to-center distances of 700-2000 nm were successfully fabricated. The mechano-antibacterial feasibility of the two photon-designed nanoarchitecture were tested against P. aeruginosa pathogenic bacteria commonly encountered in healthcare settings. Our results showed that the TPP nano-/microarchitecture demonstrated intriguing antibacterial activity through physico-mechanical interactions between the nano-/microarchitectures and bacteria, creating surfaces that exhibit bactericidal activity. This study paves the way for advanced antibacterial applications in the field of nanotechnology and biomedicine, making a significant contribution to the ongoing efforts in combating antimicrobial resistance and promoting global health.

3D micro/nano hydrogel structures fabricated by two-photon polymerization for biomedical applications.

Hydrogels are three-dimensional natural or synthetic cross-linked networks composed of polymer chains formed by hydrophilic monomers. Due to the ability to simulate many properties of natural extracellular matrix, hydrogels have been widely used in the biomedical field. Hydrogels can be obtained through a variety of polymerization strategies such as heating and redox. However, photochemistry is one of the most interesting methods for researchers in this field. Gelatin-methacryloyl (GelMA) inherits the biological activity of gelatin and has become one of the gold standards in the field of biomaterials. GelMA, as a photopolymerizable hydrogel precursor, can be used to fabricate 3D porous structures for biomedical applications through two-photon polymerization. We report a new formulation of GelMA-based photoresist and used it to manufacture a series of two-photon polymerization structures, with a maximum resolution less than 120nm. The influence of process parameters on 3D structures manufacturing is studied by adjusting the scanning speed, laser power, and layer spacing values in two-photon polymerization processing. In vitro biological tests show that the 3D hydrogel produced by two-photon polymerization in this paper is biocompatible and suitable for MC3T3-E1 cell.

Study of the effects of laser power and scanning speed on the microstructural morphologies and physical properties of L-PBF produced Ni52.39Ti47.61

This study examined the effect of variations in the laser power and scan speed for 52.39 at.%Ni-47.61 at.%Ti samples produced via laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF). The laser power was varied between 150W and 180 W, the scanning speeds were varied between 500 mm/s and 1000 mm/s, and other process parameters were kept constant. The resulting microstructures and physical properties of the produced samples were evaluated. In particular, the phase type and phase transformation characteristics, composition, Vickers microhardness, and microstructures were examined. It was observed that variation in the mean microhardness and relative density were not significant at a constant scan speed of 1000 mm/s, regardless of the laser power value. Samples processed at a laser power of 180W (with all other parameters kept constant) exhibited a bimodal micro- and nano structures. It was found that the samples with bimodal microstructure had a higher lattice strain, extent of B2 phase, and higher phase transformation temperatures.

Evaluation of Metallic Parts Defects to Determine Repair Process Strategies through Laser Metal Deposition

With technological advances, additive manufacturing processes have been gaining prominence in several industrial areas including maintenance, repair, and overhaul (MRO) processes. A process with great potential for repairing and rebuilding metal parts is laser metal deposition (LMD) technology. Despite the high potential, LMD implementation in the repair industry is not straightforward, due to the geometry variability of parts and damages to be repaired. This paper presents a repairability study that evaluates the remaining volume of the repair of different types of damages in AISI 316L parts by LMD, and determines the most appropriate deposition strategies to adapt to the repair process. This study involves the characterization and classification of common defects in metallic parts and the development of a design of experiments, in which, given the damage geometry, volume, and location, the best repair toolpath to be adopted and the ideal parameterization for the repair process are determined. The ability to correct part damage is assessed from a geometric, mechanical and energetic approach, and explores the possibility of including LMD in an adaptive and intelligent MRO system. The result of this work establishes a new deposition strategy approach based on a modified contour-parallel deposition strategy for repairing metal parts. This study also demonstrates that in surface damage cases, a fixed point strategy is highly effective, especially when using higher laser power values and larger laser spot diameters, enabling an easier process automation. However, in edge and corner damage cases, the best repair approach is using trajectory strategies that constitute material support between deposition tracks and layers. Additionally, it is demonstrated that the corners are the most critical zones that require temperature control throughout the entire repair process.

