Value Index Research Articles

Composition and diversity of woody plant species in agro-ecosystems of Uluguru Mountains, Tanzania

Woody plant species are important components of agro-ecosystems that determine their productivity and biodiversity conservation in tropical mountain landscapes. This study investigates woody plant species composition and diversity through simple random sampling of sixty (10 × 10 m) plots in crop fields, hedgerows, and homegardens at Uluguru Mountains, Morogoro, Tanzania. In total, 85 woody plant species, representing 82 genera and 40 families were recorded. The most species-rich families were Proteaceae (with 323 individuals), Lauraceae (205), and Meliaceae (185). Among the woody plant species, Grevillea robusta (Proteaceae) showed the highest importance value index of 41% across different agro-ecosystem types. Shannon (1.87), Simpson (0.82), and evenness (0.91) diversity indices were highest in hedgerows compared to other agro-ecosystems. Hedgerows recorded the maximum richness, followed by homegardens and lastly crop fields. Present agro-ecosystems should be promoted to enhance the restoration and conservation of agro-biodiversity in mountain landscapes.

Distribution pattern and management of invasive alien plant species in Sikkim Himalaya, India

An assessment of the distribution pattern of Invasive Alien Plant species in the Sikkim Himalayas was conducted at different elevation gradients and accordingly, management strategies were recommended to combat the ever-increasing condition of invasive plant species threatening the sensitive ecoregions. Among the most relevant factors supporting the present study were changes in the importance value index (IVI), variety, and evenness. There is a greater percentage of domination of invasion at lower elevations than at higher elevations. Species diversity, dominance, and evenness values decreased significantly at higher elevations; interestingly, the fraction of invaded regions is lower at higher elevations. Several factors may contribute to the large cover of invasive plants at lower elevations, including the enabling climate and anthropogenic activities. As a result of invasive alien plant species, such as Ageratum conyzoides, Ageratina adenophora, Bidens pilosa, Chromolaena odorata, Lantana camara, Mikania micrantha and Parthenium hysterophorus, native vegetation, and fauna may suffer adverse consequences, as well as socioeconomic conditions and health issues. This study determined that the invasion of these invasive alien plants in different elevations in the Sikkim Himalaya impacts ecosystem services and depletes several species of commercial importance. The current study recommends quick action to control harmful invasive alien plant species in the Sikkim Himalaya

FLORISTIC AND PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL COMPOSITION OF THE SQUARES IN THE CITY OF SANTARÉM, PARÁ

The vegetation composition in green areas plays an important role in obtaining ecosystem benefits within these spaces. Therefore, this research aimed to characterize the floristic and phytosociological composition of the tree canopy in the squares of Santarém, Pará. To achieve this, a floristic survey was conducted in 38 squares, considering trees with a height greater than 1.5 m. Taxonomic and phytogeographical information of the trees was identified, and phytosociological parameters such as frequency (AF and RF), density (AD and RD), dominance (ADo and ADr), cover value index (CVI), importance value index (IVI), and Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H') were evaluated. A total of 686 trees were identified, with 54.60% of them being native species of Brazil and 45.40% exotic to the country. The Fabaceae family stood out with the highest number of species (19), while Anacardiaceae had the highest number of individuals (219). The species with the highest Af and Rf were Mangifera indica (78.95 - 14.71%) and Moquilea tomentosa (43.74 - 8.33%), and for Da and Dr, Mangifera indica (10.51 - 27.16 ind/ha) and Azadirachta indica (4.72 - 12.21 ind/ha) were prominent. In terms of DoA and DoR, Mangifera indica (7.85 - 48.48 m2/ha) and Spondias mombin (1.67-10.32 m2/ha) were highlighted. In IVI, M. indica also stood out (90.34%). The overall H' for the squares was 2.85, with Parque da Cidade (2.85) and Jati (2.23) squares being the most prominent. Only two squares showed moderate to high diversity (H' > 2.22). The floristic composition is predominantly composed of exotic individuals (54.60%), especially the species M. indica.

