Extract Values Research Articles

Optimal Enzyme-Assisted Extraction of Phenolics from Leaves of Pongamia pinnata via Response Surface Methodology and Artificial Neural Networking.

This research work seeks to evaluate the impact of selected enzyme complexes on the optimised release of phenolics from leaves of Pongamia pinnata. After preliminary solvent extraction, the P. pinnata leaf extract was subjected to enzymatic treatment, using enzyme cocktails such as kemzyme dry-plus, natuzyme, and zympex-014. It was noticed that zympex-014 had a greater extract yield (28.0%) than kemzyme dry-plus (17.0%) and natuzyme (18.0%). Based on the better outcomes, zympex-014-based extract values were subsequently applied to several RSM parameters. The selected model is suggested to be significant by the F value (12.50) and R2 value (0.9669). The applicability of the ANN model was shown by how closely the projected values from the ANN were to the experimental values. In terms of total phenolic contents (18.61 mg GAE/g), total flavonoid contents (12.56 mg CE/g), and DPPH test (IC50) (6.5 g/mL), antioxidant activities also shown significant findings. SEM analysis also revealed that the cell walls were damaged during enzymatic hydrolysis, as opposed to non-hydrolysed material. Using GC-MS, five potent phenolic compounds were identified in P. pinnata extract. According to the findings of this study, the recovery of phenolic bioactives and subsequent increase in the antioxidant capacity of P. pinnata leaf extract were both positively impacted by the optimisation approaches suggested, including the use of zympex-014.

Comparative evaluation of antioxidant activity, total phenolic content, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial potential of Euphorbia-derived functional products.

This study assessed the medicinal properties of Euphorbia resinifera O. Berg (E. resinifera) and Euphorbia officinarum subsp echinus (Hook.f. and Coss.) Vindt (Euphorbia echinus, known for their pharmaceutical benefits. Extracts from their flowers, stems, propolis, and honey were examined for phenolic content, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial activities. Total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and total condensed tannin (TCC) were determined using specific methods. Antioxidant potential was assessed through various tests including DPPH, FRAP, ABTS, and Total antioxidant capacity. Anti-inflammatory effects were evaluated using phenol-induced ear edema in rats, while antibacterial activity was measured against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538) and Gram-negative (E. coli ATCC 10536) bacteria. Among the extracts, the aqueous propolis extract of E. resinifera demonstrated exceptional antioxidant capabilities, with low IC50 values for DPPH (0.07 ± 0.00mg/mL) and ABTS (0.13 ± 0.00mg/mL), as well as high TAC (176.72 ± 0.18mg AA/mg extract) and FRAP (86.45 ± 1.45mg AA/mg extract) values. Furthermore, the anti-inflammatory effect of E. resinifera propolis extracts surpassed that of indomethacin, yielding edema percentages of 3.92% and 11.33% for the aqueous and ethanolic extracts, respectively. Microbiological results indicated that the aqueous extract of E. resinifera flower exhibited the most potent inhibitory action against S. aureus, with an inhibition zone diameter (IZD) of 21.0 ± 0.00mm and a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 3.125mg/mL. Additionally, only E. resinifera honey displayed the ability to inhibit E. coli growth, with an inhibition zone diameter of 09.30 ± 0.03mm and a MIC of 0.0433mg/mL.

Cultural Tariffing: Appropriation and the Right to Cross Cultural Boundaries

Why are some acts of cultural boundary-crossing considered permissible whereas others are repudiated as cultural appropriation? We argue that perceptions of cultural appropriation formed in response to the emergence of cultural omnivorousness as a dominant form of high-status consumption, making boundary-crossing a source of cultural capital. Consequently, the right to adopt a practice from a culture that is not one’s own is determined on the basis of the costs and benefits one is presumed to accrue. People express disapproval at boundary-crossing if they believe it devalues or extracts value at the expense of the target culture. We call this process cultural tariffing. We test our theory in a between-subject experimental design, demonstrating that individuals who enjoy a privileged social position, as inferred from their social identity or socioeconomic status, have less normative latitude to cross cultural boundaries. This is explained by perceptions that these actors are either devaluing or exploiting the target culture. While symbolic boundaries and cultural distinction theories are inconsistent with our results, we find that Americans who are disenchanted about group-based social mobility are the most likely to be outraged by cultural boundary-crossing. Cultural tariffing, we therefore posit, is a form of symbolic redistribution.