Computational modeling of laser welding for aluminum–copper joints using a circular strategy

Dissimilar metal welding poses a significant challenge for researchers in the welding and materials science communities due to the different properties of the metals involved. In this study, we present a novel approach for determining the optimal processing parameters for continuous laser welding (CLW) of dissimilar metals, specifically aluminum and copper, using a circular strategy. The approach utilizes computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations to model the welding process and predict joint quality. We validated a CFD-based numerical model for predicting the melt-pool shape across a range of laser power and circular welding speed values. Additionally, we developed artificial neural network (ANN) models that can predict melt pool interface width, penetration depth, and copper concentration for any combination of processing conditions. Using surrogate modeling, we identified the optimal values of laser power and welding speed that result in the highest quality joint. Our results showed that the optimal processing conditions were a laser power of 2950W and a circular speed of 55 mm/s, which resulted in a high-quality Al–Cu joint with maximum shear strength of 2200 N. Microstructural analysis and tensile-shear strength testing confirmed that the optimal conditions resulted in a low degree of intermixing and the absence of large intermetallic compounds (IMCs) in the weld seam. Overall, study offers a valuable contribution to the welding and materials science communities by presenting a novel approach to address a common challenge in dissimilar metal welding. Our approach can be applied to other types of dissimilar metal welding and may inform the development of new welding techniques in the future.

Direct Energy Depositions of a 17-4 PH Stainless Steel: Geometrical and Microstructural Characterizations

Direct energy deposition (DED) is a widely accepted additive manufacturing process and a possible alternative to the subtractive manufacturing processes due to its high flexibility in fabricating new 3D parts. DED enables the manufacture of complex parts without using costly and time-consuming conventional processes, even though building parameters need to be accurately determined. In the present investigation, the effect of different process parameters on geometrical features, quality, microstructure, and microhardness of 17-4 PH stainless steel single tracks deposited onto an AISI 316L stainless steel substrate was investigated. Four sets of process parameters, considering different values of laser power, scanning speed, and powder feed rate, were selected in the manufacturing strategy, and specimens drawn from each single-track deposition were analyzed by stereomicroscopy, optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDS), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results show that the optimized geometrical features of the track, together with the best microstructural and hardness properties, were obtained with the highest values of the laser energy input.

Study of the processing conditions for stainless steel additive manufacturing using femtosecond laser

The use of ultrashort-pulsed (USP) lasers in Additive Manufacturing (AM) enables the processing of different materials and has the potential to reduce the sizes and shapes manufactured with this technology. This work confirms that USP lasers are a viable alternative for Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) when higher precision is required to manufacture certain critical parts. Promising results were obtained using tailored and own-produced stainless steel powder particles, manufacturing consistent square layers with a series of optimized processing parameters. The critical role of processing parameters is confirmed when using this type of lasers, as a slight deviation of any of them results in an absence of melting. For the first time, melting has been achieved at low pulse repetition (500 kHz) and using low average laser power values (0.5–1 W), by generating heat accumulation at reduced scanning speeds. This opens up the possibility of further reducing the minimum size of parts when using USP lasers for AM.

Achieving 1.2 fm/Hz1/2 Displacement Sensitivity with Laser Interferometry in Two-Dimensional Nanomechanical Resonators: Pathways towards Quantum-Noise-Limited Measurement at Room Temperature

Laser interferometry is an important technique for ultrasensitive detection of motion and displacement. We push the limit of laser interferometry through noise optimization and device engineering. The contribution of noises other than shot noise is reduced from 92.6% to 62.4%, demonstrating the possibility towards shot-noise-limited measurement. Using noise thermometry, we quantify the laser heating effect and determine the range of laser power values for room-temperature measurements. With detailed analysis and optimization of signal transduction, we achieve 1.2 fm/Hz1/2 displacement measurement sensitivity at room temperature in two-dimensional (2D) CaNb2O6 nanomechanical resonators, the best value reported to date among all resonators based on 2D materials. Our work demonstrates a possible pathway towards quantum-noise-limited measurement at room temperature.