DMA Characteristic Identification for Efficient Water Loss Management: Case Study of MWA Pipe Network, Thailand

This study is designed to categorize essential characteristics of District Metered Area (DMA), focusing on aspects related to pipe management such as real water loss, pipe density, and customer density. Our objective is to delineate the influence of each characteristic, with the ultimate goal of developing a practical index that aids planners in making informed decisions about water loss management. To achieve this, we propose the Area Characteristic Index (ACI), calculated using a fuzzy logic system, which amalgamates these characteristics to provide a comprehensive indicator of DMA performance. The results of this study elucidate the distinctive advantages of considering various characteristics when evaluating DMAs with diverse features. Specifically, real losses- a key element within the water balance framework-exert a more substantial influence on the ACI compared to the other characteristics assessed. Furthermore, to determine the number of deteriorated pipes in each DMA, we computed a Risk Index (RI) and an Infrastructure Value Index (IVI). The findings suggest that the extended length of deteriorated pipes, attributed to RI pipes, influences the ACI value and real losses significantly. Concluding, this study introduces a prospective matrix for pipe network management, serving as a guideline to enhance the efficiency of water loss management practices.

Introducing Gliricidia sepium as a Fuel Wood in Rubber Smallholdings of Sri Lanka: A Case Study in Kalutara District


 A pilot project has been initiated to introduce Gliricidia sepium with Hevea brasiliensis under three different spatial arrangements ((i.)8'×27', (ii.)8'×40, and (iii.)88'×60’) as a fuel wood to improve the income status of rubber smallholders in Kalutara District by Rubber Research Institute of Sri Lanka in 2018. Primary data were collected through a questionnaire survey and field observations. The financial analysis was done for one hectare of smallholding. Certain assumptions were made in the financial feasibility analysis as financial analysis was done for 30 years giving consideration to the 30 year life span of rubber. Costs and benefits were discounted at 10% discount rate as practiced by the Department of National Planning to obtain 2019 market prices. The farm gate prices of 1kg of rubber and Gliricidia were considered as LKR 280.00 and LKR 4.00. The cost for hired labour was considered LKR 1,500.00 per day. Period of intercropping of Gliricida under rubber in the 88'×40' and 88'×60' models was considered as 30 years and in the 88'×27' model, it was considered as eight years. Financial feasibility of models was tested using the indices of Net Present Value (NPV) and Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR). A qualitative SWOT was conducted to identify the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats relevant to introduction of Gliricidia as an intercrop in rubber plantations based on a thorough documentation review and on the opinions of Rubber Extension Officers. From the three models introduced, the highest fuel wood value can be obtained by intercropping Gliricidia with rubber under the spacing of 88'×60'. NPV for growing gliricidia with rubber under three different spatial arrangements, (i.)88'×27', (ii.)88'×40' and (iii.)88'×60' would be LKR 0.74 million, LKR 5.47 million and LKR 5.89 million respectively. The values obtain for BCR for growing gliricidia with rubber under three different spatial arrangements, (i.)88'×27', (ii.)88'×40' and (iii.)88'×60' would be 1.37, 2.26 and 2.27, respectively. All fuel wood growing models indicated positive NPV and BC Ratios were greater than one, suggesting that these introduced models are economically viable. Although there are no established market channels available for fuel wood especially in the smallholder rubber sector of Sri Lanka, there is a demand for Gliricidia which is fulfilled through adhoc markets. Also, development of sustainable supply chains through setting up of Pilot Biomass Energy Terminals with the objective of collection and distribution of fuel wood under the Project of Promoting Sustainable Biomass Energy Production and Modern Bio-Energy Technologies has widened the opportunity of using Gliricidia as a promising fuel wood species Gliricidia with rubber has the potential to improve income generation of rubber smallholders substantially especially during the immature stage of rubber and provide a solution to overcome uncertainty in rubber prices and low productivity of rubber lands.
 
 Keywords: Fuel wood growing models, Rubber farming

Impact of deep-fat frying cycles on the physicochemical characteristics of two edible vegetable oils marketed in Algeria

