Value Of Agricultural Exports Research Articles

The Role of Clusters in Managing Technological Challenges and Achieving Resilient Agri-Food Systems at the Global Level

Abstract There is a strong need to transform agriculture from its heavy dependence on staple crops to an increased production that can, on the one hand, address the needs and quality requirements of domestic and export markets, but also grow into a resilient agri-food system. The paper acknowledges the emergence of agro-clusters as an essential element in promoting sustainable agriculture practices and in supporting export performance. The main objective of our research is to investigate the role of clusters in promoting knowledge transfer, improve competitiveness and boost technological investments through the example of selected relevant agri-clusters. To extend the existing literature, our research aims to evaluate the link between export performance - measured considering the volume of trade – and the existence of agri-clusters. We have assumed that there is a strong direct relationship between the existence and stage of development of agricultural clusters, the performance of agricultural exports – expressed in terms of total value of agricultural exports - and resilient agri-food systems. To test our hypothesis, we use data from the United Nations Comtrade Database on changes in export share and value of agricultural products over the last decade, complementary with qualitative analysis based on more than 100 sources (government documents, webpages, presentations, projects) of the top five global agricultural exporters to evaluate the existence of agricultural clusters, the government support and implication, and the integration of other actors such as universities, research centers, financial institutions. The results indicate a positive correlation between the development stage of analysed agricultural clusters, the resilience of agri-food systems and the performance of agricultural exports of the country of origin.

The current status and prospects of growing plant-based food products in the present conditions of the Ukrainian agricultural sector

The agricultural sector in Ukraine plays a key role in the national economy, providing high-quality and sustainable food supply for the population. However, even with favourable natural and climatic conditions and extensive land area, the industry faces numerous challenges, such as war, economic instability, and loss of control over land resources. The purpose of the study is to analyse the current state of growing plant-based food products in Ukraine to identify key challenges and opportunities. To achieve this goal, the gross harvest, yield, and acreage of the main agricultural crops, the share of agricultural value added in the gross domestic product in Ukraine, and the value of agricultural exports to the European Union for the period 2015-2022 were analysed. The results show that sales volumes in agriculture increased by 75.9%, indicating a positive development of the industry. However, this positive development is accompanied by an increase in product prices, which can lead to inflationary pressures. The instability of the agricultural sector is confirmed by a sharp increase in the share of value added in 2021 and a decline in 2022. However, an important positive aspect is a significant increase in the yield and value of exports, which indicates the successful influence of the Ukrainian agricultural sector on international markets. The study shows that despite the existing challenges, the agricultural sector has demonstrated flexibility and adaptability, especially in the context of changes in acreage and crop production volumes. Measures aimed at introducing modern technologies, stimulating innovation, improving the level of education and developing export opportunities can become a catalyst for the sustainable development of the agricultural sector. The results obtained are necessary for the development of specific measures and strategies aimed at improving the situation in the agricultural sector of Ukraine and ensuring its sustainable development

Potensi Sektor Pertanian Dan Pengaruhnya Terhadap Penyerapan Tenaga Kerja di Provinsi Aceh

An increase will follow the increase in population in an area in the rate of increase in the labor force. This will develop problems caused by the lack of functioning of various sectors so that the readiness of employment opportunities is not commensurate with the population growth rate. With the agricultural sector, people can get food as their basic need. The potential of the agricultural sector can be seen from the value of exports, the area of ​​agricultural land, and the wages of the agricultural sector. The purpose of this study is "Analyze the Potential of the Agricultural Sector and Its Effect on Labor Absorption in Aceh Province". This study uses multiple linear regression analysis. Based on the estimation results, it is found that the value of exports, the area of ​​agricultural land, and the wages of the agricultural sector have a positive and significant effect on employment in Aceh Province. This means that any increase in the value of agricultural exports, the area of ​​agricultural land and wages in the agricultural sector will increase the absorption of labor in Aceh Province.

