Human Values Research Articles

Keamanan Manusia dalam Perdagangan Manusia: Analisis Peran IOM Menangani Human Trafficking

Abstract The most crucial thing about human trafficking is that the activity does not disappear and even continues to show increasing numbers of victims. Handling cannot be carried out only by the government or by state officials but requires comprehensive handling from all levels of society. This research aims to highlight the role of an organization in dealing with these problems using a human security approach. Descriptively and qualitatively the facts are analyzed and produce several conclusions: a). efforts to help, defend, rescue based on existing laws which are more outward in nature, but also on efforts to implement human rights values ​​from within. Apart from being an ethical basis, human values ​​are also implemented in every action. b). The problem of human trafficking cannot be separated from structural dimensions such as the fulfillment of welfare, justice and development policies which influence all dimensions of human livelihood. c). The best prevention is through education, providing employment opportunities, welfare and the most important thing is to provide a sense of security for all citizens.

Designing bio-based value chains for social justice: The potential of Capability Sensitive Design

Bio-based value chains (BBVCs) have often been criticized for their detrimental social and environmental effects. Existing methods such as social impact assessment do not sufficiently address these negative effects because of their limited focus and lack of attention to social justice. This paper explores the contribution of Capability Sensitive Design (CSD) to designing BBVCs for social justice. CSD is a combination of Value Sensitive Design (VSD), an approach to account for human values in a design process, and the Capability Approach (CA), a normative framework that incorporates multiple dimensions of human well-being.Three case studies demonstrate how CSD can be used to make design choices in the early stages of developing new BBVCs from waste biomass. The cases explore olive oil residues in Spain, coffee and cocoa residues in Colombia, and encroacher bush in Namibia. CSD is a relatively new approach and its contribution to social justice in BBVCs remained unexplored. We show that CSD can contribute to distributive, recognition, and procedural justice by allowing the identification of local vulnerable stakeholders and providing tools to connect their needs, knowledge, and capabilities to concrete design choices.

Strong and weak alignment of large language models with human values

Minimizing negative impacts of Artificial Intelligent (AI) systems on human societies without human supervision requires them to be able to align with human values. However, most current work only addresses this issue from a technical point of view, e.g., improving current methods relying on reinforcement learning from human feedback, neglecting what it means and is required for alignment to occur. Here, we propose to distinguish strong and weak value alignment. Strong alignment requires cognitive abilities (either human-like or different from humans) such as understanding and reasoning about agents’ intentions and their ability to causally produce desired effects. We argue that this is required for AI systems like large language models (LLMs) to be able to recognize situations presenting a risk that human values may be flouted. To illustrate this distinction, we present a series of prompts showing ChatGPT’s, Gemini’s and Copilot’s failures to recognize some of these situations. We moreover analyze word embeddings to show that the nearest neighbors of some human values in LLMs differ from humans’ semantic representations. We then propose a new thought experiment that we call “the Chinese room with a word transition dictionary”, in extension of John Searle’s famous proposal. We finally mention current promising research directions towards a weak alignment, which could produce statistically satisfying answers in a number of common situations, however so far without ensuring any truth value.

Monitoring of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in human blood samples collected in three regions with known PFAS releases in the environment and three control regions in South Germany.

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are known as persistent and bioaccumulative chemicals. The present paper describes the analysis of 969 human blood samples collected in South Germany aiming to determine whether there are statistic significant differences in internal PFAS burden between three regions with known PFAS releases in the environment (study regions) and three regions without known PFAS releases in the environment (control regions). Nine environmental relevant PFAS were analyzed, including the perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) substitute 3H-perfluoro-3-[(3-methoxy-propoxy)propanoic acid] ammonium salt (ADONA). We found that concentrations of PFOA and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) were higher than for all other PFAS in all of the six regions, but all medians of PFOA (between 0.8 and 0.9ng/ml for the study and control regions) and PFOS (between 1.3 and 1.5ng/ml for the study regions and between 1.4 and 1.5ng/ml for the control regions) were below the human biomonitoring values (HBM) I for PFOA (2ng/ml) und for PFOS (5ng/ml) derived by the German HBM Commission. Concentrations of ADONA were below the limit of quantification in all samples. Minor differences were observed in PFAS blood levels between study and control regions. Especially for PFOS and PFOA the medians for women are slightly lower compared to men. In summary, individuals living in regions with known environmental PFAS contaminations show no higher internal PFAS exposure to controls and in comparison to other studies in the literature.