Background: Vegetable oils containing polyunsaturated fatty acids are prone to oxidation when exposed to high-temperature frying processes. Aims: This study aims to follow the changes that occur in frying oil when used to fry potatoes. Material and Methods: The impact of the ratio of potatoes (g) to oil (g) as well as the number of frying cycles on the quality of two commonly marketed oils in Algeria: 100% soybean oil (oil A) and a blend of 60% soybean, 20% sunflower, and 20% corn oil (oil B) was assessed. The quality of these oils throughout repeated frying cycles was monitored by analyzing pH, density, color, moisture, acidity, peroxide value, saponification value, and acid index. Results: The results of the present study revealed that both oils experienced deterioration as the frying cycles were repeated, with more significant degradation observed with the 1/5 ratio of fries to oil compared to the 1/8 ratio. Remarkably, the 100% soybean oil deteriorated more rapidly than the oil blend. Conclusion: Based on the observed changes in physicochemical parameters and chemical indices, the use of frying oils beyond the third cycle significantly compromises their quality and safety. This not only impacts the consumer’s health but also the organoleptic properties of fried foods. Therefore, it is highly recommended to refrain from exceeding this limit to ensure optimal frying practices and protect consumer health. Keywords: Vegetable oils, deep-fat frying, ratio of fries/volume of oil, physical quality, chemical indices.

KEANEKARAGAMAN JENIS TUMBUHAN BAWAH BERPOTENSI OBAT DI KAWASAN GUNUNG TILU KABUPATEN KUNINGAN JAWA BARAT

Undergrowth is a type of basic vegetation found under forest stands except for forest tree regeneration, which includes grasses, herbs and shrubs. Undergrowth plants have a primary function in conserving soil and water. This is because the undergrowth has a large root system that produces dense clumps and is able to prevent soil erosion, as a protector of the soil from raindrops and runoff, also plays a role in increasing organic matter in the soil as green manure and mulch. Utilization of undergrowth plants as a source of medicines has an important role and is an alternative for the community to maintain health and treat a disease. The purpose of this study was to determine the diversity of undergrowth plants and to identify undergrowth plants with medicinal potential as a source of information for the community and area managers. The method used is the transect method/checkered line. Sampling plots were taken in 3 routes, namely the Citambelang, Ebeg-ebeg, and Bakukung routes. Each path consists of 9 sample plots. The results of the undergrowth inventory were then calculated the Important Value Index (IVI) and Species Diversity Index (H' The results showed that there were 44 types of undergrowth found in the Gunung Tilu area from 31 families with a total of 668 individuals. The largest IVI was found in cakar ayam (Selaginella doerderleinii) with a value of 22.64 and the smallest IVI was for kemukus (Piper cubeba) and meniran (Phyllanthus urinaria) with a value of 0.88. For undergrowth plants that have medicinal potential, 28 species from 23 families and 521 individuals were found. The diversity index in undergrowth in the Mount Tilu area is categorized as low with an index value (H'<1) which is 0.32. This information is very important for future management of the Mount Tilu forest area.

The relationship of maternal age, BMI, serum Tenascin-C, and HOMA-IR values with gestational diabetes mellitus.

To explore the relationship, if any, of gestational diabetes mellitus with maternal age, body mass index, serum tenascin-C and homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance, and to see if these could act as predictive markers for gestational diabetes mellitus. The case-control study was conducted from February to August 2022 at the outpatient department of gynaecology and obstetrics at the Civil Hospital, Karachi, and comprised pregnant females aged 18-40 years having gestational age 20-34 weeks. After noting down baseline characteristics and anthropometric measurements, the participants were subjected to oral glucose tolerance test on the basis of which they were divided into three groups; pregnant healthy controls in group 1, those with gestational diabetes mellitus on diet control in group 2, and those with gestational diabetes mellitus taking medicines for the condition in group 3. Fasting serum samples were used for further analysis using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. Data was analysed using SPSS 21. Of the 90 subjects, 30(33.3%) were in group 1 with mean age 26.0±4.9 years, 30(33.3%) were in group 2 with mean age 30.7±5.6 years, and 30(33.3%) were in group 3 with mean age 29.1±5.5 years. Age, gestational age, body mass index and homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance values were significantly higher in groups 2 and 3 compared to group 1 (p<0.05), while serum Tenascin-C values were not significantly different (p>0.05). HOMA-IR values and BMI were more reliable in diagnosing GDM before its onset, and should be included in the screening test for GDM in early pregnancy.