The impact of the Russian import ban on EU agrarian exports

The main goal of the paper is to evaluate the impact of the Russian import ban on the development of agricultural exports from EU member states. The study is based on a time-series analysis of empirical statistical indicators. The analysed period is between 2009 and 2019. The source of data for individual analyses is UN Comtrade (2021). The evaluation of export performance is extended by hierarchical cluster analysis. The study quantifies the effects of the import ban on the EU and individual member states through two scenarios. Scenario 1 is based on the cumulative loss of the value of exports. Scenario 2 assumes a continuous development of the value of agricultural exports. Based on the results, it is possible to confirm that the application of the Russian food import ban had a significant impact on EU countries. The impact of sanctions varies across EU countries. Four specific clusters could be identified in the period under investigation. In the period after the ban, the distribution of individual countries among individual clusters changed significantly. The applied ban could be understood not only as an attempt at counter-sanctions. Import restrictions also aim to reduce Russia's dependence on food imports and promote national food security.

Impact of Saudi's Membership in Global and Arab Economic Blocs on its Agricultural Foreign Trade

In recent years, the world has witnessed many changes in international economic relations, and the global system has crystallized into major economic blocs aimed at strengthening the position of these blocs in the framework of global international trade and economic stability. Accordingly, the research aims to study the impact of the accession of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to the membership of some economic blocs on Saudi agricultural foreign trade during the time period (1995-2019). By depend on both descriptive and quantitative statistical analysis. To study the evolution of the value of agricultural exports and imports and the most important factors affecting each of them, used of some indicators of export competitiveness such as a measure of geographical and commodity concentration. Also used the simultaneous equations method to build an econometric model to analyze the structure of agricultural foreign trade and its estimation by Two-Stage least squares (2SLS) method, the paper predicts the future of Saudi agricultural foreign trade. The research relied on secondary data. The results of the study expect that the average per capita share of agricultural exports, imports and agricultural Balance Deficit will reach about 600, 3.600 and 2.900 thousand riyals, respectively, during the year 2026.

Competitiveness of Egyptian potatoes exports in the most important world markets


 
 
 
 The competitiveness of exports of potatoes was measured by calculating some of the competitiveness indicators including market share index, market penetration rate, price ratio index, virtual comparative advantage index, geographical concentration index (Gini Hirschman) and the index of instability.
 The measurement of the external demand function on the quantity of Egyptian exports of potatoes in the world markets depends on the total domestic production of potatoes. It was also found that this variable explain about 39.7% of the changes in the quantity of Egyptian potato exports to the world markets.
 A study of the forecast results of the selected models until 2024 shows that the value of agricultural exports of potatoes crop is expected to reach about $ 277.7 million in 2024, with an increase of about 77.4% compared to 2018.
 The research, based on its findings, reached some recommendations that could benefit the Egyptian economic policy makers in this field.
 
 
 

The Road to a More Diversified Agricultural Export Sector in the Dominican Republic

For the Dominican Republic, as for many Caribbean islands, sugar once defined the export sector. But times have changed, and the history of exports is less dominated by sugar in the Dominican Republic than in most Caribbean islands. In more recent history, agricultural exports have diversified significantly. For the five-year period 2009-2013, sugar exports amounted to less than 12% of the total value of agricultural exports, down from 59% in 1961-65, when all top exports were agricultural exports. (Agriculture now accounts for only 6% of GDP, down from 26% in 1965.) Top exports from the Dominican Republic in 2016 included gold, medical instruments, and cigars. Cigars topped the list of high-value agricultural exports – representing 26% of the total value of agricultural exports, followed by cocoa beans at 12.4%. The quantity of agricultural exports has increased greatly, with processed food and beverages playing larger roles, while traditional exports like sugar and coffee have fallen significantly in relative terms. Modern agricultural sector exports like cigars, rum, and beer complement a rapidly growing tourism sector. This paper takes an empirical approach to explore the history of the agricultural export portfolio in the Dominican Republic, beginning from its early days as the first headquarters of Spain in the New World. In addition to sugar, other principle “traditional exports” with roots in colonial times included tobacco, cacao, and coffee. Cattle were also exported (often as contraband) for both hides and meat. The Food and Agriculture Organization provides a good data set from 1961 forward that has been digested and analyzed to examine the road to the increased diversification of agricultural exports in the modern or post-Trujillo period in the Dominican Republic.