Pharmacognostic, Physicochemical, Phytochemical and Chromatographic Characterization of Vaividanga Choornam, A Siddha Polyherbal Formulation

Standardization of herbal formulations as determined by the concentration of their activecomponents is essential to appraise the quality of drugs. The current study intends to investigate the phytochemical and physicochemical analyses of Vaividanga Choornam, a traditional Siddha polyherbal composition. This Vaividanga choornam contains the ingredients like Vaividangam (Embelica ribesBurm.), Milagu (Piper nigrumL.), Chukku (Zingiber officinale Rosc.), Omam (Trachyspermum ammi (L) Sprague), and Nilavaagai leaves (Cassia angustifolia Vahl. - syn. Cassia senna). It treatspitha diseases, constipation, indigestion, flatulence, burning sensation, bronchial asthma, and Kapha diseases. It is also an effective medicine for treating intestinal helminths caused by heavy worm burdens in young children. This study aims to estimate the quality of Vaividanga Choornam by performing pharmacognostic studies, preliminary phytochemical analysis, physiochemical parameters like ash value, extractive value, and loss on drying as per pharmacopoeial laboratory for Indian medicine guidelines, and also with the help of tests done with High-Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC), FTIR Spectroscopy, and UV -Vis spectrometric analyses. The results obtained fromthose analyses showed the presence of various phytochemicals. The results indicate that the drug is of adequate quality and may be used to establish pharmacopeial standards of the medicine.

Comparative Teratogenic and Skin whitening effect of Herbal extract Glycyrrhiza glabra and Citrus sineus on Zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Objective: To determine acute toxicity and Synergistic effect of the anti-melanogenic activity of methanolic extract Glycyrrhiza glabra and Citrus sineus on zebrafish. Materials and method: Fish embryo toxicity (FET) was studied as per OECD guidelines 236. The LC50 and maximum non-lethal concentration of both the extracts were calculated. The images of zebrafish larvae exposed to different concentrations of methanolic extracts and their combination were taken by using labomed digital microscope. The skin whitening effect of extract was studied by measuring integrated density of images by using imageJ software Result: LC50 Value and maximum non-lethal concentration of methanolic extracts of Glycyrrhiza glabra and Citrus sineus were found to be 56.23ppm and 34.7ppm respectively. The result revealed significant reduction in percentage hatchability (p < 0.0014 for glycyrrhiza glabra and p<0.0011 for Citrus sinenus), dose dependant increased in percentage mortality and different developmental morphological abnormalities in zebrafish embryos exposed to the methanolic extracts Glycyrrhiza glabra and Citrus sineus. The synergistic effect of herbal extracts was found to be more effective in reducing the melanin content. Conclusion: Very High concentration of Glycyrrhiza glabra and Citrus Sineus showed teratogenic effect in zebrafish embryoes. However, based on OECD aquatic toxicity classification, both the extracts were found to be safe. Our study also revealed synergestic skin whitening effect of both the extracts in zebrafish larvae which might be due to reduction of melatonin content by these extracts.

Effect of Honey and Aqueous Garlic Extracts against Short-Term Exposure of Cigarette Tobacco Smoking in Mice: Histopathological and Biochemical Investigations.