Biodiversity and Structural Analysis of Woody Plant Species of Home Gardens in Basona Worana District, North Shoa Zone of Central Ethiopia.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the biodiversity and structure of woody plants of HGs in the Basona Worana district (BWD). For this, six kebeles and 138 HGs from three agroecologies of BWD were selected using various sampling techniques. The plot size used per HG was 400 m2. Diversity and important value indices (IVIs) were computed. For their structural analysis, the diameter at breast height (DBH) and height were also measured for trees and shrubs fulfilling the standards (diameters at breast height (DBH) ≥2.5 cm and height >2 m). Thus, a total of 42 woody species belonging to 37 genera and 26 families were identified. Fabaceae was the most abundant family, followed by Euphorbiaceae. Trees were the dominant habit. The richness in Kola HGs (33) was higher than Dega (14) and Woinadega (19) HGs, with an overall mean richness of 4.14 per HG of BWD. The Shannon, Simpson, and evenness indices for HGs in the district were 1.05, 0.55, and 0.75, respectively, showing their moderate diversity with even distribution. The Sorenson's similarity of HGs between Dega and Woinadega, Kola and Dega, and Kola and Woinadega were 40%, 28%, and 32%, respectively. The multiple site similarities of woody species among three ecological zones (36%) were still <50%, showing no similarity. The overall DBH and height classes' patterns of the woody species individuals abruptly decreased towards their highest classes. Similar DBH and height classes' patterns of woody species individuals were also observed in Kola and Woinadega agroecologies, indicating their selective tree cutting. The mean values of DBH, height, basal, and crown areas of the woody species in the district were ∼14 cm, ∼6 m, ∼29 m2·ha-1, and 5 m2, respectively. Based on IVI, most of the HGs were dominated by Eucalyptus globules (93.35), followed by Eucalyptus camaldulensis (45.04), Rhamnus prinoides (22.4), and Cupressus lusitanica (22.33). Hence, actions should be taken to promote the diversity and managing of HGs' woody species of BWD.

Structure and distribution of palm tree species in Altingia excelsa planted forest in Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park, West Java, Indonesia

Abstract. Sadili A, Salamah A, Mirmanto E, Kartawinata K. 2024. Structure and distribution of palm tree species in Altingia excelsa planted forest in Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 25: 249-256. Gunung Gede Pangrango National Park (GGPNP) is a conservation area consisted of natural forest and planted forest, including Altingia excelsa Noronha stands which were planted in 1925. As a result of secondary succession, various plants grow under Altingia excelsa stands, including palm tree species (Arecaceae). This research was conducted to determine the structure, population, and distribution patterns of palm trees in Altingia excelsa planted forest in Bodogol Resort, GGPNP. The data were collected by establishing a one-hectare plot divided into 100 subplots of 10 m × 10 m. Palm tree species with a Diameter at Breast Height (DBH) ?3 cm were measured, and the tree heights were estimated. Data analysis included Relative Dominance (RDo), Relative Density (RDen), Relative Frequency (RF), Importance Value Index (IVI), Shannon Wiener Diversity Index (H'), Evenness Index (E), Index of Dispersion (ID), analysis of variance values (S2) and Chi-square analysis (Q). The study results recorded four species from three genera of Arecaceae which consisted of 171 trees with a total Basal Area (BA) of 0.63 m2/ha. Pinanga coronata (Blume ex Mart.) Blume was the most dominant palm tree species with IVI of 156.89%), followed by Pinanga sp. (IVI=72.04%), Caryota rumphiana Mart. (IVI=55.77%), and Arenga pinnata (Wurmb) Merr. (IVI=15.38%). In term of diameter class distribution, Pinanga coronata and Pinanga sp. were regenerating well. Spatial distribution patterns of Arenga pinnata, Caryota rumphiana, and Pinanga sp. were regular, while Pinanga coronata was clustered. Periodical studies in the future to determine the mortality and natality of the palm trees are recommended to understand the dynamics of vegetation succession.