Growth and instability of agricultural exports of India: an empirical analysis

The study analyses trends in the exports of agricultural commodities from 1981 to 2010. The major agricultural exports chosen in the study were rice, wheat, tea, coffee, fruits, vegetables, cashew nuts, shelled spices, sugar, cotton, lint and tobacco unmanufactured. The compound annual growth rate (CAGR) was calculated and a comparison between pre-and post-WTO export growth scenario was made. An export instability index was constructed for pre-and post-WTO period to measure instability in agricultural exports from India. The findings of the study suggested that agricultural exports have increased in the era of economic liberalization. However there were wide fluctuations across commodities validating the hypotheses that favourable policies had resulted in increase in agricultural exports and an increase in the value of agricultural exports was associated with high instability at the commodity level. Nevertheless the paper shows that aggregate agricultural exports do not reveal much instability validating the hypotheses that variations are perceptible at the commodity level. In other words variability in agricultural exports varies across commodities.

ANALYSIS STUDY OF EGYPTIAN FRESH GRAPE EXPORTS TO ITS MOST IMPORTANT INTERNATIONAL MARKETS

the development of Egyptian agricultural exports is one of the main pillars of the agricultural sector. Grapes is one of the most important horticultural export crops in Egypt. The value of Grapes exports is about LE 1922 million representing about 8.2% of the value of agricultural exports for the period (2014-2016). The results showed the following: The total area of export grape varieties increased from about 3671 fedden in 2001 to about 48800 fedden in 2016, it represent about 14.5% of the total area of grapes as an average of the study period (2001-2016). The results of the instability coefficients of the quantity of production of export grapes, the quantity of grape exports and the export price during the two periods (2001-2008), (2009-2016) indicate the stability of grape production and exports during the second study period compared to the first period Export in recent years. The EU accounts for approximately 77.6 thousand tons of the total Egyptian exports of fresh grapes as an average for the period (2014-2016) representing about 68%, this quantity represents about 4.8% only of the total imports of the European Union of fresh grapes. The main importers of fresh Egyptian grapes are United Kingdom and Netherlands, which estimated at 31.5%, 20.1% respectively of the total quantity ofEgyptian grape exports as an average for the period 2014- 2016. Chile is considered to be the most competitive market for Egyptian exports of fresh grapes as it shares with Egypt in the export season. The total imports of the United Kingdom of fresh grapes amounted to 264 thousand tons as an average for the period (2014-2016). Germany achieved the best price competitiveness within the English market. The price index for Egyptian grapes reached 0.30 and thus is in good shape with the rest of the competing countries such as Chile and South Africa, with a price competitiveness index of 0.17 and 0.28, respectively, the market penetration rate was around 0.088, which indicates the difficulty of increasing exports of Egyptian grapes to the English market Netherland's total imports of fresh grapes reached 351 thousand tons as an average for the period 2014-2016. Chile achieved the best price competition within the Dutch market. The Egyptian grape price index reached 0.47, and the market penetration rate reached 0.288 Indicates that there is a great opportunity to increase the amount of exports of Egyptian grapes to the Dutch market.The most important factors affecting the quantity of Egyptian exports of fresh grapes to UK were the quantity of fresh grapes imports to UK. The most important factors affecting the quantity of Egyptian exports of fresh grapes to Netherlands were the quantity of fresh grapes imports to Dutch market. So the research recommended followings: 1- Produce early varieties of maturity 2. Study the foreign markets well and open new markets 3 - Attention to training and awareness of producers and exporters with quality specifications and health requirements 4. Studying the marketing behavior of export grapes

Age, values, farming objectives, past management decisions, and future intentions in New Zealand agriculture

Governments such as New Zealand's seek to raise the value of agricultural exports while concurrently protecting the natural environment. Therefore, farmers are encouraged to increase production while reducing environmental impacts. In this paper, we analyse the relationship between age and farmer values, farming objectives, past management decisions, and future intentions, all of which may impact the environment. Using multivariate regression that controls for gender, education, industry, and region, we find that older farmers are more risk averse, less willing to experiment, less likely to be influenced by social expectations, and more focused on financial performance. Older farmers are less likely to adopt new technologies and to have concrete plans to convert land and to intensify existing land uses. Using an agro-environmental land use model to project changes in farmer demographics, we find that if farm succession and adoption rates follow our estimates, then the natural shift in farmer age and resulting preferences for implementing plans to manage nutrients and soils over time could lead to a reduction in New Zealand's annual total nitrogen, phosphorus, and soil loss by 7%, 9%, and 19%, respectively, between 2015 and 2075. We conclude by noting that encouraging younger individuals to become more active in the farming community is a positive step towards accelerating the adoption of management practices with environmental benefits, but caution that this strategy alone will not meet the full objectives of the country's recent freshwater reforms.