Improve Quality Factor by Using DWDM Technology for Long Distances and Different Power Levels

In optical fiber communications, data travels from the transmitter to the receiver, where it is collected and converted from optical pulses into electrical signals. The need for bandwidth has grown significantly in recent years. Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM), an advanced multiplexing technology that allows multiple signals to be delivered simultaneously at different wavelengths in the same channel, has been developed to meet the demand for higher capacity and faster data rates. There is a decrease in signal quality as a result of the pulse expansion caused by the scattering. During long-distance transportation, scattering should be minimized. In this research, The DWDM link model uses OptiSystem 18. The DWDM design uses 48 channels, 200 GHz channel spacing, and a bit rate of 40 Gbps for each channel The link length used is 240 and 300 km, using SMF (Single Fiber Mode) and DCF (Dispersion Compensation Amplifier). The research was performed with differences in laser power of 0, 3, and 5 dBm. From the results of the analysis carried out, changes in power changes affect the performance of the system using the MRZ (Mach Zander rate) produced by a CW-10 dB laser. The laser power values correspond to the standard Q-factor and BER (Bit Error Rate) values. The highest Q-factor is 23.266 and BER is 4.66232e-0120, while the lowest Q-factor is 14.9477 and BER is 7.89923e-051. Research has shown The more laser power is used, the better the system's performance.

Influence of Laser Parameters on the Texturing of 420 Stainless Steel.

AISI 420 martensitic stainless steel is widely used in the mould industry due to its high tensile strength, hardness, and corrosion properties. Another requirement concerning any material used for this type of application is high thermal conductivity to minimise the time between consecutive injection cycles. The surfaces of some parts of the mould may be textured and reinforced with a material with higher thermal conductivity to achieve this aim. The results of a detailed study on the texturing of annealed 420 stainless steel using a Nd:YVO4 fibre laser are presented in this work. The influence of the laser's processing parameters (laser power, scanning speed, number of passes, and line spacing) on the dimensions of the track, microstructure, and hardness of the modified surfaces was studied. Based on the continuity and dimensions of the machined grooves, several promising textures could be produced with laser power values from 5 to 30 W, scanning speeds of 500 to 2000 mm/s, 8 passes or more, and line spacings of 40 and 50 µm. High laser powers were responsible for the dissolution of chromium carbides in the laser tracks, the incorporation of chromium in austenite, and the consequent hardening of the microstructure.

Tunneling and revival of Anderson localization in a Bose-Einstein condensate

We provide an analytical model to fabricate an exponential localization of a Bose-Einstein condensate under a bichromatic optical lattice. Such localization is famously known as Anderson localization. The degree of localization is investigated using the participation ratio to recognize the laser parameter domain for Anderson localization. The exponential nature of the localization is proved, and we also identify the localization length. The tunneling of an Anderson-localized condensate with time is observed, and the revival phenomenon of Anderson localization is reported. Slowing down of Anderson localization is noticed for higher laser intensity. We also study the dynamical and structural stability of the condensate during Anderson localization, which suggests the preferred values of laser power and the time instance to encounter a minimal mean difference in the presence of noise.

A comparative study on the effect of CO2 laser parameters on drilling process of polycarbonate and PMMA polymers complemented by design expert

In this research, micro-drilling with a CO2 laser was conducted on two types of polymer, polycarbonate (PC) and poly methyl methacrylic (PMMA), due to their desirable chemical and physical characteristics. Design-Expert analysis has been used to better understand the laser drilling process and reduce the number of experiments needed. Based on Box–Behnken design (BBD), the experiments were designed to examine the influence of the laser parameters on the micro-drilling process. The impact of parameters, such as power (P), exposure time (t), and focal plane position (FPP), on the depth, entry diameter, and heat-affected zone (HAZ) was investigated using the statistical analysis technique ANOVA. To conduct virtual tests alongside the experimental study, the temperature distribution of the drilling mechanism was simulated using the COMSOL Multiphysics program. The refined accuracy of the simulation predicted the geometry of the hole and presented outcomes that favorably correspond with the experimental results. Experiments were optimized using numerical optimization to attain the ideal hole in CW mode for various values of laser power, exposure time, and FPP. A significant improvement in hole quality was achieved. The acquired data were validated using confirmation tests. The outcomes for the ideal full hole revealed the minimum HAZ (60 μm), with a minimum diameter (360 μm), and 1 mm hole depth occurred at zero FPP for PMMA, with laser power of 3 W and at 0.17 s. Meanwhile, for PC, the ideal hole with minimum HAZ (90 μm), minimum diameter (350 μm), and 1 mm hole depth was achieved at zero FPP, with laser power of 3.6 W and at 0.1 s.