It is well known that cigarette smoking adversely affects human health and induces oxidative stress in most vital organs. This study aims to assess the biochemical, histological, and ultrastructural values of honey and garlic extracts in ameliorating the effects of short-term exposure to cigarette smoke in mice. Forty-eight mice were randomly divided into six equal groups: group I was exposed to fresh air only, group II was exposed to cigarette smoke, group III was given 0.2 ml of honey extract, group IV was exposed to cigarette smoke and was given 0.2 ml of honey extract, group V was given 0.2 ml of garlic extract, and group VI was exposed to cigarette smoke and was given 0.2 ml of aqueous garlic extract. These exposures were repeated daily for 21 consecutive days among the treated groups. By the end of the third week, the animals were euthanized by physical cervical dislocation. Blood was taken for biochemical study, and the selected organs of the liver, kidney, and jejunum were processed for histological and ultrastructural studies. The biochemical results showed that short-term exposure of experimental mice to cigarette smoking did not alter the liver function tests except for decreasing the albumin level. Moreover, cigarette smoking elevates the concentration of carbonyl protein content and cystatin C. Histologically, the use of honey and garlic showed good protection to the liver, kidney, and jejunum, which was proved by transmission electron microscopy, in addition to lowering the oxidative stress biomarkers. In conclusion, using honey and/or garlic helps protect the liver, kidney, and jejunum against the hazardous effects of cigarette smoke.

The Mediterranean Zoanthid Parazoanthus axinellae as a Novel Source of Antimicrobial Compounds

Marine bioprospecting is a dynamic research field that explores the oceans and their biodiversity as noteworthy sources of new bioactive compounds. Anthozoans are marine animals belonging to the Cnidaria phylum characterized by highly specialized mechanosensory cells used both for defence against predators and prey capture. Here, high concentration of cnidocysts have been isolated from the Mediterranean zoanthid coral Parazoanthus axinellae (Schmidt, 1862) and their antimicrobial potential has been investigated. The cnidocyst extract exerted significant antibacterial activity against some human pathogens capable of developing resistance to conventional antibiotics such as Streptococcus agalactiae and Coccus sp., and against several Vibrio species, including some microbial strains for humans and farmed fish, such as Vibrio alginolyticus, Vibrio anguillarum, Vibrio fischeri, Vibrio harveyi, and Vibrio vulnificus. Results have been discussed in light of both the ecological aspects and biotechnological value of the cnidocyst extract in the nutritional, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical fields.

Qualitative assessment of the flowering buds of Mesua ferrea Linn with special emphasize on HPTLC and universal DNA bar-coding technique and evaluation of its antimicrobial potential

BackgroundThe study has been scientifically exploring the powder sample and extracts of flowering buds of Mesua ferrea Linn (FBMF) based on pharmacognostic and phytochemical parameters. The medicinal plant Mesua ferrea Linn was identified by Botanical verification and the universal DNA bar-coding technique. The FBMF powder’s quality was performed by the micromeritics properties like bulk density, tapped density, angle of repose, Hausner ratio, Carr’s index, and optical microscopy method, and physicochemical evaluations were performed by the swelling index, foaming index, loss on drying, extractive values, and ash values. The extract’s preliminary phytochemical screening was accomplished by the alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, steroids, carbohydrates, and glycoside tests. To ensure the presence of a bioactive compound of each FBMF extract by qualitative HPTLC study against the reference β-sitosterol Rf value of 0.83 was revealed at 254 nm with a developed solvent system toluene, ethyl acetate, and acetic acid (6:2:0.1) v/v. Many pharmacological benefits, including those related to wound healing, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, analgesic, sedative effects, immunomodulatory, anticancer, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anxiolytic, and atopic dermatitis, have been demonstrated by this phytosterol. An antimicrobial study was carried out by a well diffusion method and, lastly, measured minimum inhibitory concentration and compared to the marketed active pharmaceutical component. Numerous skin infections of more invasive, serious illnesses are caused by potential antimicrobial activity.ResultsThe universal DNA bar-coding of plant Mesua ferrea Linn has shown a high percentage of identity. The micrometrics properties and physicochemical evaluation of the powder sample of FBMF were in an acceptable range. The preliminary phytochemical screening shows that all extracts contain steroids and carbohydrates. Moreover, flavonoids were found in ethyl acetate and ethanol, and a qualitative HPTLC study confirmed that every extract contains β-sitosterol. N-hexane extract of FBMF shows the potential antimicrobial activity with Staphylococcus aureus, and the MIC value was observed at 0.062 mg/ml.ConclusionOur research demonstrated that the plant Mesua ferrea Linn has been successfully authenticated by a DNA bar-coding technique, and all extracts of FBMF contain β-sitosterol. The n-hexane solvent extracts have shown the potential highest antimicrobial effects compared to other extracts. These results support using n-hexane extracts as a traditional medicine for treating several diseases.Graphical