English

The main objective of this paper was to analyse to what extent the Brazilian agricultural exports responds to changes in the real exchange rate and in the world income for the 2000 to 2014 period (monthly). The results showed that the coefficient of the value of agricultural exports in relation to the exchange rate was inelastic in the long run (0.2540). However, the adjustment coefficient of the exported value in relation to world income was equal to 1.8981 (elastic), which in turn indicates that maintaining the exchange rate variable constant, a 10% increase in world income should increase the exported value in about 19% over the long run. However, in the short run, the weightings set indicated a low speed of adjustment toward the long run equilibrium of each variable, that is, in the event of an imbalance in any one of the variables of the model, its own correction will slowly take place toward the long run equilibrium. In the variance decomposition analysis, the results showed that the world income is more important than the exchange rate in the explanation of the variance error of the agricultural exports. Key words: Brazilian agricultural exports, exchange rate, world income, co-integration, auto-regression model.

Innovation and networks in New Zealand farming

The New Zealand government seeks to dramatically increase the value of agricultural exports while concurrently protecting the natural environment. Thus, farmers are expected to adopt pro‐environmental management practices and novel farm technologies. We show that farmers are more likely to adopt new practices and technologies after seeing them demonstrated, but earlier evidence indicates that demonstration is most effectively undertaken within farmer networks. We use multivariate regression to identify the traits of livestock farmers who are innovative by focusing on adoption of pro‐environmental management practices (managing nutrients, soils and pugging) and novel farm technologies (e.g., windmills, computer‐based management systems, automatic sensors and specialised grasses), considering both numbers adopted and timing. We find that dairy farmers are more innovative than other livestock farmers and that higher education levels and stronger environmental norms within the family are strongly associated with innovativeness. In addition, we find that innovators and early adopters have larger networks than other farmers. Moreover, the composition of these networks is much more varied than the networks of less innovative farmers. These findings imply that innovative farmers in New Zealand may also act as connectors for the diffusion of new ideas in farming.

THE COMPETITIVE SITUATION FOR EGYPTIAN EXPORTS OF SOME MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS IN THEIR FOREIGN MARKETS

THE COMPETITIVE SITUATION FOR EGYPTIAN EXPORTS OF SOME MEDICINAL AND AROMATIC PLANTS IN THEIR FOREIGN MARKETS

Foreign trade in agricultural products in the Czech Republic

Th e article analyses trends in the territorial and commodity structure of the Czech foreign agrarian trade and aims to identify changes which have occurred during the last decade. Th e main emphasis has been put on the period after the accession to the EU. Primarily such changes are identifi ed, that occurred in the relation to the EU-Member States and to third countries. Th e results show that the value of agricultural exports and imports was growing during the surveyed period while the growth rate of agricultural exports was above the growth rate of agricultural imports. Agricultural exports increased from CZK 78 billion in 2005 to more than CZK 160 billion in 2013 and the imports rose from CZK 103 billion to more than CZK 184 billion in the same period. Th e territorial structure of the foreign agrarian trace is continuously concentrating on the EU-Single Market, both in terms of exports and imports. Exports of milk, milk products, cereals, beverages, food preparations, tobacco and tobacco manufactures, cereal preparations, food residues and waste, oilseeds, vegetable fats and oils, sugar and confectionery belong to the most important commodity aggregations. Th e share of proce- ssed products in the total exports increased and reached currently about 7%. Th e export - import coverage ratio reached a satisfactory trend as well. Although the Czech Republic does not have ideal conditions for the export-oriented agriculture, the country is able to gain comparative advantages, at least at the level of following aggregations: HS10, HS01, HS12, HS24, HS04, HS17, HS15, HS11, HS16, HS22, HS03 a HS13.

