Value In Term Research Articles

A Stochastic Network Calculus (SNC)-Based Model for Planning B5G uRLLC RAN Slices

Radio Access Network (RAN) slicing involves several challenges. In particular, the Mobile Network Operator (MNO) must ensure —before deploying each slice—that corresponding requirements can be met throughout its lifetime. For ultra-Reliable Low Latency Communication (uRLLC) slices, the MNO must guarantee the packet transmission delay within a delay budget with a certain probability. Most existing solutions focus on allocating dynamically radio resources to maximize the number of packets, whose transmission delay is within the delay budget. However, these solutions do not ensure the violation probability is below a target value in the long term. In this paper, we focus on slicing from a planning perspective. Specifically, we propose a Stochastic Network Calculus (SNC)-based model, which given the amount of radio resources allocated for a uRLLC slice, the target violation probability and the traffic demand distribution, provides the delay bound for such conditions. Additionally, we propose heuristics for planning uRLLC slices. Interestingly, such heuristics benefit from the proposed SNC-based model to compute the amount of radio resources to be assigned to each slice while its delay bound, given a target violation probability, is within the delay budget. We validate the SNC-based model and demonstrate the effectiveness of the heuristics.

Customer experience management for highly demanded services in the financial market in crisis

Purpose: to provide differentiated marketing solutions for manage customer experience based on various demographics, behavioral characteristics and customer values in the process of servicing for investing in gold.Methods: the current study was based upon general scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, applied methods of marketing research. The field market research and analysis of customer experience were carried out in relation to investment opportunities available in banks: physical gold and depersonalized metal accounts. A qualitative research method included “Mystery shopper” – a covert participant observation research of 8 banks in Moscow – the major players offering services for investing in gold.Results: the authors found out that investing in gold becomes in demand during the crisis time. Gold, as an investment opportunity, is a protective asset and retains its value in a long term. The target segments potentially interested in investing in gold can be determined by demographic and behavioral characteristics, desired benefits and values. The authors analyzed the customer experience journey of two segments in the process of investing in through different banking channels. The customer experience was illustrated with customer experience maps that propose management solutions for banks that desire to offer gold investment services.Conclusions and Relevance: in the context of geopolitical and economic instability, the demand for investment opportunities in gold remains high. While customers value high level of services and investment appeal banks are interested in obtaining a stable income. To provide a mutually beneficial cooperation it is important to create a level of service that would fully meet consumer demand. The basis to create a high-quality service for investing in gold include specific management strategies enabling to receive omnichannel (both digital and non-digital) customer experience in various customer segments.

Indicators of Sustainable Development in the Current Economic Situation

The concept of sustainable development, the paradigm of assessing the risks and opportunities associated with climate change, the innovation of attitudes towards the environment, the observance of human rights and the solution of problems of society and local communities formed the basis of this article. The unwillingness to sacrifice the quality of growth in the name of its pace, the desire to ensure the priority of sustainable development have become global trends in the intellectual tradition of postmodernity. It is they who will determine the economic and financial agenda in the near future. Sustainable development is understood as such growth of national economies and companies that meets the needs of the present without prejudice to future generations, the ability to create value in the long term. To assess sustainability, countries, companies, regions and local communities use an assessment of three development vectors: the impact on the environment, actions to solve social problems and the effective management of the organization itself (ESG criteria, from the English Environmental, Social, Governance).

ESG 논란과 주식 수익률: 자연어 처리의 활용

This study examines whether corporate value reacts to news and articles disclosing Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) controversies by analyzing the daily stock market responses. Based on deep learning techniques, we collect and utilize a large-scale ESG controversy article dataset for the 10-year-long period from 2012 to 2021. By refining the big data and classifying the ESG articles using KoBERT, a natural language processing model, we investigate how the stock market reacts differently depending on the type of ESG controversy issues. We find that stock prices tend to decline in response to the negative news about ESG controversies. We also find that the stock market responds to the news more intensively as the news coverage becomes greater. The financial performance of companies such as operating profit to assets and credit rating affects the extent to which the ESG controversy changes the corporate value in the short term. Under the interdisciplinary framework, our empirical analyses and findings yield insight on how to analyze the news articles containing ESG controversies and broaden our understanding of the influence of ESG controversies on domestic companies.

Are family firms really reluctant to innovate? Evidence from IPOs

PurposeThe aim of this paper is to explore the family firms' propensity to undertake R&D investments after going public, showing how it varies due to the ownership structure.Design/methodology/approachThe analysis is based on a sample of 132 French and Italian family and nonfamily IPOs in the period 2013–2018.FindingsThe empirical findings show a positive relationship between the quantity of post-IPO shares retained by family owners and R&D investments. Furthermore, the abovementioned relationship is negatively affected by the generational stage and positively by the presence of a lone founder.Practical implicationsOutside investors of family firms may be assured in buying shares of founding family firms after going public because they are stimulated to undertake R&D investments and therefore create overall value in the long term. Furthermore, external managers of lone-founder and first-generation family firms can adopt innovation investments without fear of being replaced as a consequence of a hostile takeover. Lastly, private equity should support later generation family IPOs, providing them with capital and managerial skills in order to generate value for shareholders.Originality/valuePast studies have mostly shown family firms' reluctance to undertake R&D investments; however, scholars have focused on private or public family firms, ruling out the analysis of family firms' innovation behaviour within the setting of an IPO. To the best of the author's knowledge, this study represents the first empirical attempt to investigate the relationship between family firms and post-IPO innovation investments, when the capital infusion relaxes the financial constraints of family firms.