A Crypto Yield Model for Staking Return

We introduce a model that derives a metric to answer the question: what is the expected gain of a staker? We calculate the rewards as the staking return in a Proof-of-Stake (PoS) consensus context. For each period of block validation and by a forward approach, we prove that the interest is given by the ratio of the average staking gain to the total staked coins. Some additional PoS features are considered in the model, such as slash rate and Maximal Extractable Value (MEV), which marks the originality of this approach. In particular, we prove that slashing diminishes the rewards, reflecting the fact that the blockchain can consider stakers to potentially validate incorrectly. Regarding MEV, the approach we have sheds light on the relation between transaction fees and the average staking gain. We illustrate the developed model with Ethereum 2.0 and apply a similar process in a Proof-of-Work consensus context.

Evaluation of cerebral autoregulation of oxygen by NIRS method during postnatal transition period in term and late preterm newborns without resuscitation requirement.

Pulse oximetry is commonly used to monitor arterial oxygen saturation and heart rate during the transition period and reference intervals have been determined. However, the effect of the change in arterial oxygen saturation on tissue oxygenation does not seem to be the same. So, a non-invasive method for monitoring cerebral or regional tissue oxygenation will be potentially useful for vulnerable infants. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of cerebral autoregulation in the first 10 min after delivery in term and late preterm newborns without resuscitation requirement. Cerebral tissue oxygen saturation was measured in the first 10 min after birth with near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) from the left forehead. Peripheral oxygen saturation was measured with pulse oximetry from the right hand and cerebral fractional tissue oxygen extraction was calculated. Nineteen late preterms and 20 term infants were included in the study. There was no statistically significant difference between median cerebral tissue oxygen saturation and cerebral fractional tissue oxygen extraction values of late preterm and term infants (p < 0.001). There was a strong inverse relationship between cerebral tissue oxygen saturation and cerebral fractional tissue oxygen extraction (p < 0.001). In late preterm infants similar to term infants, arterial oxygen saturation and cerebral tissue oxygen saturation increased with time, but inverse reduction of cerebral fractional tissue oxygen extraction showed the presence of an active autoregulation in the brain. This can be interpreted as the ability of the brain to protect itself from hypoxia by regulating oxygen uptake during normal fetal-neonatal transition process. A larger scale multi-center randomized control trial is now needed to further inform practice.

An Interactive Dashboard for Statistical Analysis of Intensive Care Unit COVID-19 Data

Background: COVID-19 caused a pandemic, due to its ease of transmission and high number of infections. The evolution of the pandemic and its consequences for the mortality and morbidity of populations, especially the elderly, generated several scientific studies and many research projects. Among them, we have the Predictive Models of COVID-19 Outcomes for Higher Risk Patients Towards a Precision Medicine (PREMO) research project. For such a project with many data records, it is necessary to provide a smooth graphical analysis to extract value from it. Methods: In this paper, we present the development of a full-stack Web application for the PREMO project, consisting of a dashboard providing statistical analysis, data visualization, data import, and data export. The main aspects of the application are described, as well as the diverse types of graphical representations and the possibility to use filters to extract relevant information for clinical practice. Results: The application, accessible through a browser, provides an interactive visualization of data from patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), throughout the six waves of COVID-19 in two hospitals in Lisbon, Portugal. The analysis can be isolated per wave or can be seen in an aggregated view, allowing clinicians to create many views of the data and to study the behavior and consequences of different waves. For instance, the experimental results show clearly the effect of vaccination as well as the changes on the most relevant clinical parameters on each wave. Conclusions: The dashboard allows clinicians to analyze many variables of each of the six waves as well as aggregated data for all the waves. The application allows the user to extract information and scientific knowledge about COVID-19’s evolution, yielding insights for this pandemic and for future pandemics.