Ethical Implications of AI Adoption in HRM: Balancing Automation with Human Values

Ethical Implications of AI Adoption in HRM: Balancing Automation with Human Values

Assessing Value-Laden Technology

Technological innovations—tools, artefacts, and processes—open up new possibilities of human action and thereby increase the domain of our positive freedom. Technology is inherently value-laden, since such an intended increase of freedom may be a good or bad relative to human values. The use of tools may also involve unintended and unwanted by-products and side effects. Therefore, technology should not develop in a deterministic or random manner but should be guided by reasonable democratic principles. Technology assessment (TA) is a pattern for the evaluation of technological projects and products by their costs and benefits, risks, and profits. Using philosophical distinctions and arguments as its method, this paper explains, elaborates, and illustrates Niiniluoto’s formula TA = 6E + S for TA. The first E is effectiveness, the ability of the new tool or solution to produce its intended effects. This is the main concern of the engineer. The second is its economic profit, based on the monetary exchange value of the product. This is the domain of economic theories. Effectiveness and economy, and efficiency as their combination, are not the only relevant dimensions of TA. As products of design, artefacts have esthetic qualities, studied today in applied esthetics. The relations of tools to the health of their users are studied in ergonomics. The relations of human technologies to the health of the natural environment and sustainable development are treated in ecology. Technical tools and their effects can always be evaluated by ethical standards which concern their moral worth. Technological systems have also an impact which is social in the broad sense, since they can lead to changes in the communicative, legal, institutional, and political spheres of society.

On singularity and the Stoics: why Stoicism offers a valuable approach to navigating the risks of AI (Artificial Intelligence)

AbstractThe potential benefits and risks of artificial intelligence technologies have sparked a wide-ranging debate in both academic and public circles. On one hand, there is an urgent call to address the immediate and avoidable challenges associated with these tools, such as accountability, privacy, bias, understandability, and transparency; on the other hand, prominent figures like Geoffrey Hinton and Elon Musk have voiced concerns over the potential rise of Super Artificial Intelligence, whose singularity could pose an existential threat to humanity. Coordinating the efforts of thousands of decentralized entities to prevent such a hypothetical event may seem insurmountable in our intricate and multipolar world. Thus, drawing from both perspectives, this work suggests employing the tools and framework of Stoic philosophy, particularly the concept of the dichotomy of control—focusing on what is within our power. This Stoic principle offers a practical and epistemological approach to managing the complexities of AI, and it encourages individuals to organize their efforts around what they can influence while adapting to the constraints of external factors. Within this framework, the essay found that Stoic wisdom is essential for assessing risks, courage is necessary to face contemporary challenges, and temperance and tranquility are indispensable; and these lessons can inform ongoing public and academic discourse, aiding in the development of more effective policy proposals for aligning Narrow AI and General AI with human values.

‘Influencers are just mannequins’: Decoding teenagers’ perception about advertising content creators

This study investigates teenagers’ skepticism toward influencer trust and its implications for their perceptions of and receptiveness to social media advertising. Employing a mixed-methods approach, we surveyed 1055 teenagers to gauge their perceptions of influencers’ advertising intensity. Additionally, qualitative focus groups involving 55 participants explored a range of perceptions, addressing their distrust toward influencers and the breakdown of parasocial relationships with these profiles. Findings suggest that teenagers perceive influencers as mannequins aimed at entertainment and attention capture, lacking humanity and credibility as advertising vessels. This perception influences consumption habits, favoring advertising intensity over authenticity. The emergence of influencers as vacuous entities underscores the tangible repercussions associated with monetizing their image over human value.

Perlindungan Hukum terhadap Anak Jalanan sebagai Korban Tindak Pidana Kekerasan Fisik dalam Hukum Positif dan Hukum Pidana Islam

This study aims to examine the legal protections afforded to children on the streets who have been victims of haram actions from both an Islamic and a positive law viewpoint. Patient samples were collected from residents of Percut Sei Tuan District for this analysis. A variety of institutions and members of the community were interviewed and observed in order to gather data using qualitative methodologies. Law 35 of 2014 provides legal protection for victims of unlawful actions who are minors living on the streets, according to study results. Also included in this statute are measures that govern the proper penalty for offenders. Islamic law, on the other hand, provides a holistic view of the problem of child trafficking by highlighting the significance of human values and fairness in providing protection for these children. The investigation's results shed light on the many legislative safeguards put in place to keep homeless and victimised children safe. In light of this, it is clear that this endeavour is crucial with respect to positive law and Islamic law.