The analysis of individual Visegrad group members' agrarian export sensitivity in relation to selected macroeconomic aggregations

This paper analyzes the development of agricultural trade of the countries of the Visegrad Group with emphasis on development of the value of agricultural exports of the individual countries. The subject matter of the analysis is the sensitivity of the commodity structure of agricultural exports of individual countries and the identification of aggregations that are the least and the most sensitive to changes to the external and internal economic environment. From the conducted research, agricultural trade in the V4 countries was found to have developed very dynamically from 1993 to 2008, while the commodity structure of exports has constantly narrowed as the degree of specialization of the individual countries has increased (this applies especially to the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary). From the results of analysis of sensitivity to changes of selected variables relating to the development of the value of agricultural exports of the individual V4 countries, it appears that the aggregations that react most sensitively to changes are those that are the subject of re-exports, followed by the aggregations that are characterized by a high degree of added value. In general it can be said that products of agricultural primary production exhibit less sensitivity in comparison with grocery industry products. This is confirmed by the general trend arising from the very nature of consumer behaviour.

Impacts of Alternative Programs Indicated by the FAPRI Analysis

Four alternative agricultural programs are evaluated quantitatively for various agricultural sector, budgetary, and consumer impacts: (1) a continuation of the Food Security Act of 1985 (FSA85) largely as it has operated so far; (2) extending the marketing loan provision in FSA85 to wheat, feed grains, and soybeans; (3) the Administration proposal in the FY88 budget; and (4) the Harkin-Gephardt. The evaluation included specific quantitative impact estimates for FY88 to FY91, and a more qualitative discussion of long-term impacts. The evaluation found substantially different impacts from the alternative programs on government cost, net farm income, level and value of agricultural exports, crop acreage planted, carryover stock levels, crop prices, program participant returns, and the livestock sector. For instance, under the Administration proposal, net farm income was projected to be lower by 20 percent or more annually from 1989 to 1991 compared to a continuation of FSA85 as it has operated so far. Under the Harkin-Gephardt Bill, increased food costs to consumers exceed farm income gains and government cost savings by $25 billion by 1995 compared to a continuation of FSA85. Critical assumptions used in the analysis are discussed. Continued quantitative evaluation of policy options is urged, even though it is cautioned that the results should be viewed qualitatively.

The Effects of Agricultural Growth on Agricultural Imports in Developing Countries

International phenomena are having increased influence on U.S. agriculture (Schuh). One dimension of this increased interdependence is the rapid increase in the value of U.S. agricultural exports and imports, 349% and 209%, respectively, since 1970 (Kellogg). The value of U.S. agricultural exports has increased at a rate over twice as fast as total farm gross cash income since 1970-349% versus 155% (USDA, Economic Indicators). Not only have exports increased in importance, but their destination has changed. The percentage of U.S. agricultural exports going to developing countries has increased from 34.6 in 1974-76 to 41.3 in 1983-85 (table 1). Another dimension of this interdependence is agricultural development assistance which has received varying emphases during the past three decades in the U.S. development assistance program. In 1975, Congress passed Title XII of the Foreign Assistance Act, which provided a congressional mandate for the involvement of U.S. land grant and other similar universities in U.S. foreign aid programs (York). One area of emphasis in Title XII is agricultural development, and most land-grant universities have been involved in projects designed to increase agricultural production in developing countries. Recently, the U.S. farm sector has faced a number of conditions that have adversely affected farmers' net income and net worth positions. The 29% decline in value of agricultural exports since 1981 has contributed to the severity of these problems (table 1). Some believe that increased agricultural production in developing countries has been substantially responsible for the decline in U.S. agricultural exports (Avery). In this situation of increased international interdependence, declining export sales and other farm problems, and increased visibility of land grant university involvement in agricultural assistance to developing countries, U.S. agricultural leaders have become concerned about the relationship between increasing agricultural production in developing countries and those countries' agricultural imports. The purpose of this inquiry is to provide a preliminary examination of the relationship between imports of agricultural products into developing countries and changes in domestic agricultural production in these countries. The specific question is: What have been the effects of increased per capita production in developing countries on agricultural imports into these countries?