Cold maceration extraction of wild fruit Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb.: exploring its bioactives for biomedical applications

Terminalia bellirica (T. bellirica) (Gaertn.) Roxb. is a well-known traditional medicinal plants that show promising treatment because of fewer side effects in humans. In the present study, the total phenol, flavonoid, condensed and hydrolyzable tannins extracted and analyzed from cold macerated (CM) T. bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. fruit (TBF) and leaves (TBL) extract with the identification of bioactive compounds using GC-MS/MS technique. The highest amount of bioactive content was found in ethanolic extract than toluene. Current experimental data of TBF extract shows the maximum and significant biological activity like free radical scavenging activity against DPPH and FRAP assays with IC50 values of 51.07 ± 0.52 μg/ml and 63.14 ± 0.59 μg/ml respectively. However, IC50 cytotoxicity values of TBF extract on MCF-7 cells for 24 hrs was found to be 6.34 ± 0.72 μg/ml. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for infectious pathogens Escherichia coli and Bacillus cereus was >12.5 μg/ml and >100 μg/ml respectively, however, anti-inflammatory activity was demonstrated as an IC50 value of 509.1 ± 1.72 μg/ml. Cold macerated fruit extract revealed threatening inhibitory potential against the α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes, with IC50 of 50.98 ± 0.23 μg/ml and 46.70 ± 1.38 μg/ml respectively. Finally, the outcome of this study showed that T. bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. fruit extract could be an effective source of bioactives with efficient biomedical properties.

Comparative Assessment of In Vitro Xanthine Oxidase and α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activities of Cultured Cambial Meristematic Cells, Adventitious Roots, and Field-Cultivated Ginseng.

Panax ginseng, a traditional Chinese medicine with a history spanning thousands of years, faces overexploitation and challenges related to extended growth periods. Tissue-cultured adventitious roots and stem cells are alternatives to wild and field-cultivated ginseng. In this study, we assessed the in vitro xanthine oxidase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of saponin extracts among cultured cambial meristematic cells (CMC), adventitious ginseng roots (AGR), and field-cultivated ginseng roots (CGR). The xanthine oxidase (XO) and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities were determined by uric acid estimation and the p-NPG method, respectively. Spectrophotometry and the Folin-Ciocalteu, aluminum nitrate, and Bradford methods were employed to ascertain the total saponins and phenolic, flavonoid, and protein contents. The calculated IC50 values for total saponin extracts against XO and α-glucosidase were 0.665, 0.844, and >1.6 mg/mL and 0.332, 0.745, and 0.042 mg/mL for AGR, CMC, CGR, respectively. Comparing the total saponin, crude protein, and total phenolic contents revealed that AGR > CMC > CGR. To the best of our knowledge, this study presents the first report on the in vitro comparison of xanthine oxidase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities among AGR, CMC, and CGR. The findings offer valuable insights into the development of hypoglycemic and antihyperuricemic medicinal, nutraceutical, and functional products utilizing AGR and CMC.

Isolation, Formulation and Assessment of Anti-inflammatory Properties of Ursolic Acid from&lt;i&gt; Nerium oleander&lt;/i&gt;

Purpose: The purpose of the research work was the extraction and isolation of Ursolic Acid (URA) from the leaves of Nerium oleander (N. oleander) and the assessment of its anti-inflammatory activity using an in-vitro model. Methods: Ursolic Acid (URA) is a bioactive molecule. It is a key component of N. oleander. The hydroalcoholic maceration method was used for extract preparation and was used to isolate the bioactive components of URA. The prepared extract, isolated URA were characterize and analyse by using pharmacognostic parameters, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) method. The carrageenan-induced inflammation rat paw oedema test in-vitro model was used for the assessment of anti-inflammatory properties of isolated bioactive compound URA. Results: The results of evaluation and characterization indicated that the extract’s ash value and extractive values were within the parameters specified in the Indian Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia. The prepared hydroalcohalic extract has potential bioactive components such as flavonoids, saponins, and triterpinoids. The isolated compound was URA. The extract may be able to alleviate inflammation, according to the percentage inhibition. Conclusion: The URA was successfully removed from the leaves of N. oleander. The examination criteria revealed that the extract contained certain small contaminants, which may have anti-inflammatory effects.