प्रमिला गिरीका आधुनिक मूर्तिकलामा आध्यरूप : प्रघटनाशास्त्रीय सौन्दर्य अभिव्यक्ति

Archetypal modern sculptures have been the medium of aesthetic expression of explicit observation. Objective of this study is to explore the contents and dialogues related to human values that are prevalent in the archetypal sculptures executed by Pramila Giri. The study is an attempt to analyze the aesthetic sense observed in the phenomenal archetype sculptures of the artist which are rooted with her individual experience, Nepali culture and knowledge. The study is qualitative, as well as based on individual perspectives. The study is focused on unveiling the differences between the classical form of the contemporary Nepali sculpture and the new aesthetic expressions.

Charles Sanders Peirce's semiotic analysis of human values in the film sound of freedom

This research focuses on semiotic analysis of the film Sound of Freedom. This semiotic analysis aims to determine the interpretation and meaning related to the life values of the film. In this research the author uses elements from Charles Sanders Peirce's semiotic analysis method, with the limit of semiotic studies to the semantic level. This research is based on the understanding that film is not only a work of art that aims to entertain but can also be a communication medium that indirectly conveys human values. This film is an adaptation of a true story that tells the story of a United States government agent, Timothy Ballard (Jim Caviezel), who uncovers a child trafficking network in Colombia. The research method used by researchers is a qualitative research method using data originating from the results of document analysis and observations of texts. Technical data analysis was carried out using Charles Sander Peirce's semiotic theory. Researchers took Peirce's formula regarding objects which are classified into three, in the form of icons, indexes and symbols which are applied to each scene of the film Sound of Freedom. The results of this research show the human values contained in the film Sound of Freedom semantically. The results of this research show that the film Sound of Freedom contains human values. These human values include Respect for Human Dignity, solidarity, and sucriface for humanity.

National ideologies and community awareness in propaganda slogans: A critical discourse analysis in the context of Vietnam

Slogans have long been an essential instrument of mobilization and propaganda in Vietnamese politics, and propaganda slogans have historically been regarded as significant instruments that can be utilized effectively to spread information in virtually every country on earth. Furthermore, it is supposed that these slogans can mirror various facets of society. Utilized by institutions and organizations as a form of discourse, propaganda slogans are nearly encountered by the general public and are intended to promote political campaigns or objectives. In view of critical discourse analysis, the objectives of the present study are to delineate, examine, and identify the sense of national ideologies and community consciousness that are intrinsic to the slogans' language. The study employed the mixed method of document and descriptive analysis. The sample included 900 Vietnamese slogans randomly collected from social networking sites on the internet; from guidelines and propaganda work directions of several ministries, sociopolitical organizations, and associations; and from the process of observing, recording, and photographing slogans on streets, offices, schools or other public places in many different localities. The findings of the study indicated that propaganda slogans can be regarded as both a discourse and a social entity. The language employed in propaganda slogans is regarded not only as a reflection of societal norms and values but also as a social convention encompassing various linguistic aspects, such as the use of vocabulary, grammar and speech acts. Furthermore, propaganda slogans serve as conduits through which various facets of society can be observed, as they are interconnected with the institutional framework and the systems of human perspectives and values.

Healthier information ecosystems: A definition and agenda

AbstractAs digitally enabled information systems play an increasingly central role in culture and economics, their negative consequences have become apparent. This guest editorial addresses the urgent need for information scientists to take a more deliberate stance in designing and guiding the evolution of these systems. We propose a framework for conceptualizing “healthier information ecosystems” by drawing on theories from complex systems and ecological research, grounded in a value‐oriented approach. The article reviews key concepts from systems science, complex systems, and ecology, with a focus on ecosystem and adaptation research. These perspectives offer analytical approaches for decomposing information ecosystems and provide a foundation for understanding “health” in the context of evolving, open systems. Unlike natural ecosystems, information ecosystems must be evaluated according to human values; thus, we articulate a set of values as a starting point for defining health in this context. By introducing insights from beyond the field of information systems, we aim to instigate scholarly dialog, connect prior work in new ways, and reveal new opportunities for research and intervention. This connective and argumentative contribution is intended to guide future research and identify solutions to the proliferating problems in our current information ecosystems.