International Trade and Agricultural Labor Markets: Discussion

The Emerson paper is a good mix of theory and empiricism. In connection with the annual certification by the Labor Department of workers from the British West Indies for harvesting sugarcane in Florida, Emerson raises the question, who would gain or lose from the termination of that program? It has long been held that the labor to perform the demanding and exhausting work of cutting sugarcane on muck soil by machete is simply not available in the United States. Emerson plays with the hypothesis that domestic labor might be found at some higher wage rate. Whether such labor is simply not available domestically, or whether some such domestic labor might be available at a higher wage rate-in either case the same conclusion follows-domestic production factors would marginally lose by being idled or forced into less profitable employment, and foreign suppliers would take up the slack so created. I shall supplement Emerson's paper by relating my own experience with the termination of the Bracero Program in the mid-sixties. For years, we had admitted Mexican seasonal agricultural labor in rather large numbers into the United States. The statutory authority under which this had been done was permitted to expire in 1965 and the admission of foreign seasonal agricultural labor was greatly curtailed. The most obvious long-term result of this policy change was that the labor, which could no longer work in the United States, but was dammed up in Mexico, exerted powerful pressures to produce at home. The availability of that labor gave a decisive stimulus to Mexican applications for agricultural development loans to international lending agencies and to our own Agency for International Development. These loan projects have increased Mexican agricultural production, both for domestic consumption and for export. And the exportation of Mexican fruits and vegetables to the United States has certainly increased by leaps and bounds. We can accept this record as proof of the strong postulate originally advanced by Mundell and quoted by Emerson, An increase in restrictions to factor movements stimulates trade. Nevertheless, it is entirely conceivable that a government may restrict the entry of labor as well as commodities. In most years, well over half of the cash receipts of American farmers comes from the sale of livestock and livestock products and less than one-half from the sale of crops. By contrast, about 90% of our agricultural exports are crops and crop products and only about 10% are livestock and livestock products. As Blandford and Boisvert argue, crop products, as distinguished from crops, are processed and raise the share of processed products to 28% of total agricultural exports. However, given the different composition of total U.S. farm production, it is not surprising that efforts are made to increase the processed component among American agricultural exports. Moreover, our nonagricultural exports are mostly made up of processed products and, finally, our mercantilist orientation as well as our negative trade balance lead us all in the same direction. According to the authors, in each of the years 1973-78, 72% of the total value of agricultural exports was made up of primary products and 28% by processed products. I cannot replicate this finding. They worked with export values which they had deflated by the U.S. wholesale price index to 1972 constant dollars. Their deflation should not

Voluntary Rural Savings Capacities in Taiwan, 1960–70

A large amount of attention has been given to mobilizing capital in and from rural areas of low income countries. In most cases, involuntary techniques such as taxes, price manipulation, forced labor, and expropriation of products have been used to do this. Rarely have policy makers considered voluntary techniques for stimulating rural savings. In part, this is due to the stereotype widely applied to rural savings behavior. This stereotype depicts rural households as having low incomes and very high consumption propensities. The lack of adequate household data on income, consumption, and savings has discouraged research that might test these assumptions (Mikesell and Zinzer). In the following, we provide information on rural household savings and some of its determinants in Taiwan during the 1960s. Taiwan is one of the few countries that has systematically collected farmhousehold data for a number of years that are rich enough in detail to allow such analysis. In addition, the agricultural sector in Taiwan has experienced rapid economic and social development over the past three decades. Overall, agricultural output has increased at a rate in excess of 5% per year since the early 1950s, while the value of agricultural exports has more than tripled. The benefits from this rapid growth have been relatively equitably spread (Oshima). Furthermore, Taiwan is one of only a handful of countries that has aggressively promoted mobilization of voluntary savings in rural areas. We will argue later that these positive policies toward voluntary rural savings, rather than frugal cultural characteristics, make the Taiwan experience almost unique with regard to rural savings mobilization.

Trade Policies and U.S. Agriculture

NOW, more than at any other time in this century, U.S. agriculture is dependent upon exports. The value of agricultural exports is approximately a sixth of the value of farm receipts, while the output of one out of every four acres finds its way into export markets. An increase in agricultural exports since 1960 has been a major element in the viability of farm programs of recent years. In the absence of expanded exports it would have been difficult to maintain net farm-operator income, let alone to achieve the increases of one to two billion dollars of the past 2 years, without a very substantial increase in governmental expenditures or politically unpopular increases in consumer prices. As Willard Cochrane [1, pp. 453-457] noted so ably a year ago at these meetings, current agricultural policy is operating within three important restraints-the two already noted plus the unwillingness of farmers to accept strict supply-control measures. In this setting, the expansion of exports has been of great significance to agricultural policy makers and farmers.