KEANEKARAGAMAN JENIS ANGGREK DI JALUR PENDAKIAN WIRAYANA GUNUNG CAKRABUANA KABUPATEN MAJALENGKA

The existence of orchids in nature continues to decline due to habitat destruction and overexploitation. Conservation efforts that have been carried out so far have often experienced difficulties due to insufficient data and information as a basis for management, including conservation areas. The more widespread forest destruction will result in these species being threatened with extinction. This study aims to determine the diversity of orchid species, on the Wirayana Mount Cakrabuana Climbing Path. The information is expected to provide an initial contribution to the area management and orchid conservation efforts on the Wirayana Mount Cakrabuana Climbing Path. This research was conducted by means of a vegetation survey, sampling and documentation by exploring the existence of orchids. The sampling technique used the path transect method. The number of transects used is one line transect with a line length of 1500 m with a total of 22 sample plots. Data analysis was carried out by calculating the Important Value Index (INP), Species Dominance Index (Di) and Species Diversity Index (H'). The results showed that in the natural forest area of ​​Mount Cakrabuana there were 22 species of individuals which included 7 species of terrestrial orchids and 15 species of epiphytic orchids with a total of 243 individuals found. From the results of the calculation of species diversity, it is stated that the diversity of orchid species in the natural forest area of ​​Mount Cakrabuana is classified as moderate (2,973). This information is very important, especially for area managers in preserving the biodiversity of Mount Cakrabuana, especially orchids in the future.

Carbon‐cycle perturbations and intensified continental chemical weathering linked to volcanism during the Jenkyns Event in the Ordos Basin

The Jenkyns Event (~183 Ma) represents an exceptional warming period in the Jurassic, which is characterized by intense environmental and climate perturbation. The eruption of the Karoo‐Ferrar Large Igneous Province (K‐F LIP) triggered pronounced carbon isotope negative excursion (N‐CIE) in exogenic carbon reservoirs, global widespread organic carbon burial and extensive ocean anoxia. However, the synchronic coupling relationship between the carbon release, volcanic activity, and intense weathering induced by the K‐F LIP during this period remains poorly understood. In this study, detailed sedimentologic and geochemical studies were conducted on the terrestrial stratigraphy of the Lower Jurassic Fuxian Formation in the Ordos Basin. Three spore‐pollen assemblages have been identified, with the Cyathidites‐Deltoidospora‐Chasmatosporites assemblage suggesting a Pliensbachian age, the Classopollis‐Cycadopites‐Chasmatosporites assemblage indicating an early to middle Toarcian age, and the Cyathidites‐Cycadopites‐Psophosphaera assemblage indicating a late Toarcian age. The lower part of the Classopollis‐Cycadopites‐Chasmatosporites assemblage shows a negative CIE with a magnitude of 2.7‰, accompanied by organic carbon enrichment. Mercury concentrations and Hg/total organic carbon ratios also show peaks during the initial stage of the carbon isotope negative shift, implying a synchrony between volcanic activities and carbon perturbation. Furthermore, the Chemical Index of Alteration value has reached its maximum and the kaolinite content shows a sharp increase at the same position as the carbon isotope negative shift initiation, indicating a simultaneous enhancement of continental weathering during volcanic activity. The changing patterns of the continental weathering intensity encompassing the Jenkyns Event also indicate that continental weathering may have functioned as a significant approach to counteract the greenhouse effect caused by substantial volcanic CO2 emissions.

Tree Vegetation Diversity In The Natural Reserve Of Jagat Mountain Sumedang

Mount Jagat is a 133.64-hectare nature reserve area that is directly adjacent to the village and community agricultural land. The designation and management of nature reserves aim to conserve biodiversity, prevent species extinction, protect the forest as a life-support system, and sustainably utilize biodiversity. The threats posed by anthropogenic activities in the Mount Jagat area indicate the need for an inventory and analysis of species diversity, especially tree vegetation, as a first step for conservation. Data collection was carried out using nested quadrats which were placed systematically based on the Land Mapping Unit (LMU). The quadrats were 20 m x 20 m for trees, 10 m x 10 m for poles, 5 m x 5 m for saplings, and 2 m x 2 m for seedlings. The data were then analyzed using Family Importance Value (FIV), Importance Value Index (IVI), Shannon's Diversity Index (H'), and global conservation status by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). There are 78 species from 32 families found in the study area. The results showed that the highest FIV for trees was the Moraceae family, 15.43%. The highest FIV for polishes and saplings were in the family Euphorbiaceae with 20.65% and 23.60% respectively. The highest FIV at the seedlings level was the Lauraceae family at 28.47%. Two species were found that had IVI above 10% in almost every growth stage, namely Machilus rimosa (Blume) Blume. and Orophea hexandra Blume. Machilus rimosa (Blume) Blume. found at the tree, pole, sapling, and seedling levels. Orophea hexandra Blume. found at the pole, sapling, and seedling levels. The H' values for the stages of tree growth, polishing, sapling, and seedling were 1.71, 1.63, 1.47, and 1.39, respectively, included in the moderate diversity category. Globally, there are 2 species categorized as vulnerable (VU) and 1 species near threatened (NT) based on IUCN data.