Prediction of human serum concentration–time profiles of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies using common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus): initial assessment with canakinumab, adalimumab, and bevacizumab

Cynomolgus monkeys and human FcRn transgenic mice are generally used for pharmacokinetic predictions of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). In the present study, the application of the common marmoset, a small nonhuman primate, as a potential animal model for prediction was evaluated for the first time. Canakinumab, adalimumab, and bevacizumab, which exhibited linear pharmacokinetics in humans, were selected as the model compounds. Marmoset pharmacokinetic data were reportedly available only for canakinumab, and those for adalimumab and bevacizumab were acquired in-house. Four pharmacokinetic parameters for a two-compartment model (i.e. clearance and volume of distribution in the central and peripheral compartments) in marmosets were extrapolated to the values in humans with allometric scaling using the average exponents of the three mAbs. As a result, the observed human serum concentration–time curves of the three mAbs following intravenous administration and those of canakinumab and adalimumab following subcutaneous injections (with an assumed absorption rate constant and bioavailability) were reasonably predicted. Although further prediction studies using a sufficient number of other mAbs are necessary to evaluate the versatility of this model, the findings indicate that marmosets can be an alternative to preceding animals for human pharmacokinetic predictions of therapeutic mAbs.

Cultural Representations in Border Literature: Reflecting on Harka Gurung’s Vignettes of Nepal

This article explores the issues raised in Harka Gurung’s Vignettes of Nepal and analyzes them from historical perspectives. Cultural activities of the different geographical locations of Nepal that Gurung explores in the book are based on border, culture and the literature. Culture is a part of social practices interlinked to the cultural activities that connect people and literature of a society or a cultural community under a chain of social/socio-cultural activities. There might be different kinds of cultural groups within the same geographical border but they have the same kind of humanitarian values. However, they have some conflicting borders because of the space on performances and understanding of the cultural critics. Here, border refers to both the cultural community’s line as well as geographical territory. Many people respect to each-other’s culture but some of them disrespect borderland culture and literature that creates social disharmony in the name of cultural identity. Culture is a part of literary activities that helps to generate the literature and every literature is based on the culture. Gurung’s Vignettes of Nepal incorporates twenty essays based on different geographical borderlands, cultural practices and literature. He begins his essays from west of Kathmandu and concludes them coming to the east. In this study, this researcher selects particularly a few essays based on cultural borderland. Border, culture and literature are inseparable and so this study is on cultural cum ethno-geographical methodology as it studies the behavioral things of the people of different cultural communities. Objective of this paper is to show the connectivity of literature in the cultural borderland. To achieve the research goal, this study centers on historical places and observes cultural practices in Nepal. This researcher applies Mary Anderson and Dor Bahadur Bista’s ideas as supporting tools to the research in addition to Shalom H. Schwartz’s theory based on universal human values and cross-cultural psychologies. Finding of this paper is that the humanitarian cultures of the borders are key subjects to create the socio-cultural harmonies that help to generate the literature.

CAN AUTOMATIC POETRY GENERATION INFUSE VALUES? UNVEILING INSIGHTS THROUGH CONTENT ANALYSIS OF GENERATED POETRY

This research examines the value underlying poetry created by artificial intelligence (AI), aiming to uncover the complex interaction of religious, philosophical, ethical, and aesthetic values presented in poetry. Eighteen poems generated by three different AI platforms were analyzed using the content analysis method to identify their social values. The results of this research demonstrate the presence of (1) religious values by revealing the AI’s ability to explore traditional and cultural barriers, highlighting themes of spirituality and faith, (2) philosophical values through the exploration of questions of human existence and the nature of reality, showing the AI's capacity to engage with deep existential themes, (3) ethical values by promoting concepts of unity, fairness, and justice, reflecting deeper humanistic perspectives and societal ideals, and (4) aesthetic values by showcasing an interest in the influence of technology and a profound admiration for the natural world's wonders, integrating modern innovation with timeless beauty. In conclusion, AI-generated poetry successfully captures a broad spectrum of human values, enriching literary traditions and intellectual discussions. This intersection of AI and poetry not only highlights technological advancements in creative fields but also opens new avenues for exploring how machines can contribute to cultural and artistic expressions, fostering a deeper understanding of the human condition and societal values.