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Sc-Modified AA2519-T62 Laser Beam Welded Butt Joints

Abstract The fundamental aim of the research is to investigate the microstructure and mechanical properties of the AA2519-T62 laser beam welded joints obtained with various values of welding velocity. For the constant value of laser power (3.2 kW) three joints have been produced with various values of welding velocity: 0.8, 1.1, and 1.4 m/min. The joints have been subjected to microstructure analysis (including both light and scanning electron microscope), microhardness measurements, tensile tests, and fractography of tensile samples. The established values of joint efficiency contain within the range of 55-66% with the highest value (66%) reported for the joint obtained with 1.1 m/min welding velocity. The produced welds have noticeable participation of pores, which tends to increase together with the value of welding velocity. In all cases, the failure has occurred in the fusion zone by ductile fracture.

Enhancing the tensile properties of PA6/CNT nanocomposite in selective laser sintering process

AbstractThe aim of present study is to enhance the tensile strength, elongation at break and tensile modulus of polyamide 6/carbon nanotube (PA6/CNT) nanocomposite prepared by selective laser sintering. For this purpose, the optimal values of laser power, scanning speed and CNT content were estimated to enhance the tensile properties of PA6/CNT nanocomposite by using the response surface methodology and desirability function. The microstructure of specimens was observed using the scanning and transmission electron microscopy. It was observed that an increase in laser power from 5 to 10 W improved the tensile strength (21%) and elongation at break (11.4%) of the nanocomposite due to uniform dispersion of CNTs, while the further increase of laser power reduced the tensile strength (5.2%), elongation at break (5.8%) and tensile modulus (5.3%) due to thermal degradation of PA6 polymer. A rise of the scanning speed from 1000 to 2000 mm/s was associated with a reduction in the tensile strength, elongation at break and tensile modulus by about 8.3%, 13% and 3.3% respectively, which was due to lower heat input and consequently incomplete densification of the nanocomposite. The addition of CNTs up to 5 wt% can enhance the tensile properties of PA6/CNT nanocomposite, but needs increasing the laser power. The best combination of tensile properties was achieved at laser power of 7.3 W, scanning speed of 1000 mm/s and CNT content of 1.8 wt%. Moreover, the addition of CNTs up to 5 wt% showed a slight influence on thermal stability and crystallinity of the sintered nanocomposite.

Investigating the laser metal deposition of Inconel 718 superalloy using the numerical and experimental methods

In this research, a volume of fluid (VOF) model was developed to investigate the effect of laser deposition parameters on the geometry of molten pool and deposited layer in the Inconel 718 superalloy. For this purpose, the process parameters of laser power, laser beam diameter and scanning speed were considered to estimate the geometric characteristics of the molten pool and deposited layer. In the following, the laser deposition process of Inconel 718 superalloy was carried out experimentally to validate the results of simulation. It was observed that an increase in the laser power from 100 to 400 W resulted in an improvement in the length, width and depth of molten pool, while an increase in the values of laser beam diameter (from 1 to 2 mm) and scanning speed (from 2 to 10 mm s−1) was associated with a reduction in the length, width and depth of molten pool. From the results of both simulation and experiments, a reduction was observed in the wetting angle of deposited layer when the values of laser power and scanning speed increased up to 400 W and 10 mm s−1 respectively, while the increase of feeding rate from 48 to 62 mgr s−1 indicated an improvement in the wetting angle. It was also observed that the maximum penetration depth was obtained in the rear part of molten pool due to Marangoni convection currents that pushed the melt toward the end of molten pool. The comparison of the experimental results and those predicted by the VOF model indicated that the model is capable of predicting the shape of deposition layer with sensible error.

Development of a surrogate model for high-fidelity laser powder-bed fusion using tensor train and gaussian process regression

A multi-physics high-fidelity computational model is required to study the melting and grain growth phenomena in a laser powder-bed fusion (LPBF) additive manufacturing process. The major challenge with the high-fidelity model is long computational time, which makes it unsuited for any feasible process parameter optimization study in a high dimensional process design space. To address this challenge, surrogate models are a good option to replace the high-fidelity model, resulting in a significant shortening of the computational time at the expense of an acceptable drop in accuracy. In this study, a tensor train (TT) and Gaussian process regression (GPR) based methodology is proposed to develop a surrogate of the high-fidelity powder-scale model. An in-house developed powder-scale model is used to generate the training data by simulating a microscale model of the powder-bed for different values of laser power. The trained TT-GPR model can predict the thermal history of the powder-bed and melt pool geometry for a specified value of laser power, while the computation time required for prediction of any set of process conditions is less than one second. Here we can achieve an approximate computational speedup of 10^4 with the surrogate model. We provide evidence to claim that the proposed surrogate model provides high computational efficiency without compromising accuracy.