Characterization by LC-MS/MS and Antioxidant Activity of Extract and its Different Fractions of Calotropis procera Young Leaves

Objective: Plants are extremely useful as a source of medication. Calotropis procera is a plant that is used to treat a variety of illnesses in traditional medical and folklore systems. In this work, bioassay guided liquid-liquid fractionation, phytochemical and molecular spectroscopic analysis and the antioxidant activity of young leaves of Calotropis procera were evaluated. Methods: Bioassay-guided fractionation was carried out on the basis of polarity of solvents and UV, FTIR, LCMS profiling were conducted by using the standard methods. The DPPH scavenging assay was used to determine the antioxidant activity. Results: The extractive value for the ethyl acetate fraction was 9.14 % w/w. The Total phenolic content was highest in the water fraction 83.63±0.0788 GAE/g of dry weight of extract. UV spectroscopy was used to standardize the fractions. The Presence of various functional groups in the extract/fraction was confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy. Based on LCMS, fifty compounds were identified in the hydro-ethanolic extract/fractions. Among all the fractions, the chloroform fraction showed the greatest antioxidant properties (IC50 values=8.03 mg/mL). Conclusion: On the basis of the result of the study it can be concluded that Calotropis procera have the potential to become a promising herb for the treatment of various ailments.

FORMULASI MASKER GEL PEEL OFF EKSTRAK BUNGA TELANG (Clitoria ternatea L.) SEBAGAI ANTIOKSIDAN ALAMI

Natural ingredients containing antioxidant compounds can be made in the form of a peel-off gel mask which can help care for facial skin. Butterfly pea flowers (Clitoria ternatea L.) contain flavonoid anthocyanin compounds which can break the chain reaction of free radicals. The aim of this research is to determine the antioxidant activity of butterfly pea flower extract and the preparation of butterfly pea peel off gel mask. The peel off gel mask formulation uses butterfly pea flower extract with a concentration of 5%. Testing for antioxidant activity uses the DPPH method. Physical characteristics assessment includes organoleptic tests, homogeneity observations, spreadability tests, viscosity tests, drying time tests, and preparation pH tests. Based on the research results, the IC50 value of telang flower extract is 43.68 ppm in the very strong category and the IC50 value of the peel-off gel mask preparation is 307.71 ppm in the inactive category. This research shows that the ethanol extract of butterfly pea flowers has potential as a natural antioxidant.

사회복지기관의 안전문화 척도 타당화에 관한 연구

Social welfare institutions that provide comprehensive social welfare services based on the community respond more sensitively to environmental changes than other types of social welfare organizations. As a result, there is a growing demand for not only improving the quality of services provided by social welfare institutions but also creating a safe organizational culture. In this regard, the purpose of this study is to propose a safety culture scale to examine the level of safety culture in social welfare institutions and provide evidence for its validity. To achieve the purpose of the study, a mail survey was conducted targeting social workers at social welfare institutions(community welfare centers, senior welfare centers, and welfare centers for people with disability) located in Busan Metropolitan City. The results of confirmatory factor analysis performed on the 1,260 returned questionnaires were as follows. First, the safety culture scale, which consists of 52 questions on 7 factors: safety activities, teamwork, education/training, policy/system, fair culture, leadership, and perception/attitude, was found to have secured construct validity. Second, the composite reliability of the safety culture scale was above .7, and the average variance extraction(AVE) value was above .5, showing that convergent validity was secured. The safety culture scale of social welfare institutions presented in this study can be used to monitor the level of safety culture of individual institutions, identify areas requiring improvement, and prepare alternatives. In addition, it is expected to provide meaningful information for follow-up researchers regarding the safety culture of social welfare institutions.