The impact of anthropogenic pressures on microbial diversity and river multifunctionality relationships on a global scale

Conserving biodiversity is crucial for maintaining essential ecosystem functions, as indicated by the positive relationships between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. However, the impacts of declining biodiversity on ecosystem functions in response to mounting human pressures remain uncertain. This uncertainty arises from the complexity of trade-offs among human activities, climate change, river properties, and biodiversity, which have not been comprehensively addressed collectively. Here, we provide evidence that river biodiversity was significantly and positively associated with multifunctionality and contributed to key ecosystem functions such as microbially driven water purification, leaf litter decomposition and pathogen control. However, human pressure led to abrupt changes in microbial diversity and river multifunctionality relationships at a human pressure value of 0.5. In approximately 30 % (N = 58) of countries globally, the ratio of area above this threshold exceeded the global average (∼11 %), especially in Europe. Results show that human pressure affected ecosystem functions through direct effects and interactive effects. We provide more direct evidence that the nonadditive effects triggered by prevailing human pressure impact the multifunctionality of rivers globally. Under high levels of human stress, the beneficial effects of biodiversity on nutrient cycling, carbon storage, gross primary productivity, leaf litter decomposition, and pathogen control tend to diminish. Our findings highlight that considering interactions between human pressure and local abiotic and biotic factors is key for understanding the fate of river ecosystems under climate change and increasing human pressure.

Proposed Knowledge Transfer Key Factors Model in Malaysian Higher Education Institutions

Knowledge transfer entails not only the transmission of information, but also the transmission of experience, best practises, and learning. This combination, known as tacit knowledge, is well recognised as being extremely difficult to articulate and record, but it is invaluable in adding depth and context to information to provide a richer understanding. As a result, ensuring an effective knowledge transfer process necessitates significant dimensions such as human capital skills and values, knowledge type, knowledge transfer methods, and organisational support. The purpose of this study was to identify the factors that influence the implementation of knowledge transfer projects in Malaysian higher education institutions. Based on the comprehensive literature review and pilot study findings, the study identified Higher Institutions of Education (HIE) Capacity, Academia Capability, Graduate Interns Capability, KT Partner Organization, Relational Elements, Technology Augmentation, External Factor, and Knowledge Transfer Mechanism as the primary factors influencing KT project performance. Aside from that, the study suggests that the Knowledge Transfer Mechanism and government policy play a mediating role in the proposed model.

Psychological and Brain Responses to Artificial Intelligence's Violation of Community Ethics.

Human moral reactions to artificial intelligence (AI) agents' behavior constitute an important aspect of modern-day human-AI relationships. Although previous studies have mainly focused on autonomy ethics, this study investigates how individuals judge AI agents' violations of community ethics (including betrayals and subversions) compared with human violations. Participants' behavioral responses, event-related potentials (ERPs), and individual differences were assessed. Behavioral findings reveal that participants rated AI agents' community-violating actions less morally negative than human transgressions, possibly because AI agents are commonly perceived as having less agency than human adults. The ERP N1 component showed the same pattern with moral rating scores, indicating the modulation effect of human-AI differences on initial moral intuitions. Moreover, the level of social withdrawal correlated with a smaller N1 in the human condition but not in the AI condition. The N2 and P2 components were sensitive to the difference between the loyalty/betrayal and authority/subversion domains but not human/AI differences. Individual levels of moral sense and autistic traits also influenced behavioral data, especially on the loyalty/betrayal domain. In our opinion, these findings offer insights for predicting moral responses to AI agents and guiding ethical AI development aligned with human moral values.

THE IMPACT OF INTEGRATION OF HISTORY LESSONS WITH ART ON THE AESTHETIC EDUCATION OF STUDENTS

One of the main goals of educating children is a comprehensive upbringing of an accomplished personality oriented at their country and world cultural traditions. To educate means to introduce a child to the world of human values and one cannot do it without art. Based on a research this article reviews art and history integration into senior teens education. Integration of knowledge contributing to enhancement of effectiveness of learning in general is discussed. Senior teenagers perceive history and art rather in isolation. Indeed the reality reflects each type of art in its own way, and integration activates the creative cognitive activities of students. The history of the people is the fate of the people. It is the life perceived and created by the people in the national and world culture, in the unity of the present, the future and the past. The interpretation of history opens to students the meaning of their existence, allows them to actualize themselves, to use all opportunities for self-realization. These opportunities are cultural and social. In order to organize a system of historical education the interaction of different sciences is required.