Assessment of species diversity, biomass and carbon stock of mangrove forests on Belitung Island, Indonesia

Abstract. Henri, Farhaby AM, Supratman O, Adi W, Febrianto S. 2023. Assessment of species diversity, biomass and carbon stock of mangrove forests on Belitung Island, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 6761-6769. Mangroves are highly productive ecosystems that provide important ecosystem services for people and nature, including climate change mitigation. This study analyzed species diversity, biomass value, and estimated carbon stocks in mangrove forest ecosystems on Belitung Island, Indonesia. The data collection method is carried out by creating a linear plot consisting of several circular subplots. Data analysis was carried out to determine the frequency, density, important value index, biomass (above-ground and below-ground biomass), and carbon content. The results of research on mangrove ecosystems on Belitung Island obtained ten species of mangroves dominated by Rhizophora apiculata Blume found in all research sites. The density of mangroves in the four locations (&gt;1,500 trees/ha) is very dense. In contrast, the location in Juru Seberang (1,349 trees/ha) is categorized as moderate because it is the location of previous reforestation. Rhizophora apiculata has an important value index at the tree (161.24%) and sapling (149.24%) levels. Mangroves on Belitung Island have a total biomass value (225.08 t ha-1), estimated carbon content (112.54 t C ha-1), and carbon dioxide (CO2) absorption of 413.02 t CO2 ha-1. Sustainable coastal ecosystem management can significantly reduce carbon emissions from the land use sector and maintain ecosystem services in these coastal habitats, considering Belitung Island as one of the archipelago areas.

The Value of Plasma Atherogenic Index in Prognosis of Sudden Hearing Loss.

The impact of lipid parameters on hearing loss has been extensively studied in the literature. However, there is currently no study investigating the prognostic factor of plasma atherogenic index in patients with sudden hearing loss. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship of plasma atherogenic index in patients with sudden hearing loss. Plasma atherogenic index is calculated using the logarithmic ratio of triglycerides [mg/dL] to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ([mg/dL]) based on lipid parameters. The patients were divided into tertiles according to their plasma atherogenic index values and the role of plasma atherogenic index on prognosis was investigated among the tertiles. The difference between baseline and control audiometer values for each patient was calculated, and a linear regression analysis was used to determine its statistical significance. A total of 84 sudden hearing loss patients (57 male: 68%; 27 female: 32%) were included in the study. The mean age of the study participants was 45.3 ± 14.0. There was an inverse relationship between plasma atherogenic index and difference of audiometer values. Linear regression analyses revealed odds ratio and 95% confidence intervals of 0.405 (0.123-1.331) with P=.135 for 500 Hz, 0.371 (0.071-0.990) with P=.048 for 1000 Hz, 0.319 (0.119-0.851) with P=.024 for 2000 Hz and 0.406 (0.161-0.992) with P=.049 for 4000 Hz. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate that plasma atherogenic index can serve as an indicator of a poor prognosis in the treatment of sudden hearing loss.

GC-MS profile, total phenolic, and DPPH radical scavenging activity of Saurauia minahassae stembark ethyl acetate extract

Several species of the genus Saurauia have been traditionally used as remedies. However, Saurauria minahassae, as an endemic plant, is still understudied. This study aims to reveal the total phenolics, GC-MS profile, and bioactivity as DPPH free radical scavengers of ethyl acetate extract of S.minahassae collected from Banggai Island, Indonesia. Determination of Total Phenolic Content (TPC) was conducted using the colorimetry method by spectrophotometer. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) and TLC-bioautography performed analysis of secondary metabolites and qualitative DPPH free radical scavenging activity, respectively. GC-MS analysis was conducted to identify the chemical compounds of the extract. The extract’s IC50 value and Antioxidant activity index (AAI) were performed by serial microdilution method on the 96-microwell plate. The results showed that TPC was 432.33 mg GAE/g extract. TLC analysis revealed several metabolites, and TLC-bioautography also revealed several compounds active as DPPH free radical scavengers. The ethyl acetate extract of S. minahassae is categorized as a very strong DPPH free radical scavenger or potent antioxidant with an IC50 value of 3.29 ug/ml and AAI of 9.32. GC-MS profile of the ethyl acetate extract of S.minahassae stembark contained several compounds with antioxidant activity. The potential antioxidant activity of S. minahassae stembark extract was contributed by phenolic content and several compounds with antioxidant activity in the extract. This extract could be a good source of natural antioxidants, and S. minahassae sustainability as an endemic plant should be maintained.