A concise analysis of pharmacognostic uniformity parameters for priceless plant Cyperus rotundus

The pharmacognostic standardization of natural products is a crucial stage in describing the product's quality. The present investigation presents pharmacognostic standards of dried roots of Cyperus rotundus. Utilizing standardized techniques, a number of pharmacognostic standards were produced, including ash values, extractive values, moisture content, foreign organic matter, swelling index, foaming index, tannin determination, and volatile oil content. Major bioactive components, including flavonoids, phenolic compounds, tannins, alkaloids, and triterpenoids, were detected in plant extracts using phytochemical screening. Remarkably, coumarin was detected in the methanol extract.Its existence was confirmed by measuring the total phenol and total flavonoids content. Using an optimized solvent system, the fingerprint profile of ethyl acetate and methanol extracts revealed four and two spots, respectively, in thin layer chromatography. To conclude, the selected plant was perfect and suitable for further in vitro as well as in vivo studies to introduce a good herbal product in herbal drug industry.

Phytochemical Screening and Quantitative Determination of Antioxidant Properties of Watermelon Rinds and Seeds

In this present age of food insecurity, it is essential to source for agricultural waste that can be nutritionally beneficial to humans and animals. Watermelon rinds and seeds are regarded as agricultural wastes which need to be utilized for human and animal nutrition. This research work is aimed at examining the extractive values, qualitative and quantitative determination of phytochemicals and antioxidants properties in watermelon rinds and seeds and their solvent extracts using six different solvents. The rinds and seeds of watermelon fruits were obtained, rinsed, cut into smaller pieces, air-dried, ground into powdery sample, and sieved with 40 mm mesh size. 20 g each of sample was extracted using 200 mL of six different solvents (acetone, chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethanol, methanol and water) for 72 h. Each solvent extract was screened for twelve phytochemicals (flavonoid, phenol, reducing sugar, tannin, saponin, alkaloid, volatile oil, quinone, cardiac glycoside terpenoids, steroids and phlobatannin). The extractive values of watermelon rinds ranged from 1.51±0.26% to 13.56±0.20% while that of watermelon seeds ranged from 3.54±0.16% to 10.17±0.19% in all the six solvents used. Acetone and methanol had the higher extractable phytochemicals (41.67%) in watermelon rinds while methanol, ethyl acetate and ethanol (58.33 – 66.67%) had the highest extractable phytochemicals in watermelon seeds. Water and methanol extracts of watermelon rinds had higher total phenol, DPPH and Iron (Fe2+) chelation assay than raw sample of watermelon rinds. Water and methanol extracts of watermelon rinds had higher iron (Fe2+) chelation assay and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) than raw sample of watermelon seeds. Methanol extract of watermelon seeds had higher total flavonoid, total phenol and DPPH than raw sample of watermelon seeds.

Standardization of Kandankathiriyaadhy Kyazham: A Classical Siddha Drug

Kandankathiriyaadhy Kyazham is one of the polyherbal formulation mentioned in siddha system of medicine. The main objective of the study was to evaluate the quality of formulation Kandankathiriyaadhy Kyazham by conducting Physicochemical, Phytochemical evaluation through advanced analytical techniques. The organoleptic nature of the drug provides the purity and quality of the formulation. The results obtained from physicochemical evaluation shows that the total ash value of Kandankathiriyaadhy Kyazham was “2.8±0.3%”, in which the acid insoluble ash was “0.041±0.008%”, loss on drying at 105ºC of the formulation Kandankathiriyaadhy Kyazham was noted to be “7.4±0.88” in which water soluble extract value and alcohol soluble extract value was “20.2±1.53 and 8.333=1.15% “respectively. High performance Thin Layer Chromatography analysis of reveals the appearance Kandankathiriyaadhy Kyazham of ten prominent peaks corresponds to presence of ten versatile phyto components present with in it.Rf value of the peaks ranges from “0.13 to 0.91”. Phyto chemical analysis of Kandankathiriyaadhy Kyazham reveals the emergence of phytocomponents like Alkaloids, Flavonoids, Steroids, Triterpenoids, Coumarin, Phenol, Tannin, Protein, Saponins, Sugar, Betacyanin. In conclusion, the polyherbal formulation of Kandankathiriyaadhy Kyazham possess significant phytocomponents and have beneficial effects towards treating various disorders.