Inventory of plants as food source for Apis sp. and Trigona sp. in Tlekung Batu East Java Indonesia

This study aims to identify plant species and analyze the density (D), frequency (F), Importance Value Index (IVI) of each plant that is a source of food for Apis sp. and Trigona sp. in Tlekung Village. This research was conducted using survey and sampling methods in 3 garden locations where there is honey bee cultivation. Each location has 10 plots, one plot has an area of 1m x 1m. Data analysis using RD, RF, and IVI formulas. The results of the study were 2579 individuals consisting of 37 species from 20 families and 18 orders. The plant species that has the largest IVI is Synedrella nodiflora (66.30) from the family Asteraceae order Asterales as well as recommendations to be provided around the garden to support the feed of Apis sp. and Trigona sp.

Classification of Standing Types at PT. Work Locations. Sustainable Forest Tusam in Krakap Dusun, Umang Village, Linge District, Central Aceh District

PT. Tusam Hutani Lestari is a company with an area of ± 97,300 Ha which has an Industrial Plantation Forest Concession Rights permit number 452/Kpts-11/92 dated 14 May in Aceh Province which is in the districts of Central Aceh, North Aceh, Bener Meriah and Bireuen. With a large working area, the forest area is divided into 6 working blocks, namely the Mount Salak block, Blangkuyu block, Lampahan block, Burni Telong block, Bidin block and Jambu Aye block, making this area have varied biodiversity. This observation aims to determine the diversity of types of stand distribution found on mixed forest land and to determine the value of the important value index (INP) for a type of stand at the PT work site. Tusam Sustainable Forest. The results show that there are 8 types of stands or trees with a total of 17 individuals in the mixed forest area. The dominant important value index (INP) is found in Eucalyptus trees at 60.57% and Pine at 58.66%, while the INP for all plant types in mixed forest area cover is 300% and is included in the high value, and the diversity index for the growth rate of mixed forest land cover shows that the PT Tusam Hutani Lestari work area is included in the medium criteria.

Estudio etnobotánico de la flora medicinal de la provincia de Trujillo, Perú

Trujillo, one of the main provinces of Peru, is home to a multicultural population, coming from the Coast, Sierra and Selva; of different ideologies, cultures, and ancestral knowledge about the correct use of medicinal flora. In this sense and in an effort to rescue this ancestral knowledge, the ethnobotanical study of the medicinal flora of the province of Trujillo was carried out. For which 96 semi-structured interviews wereapplied, using the "snowball" technique; followed by the collection, taxonomic determination and calculation of ethnobotanical indices: Use Value Index (IVU) and Informant Consensus Factor Index (FCI). It is concluded that the inhabitants of Trujillo makeuse of 102 species of medicinal flora, distributed in 95 genera and 46 families for the treatment and/or cure of 62 diseases. Of the total species, 24 turned out to be the most important (according to their IVU) for the cure of diseases of the Trujillo population.

Etnobotánica de los barrios antiguos de Guadalajara, Jalisco, México: el uso de plantas medicinales

Medicinal plants have been used by various cultures since pre-Hispanic times in Mexico. In this study, the use of medicinal plants in the old neighborhoods of Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico is described. 137 species, 130 genera and 68 families were recorded. 34% of the species belong to Asteraceae, Lamiaceae, Malvaceae and Fabaceae families. The neighborhoods of Mexicaltzingo and San Juan de Dios are the most related to the knowledge and use of medicinal plants, while El Santuario is the least similar to the rest. The diversity of uses of medicinal plants according to the Shannon index is high (between 3.0 and 4.92). The Use Value Index showed that Matricaria chamomilla L. was the species that obtained the highest value (0.28), followed by Gnaphalium americanum Mill. (0.23). The age group between 51 and 85 years old has greater knowledge about medicinal plants their uses.