Investor Activism and Firm Time Horizon: Do Activist Campaigns Influence Firms’ Strategic Priorities

This study addresses whether and how activist investors influence firms’ strategic decision-making. Utilizing an attention-based perspective, we propose that activist campaigns are salient events that shift managerial attention toward strategic priorities that shorten firm time horizon. Using a difference-in-difference research design, we compare firms with and without an activist campaign during the 2002-2018 period. We find that firms targeted by activist investors increase their relative emphasis on strategic priorities that can enhance shareholder value in the short term. This observation of a shift in priorities indicates that activist campaigns serve to shorten firm time horizon. We also find that firms with greater institutional investor stock ownership and firms led by CEO founders are more likely to respond to activist campaigns by emphasizing short-term strategic priorities.

Investment Value Analysis of Listed Companies based on Stock Valuation Methods

Because stock prices are affected by a variety of factors, their market value may deviate from its intrinsic value in the short term. From a value investment perspective, stock value remains an important reference factor in long-term investment. This article takes the listed company Golden Seed Wine as an example, and takes the company's 2018-2020 annual report data to calculate the company's relative investment value through the price-to-earnings ratio, price-to-book ratio and dividend discount model, giving investors a certain investment reference.

A Framework for Customer Engagement Behaviour in the Financial Services Industry : A Critical Review of Evidence

In the post-COVID era, while the use of technology-enabled contactless financial services is growing, it is more critical than ever to match the rising customer expectations by aiding customers in making the best decisions and fulfilling their aspirations. The paper’s objective was to critically review published research on the antecedents of non-transactional customer engagement behaviors (CEBs), such as relationship quality, emotions, customer empowerment, and the influence of the CEBs on customer loyalty and advocacy in the financial services industry. Relevant online databases were comprehensively searched through Boolean search, reviewed critically, and synthesized narratively. The guidelines of PICO (participants, interventions, comparisons, outcomes) were followed. The final results indicated that an empowered, satisfied, highly pre-dispositional customer possessing different affective states and trust reciprocated positive engagement behaviors (CEBs). The positive CEBs build attitudinal loyalty and advocacy behaviors that create value in the long term. This review guided on managing customer tendencies to positively and emotionally engage with the product and brand in many ways, such as reviews and testimonials, to curtail switch-over behaviors, encourage customer advocacy, and loyalty behaviors.

Penerapan Algoritma Vertical Bit Rotation Dalam Pengamanan Data Sekolah

Cryptography is a science based on mathematical techniques related to security and information such as confidentiality, data integrity and entity authentication. In other words, it means to conduct the process of encoding libraries that act as ciphers, and converting the original text into illegal it. The implementation of encryption process requires a public and a secret key. One of the cryptography techniques applied in the research is the Algorithm of Vertical Bit Rotation (VBR). The VBR is a technique that implements an asymmetric key, which it has a same value in term of data encryption and decryption. The technique is also applied in the shape of an application designed in this research, then have ability to run encryption and decryption process in the format of text file, that providing data security to avoid eavesdropping and illegal access from irresponsible parties. The result done by using VBR is it may run well so have ability to restore the condition of the data in plaintext, then in addition information, encrypted data cannot be returned to its pure form without using a valid key

Is fetal CTG a reliable indicator of fetal distress? A prospective study on relationship between CTG suspected fetal distress and immediate postpartum umbilical cord blood pH.

Introduction Perinatal asphyxia is one of the major causes of neonatal morbidity and mortality. Fetal Cardiotocography (CTG) has been used for long to predict fetal asphyxia. Despite its popularity, it has not been proved to be an ideal tool for monitoring as, although a normal trace is indicative of a normal acid-base status at birth, in about 98% of cases, an abnormal trace has a low positive predictive value in term of fetal acidosis (pH less than 7.25) .An undisputed evidence of perinatal asphyxia is metabolic acidosis on arterial cord blood or very early neonatal samples: pH< 7 and base deficit >12 mmol/L Aim To see the correlation between suspicious/pathological CTG and umbilical cord blood pH at birth in term pregnancies. Material and methods This was a hospital based prospective randomized observational study over a period of 1 year. It was conducted on 165 pregnant women with singleton term pregnancy admitted to labour ward for delivery and having suspicious / pathological CTG trace or meconium stained liquor with normal CTG trace. Immediately after the birth of the neonate, umbilical cord was clamped, cut and umbilical artery cord blood was collected in a pre - heparinized syringe and sent for pH analysis. Cord blood pH of less than 7.2 was interpreted as acidosis. Results The number of acidotic cases (as determined by cord blood pH less than 7.2) was 2(5.6%) in normal traces whereas 34 cases (94.4%) of normal traces were non acidotic. In the suspicious traces, 2 cases (3.2%) were acidotic and 59 cases (96.8%) were non acidotic. In the pathological category, 13 cases (19.1%) were acidotic and 55 cases (80.9%) were non acidotic. There was no significant association of CTG category with cord blood pH, acidosis, pO2 or pCo2 values but that with presence of MSL and grade of MSL was statistically significant. Conclusion Abnormal CTG while being a good predictor of the presence of MSL and also the grade of MSL, is a poor predictor of the presence of fetal acidosis and neonatal status after birth. Fetal monitoring using cardiotocography was associated with considerable false positive results. Thus, using fetal heart rate abnormalities alone as a measure of diagnosis of fetal distress during labour is a contributing factor of increasing rate of cesarean sections.

Emerging and New Treatment Options for Knee Osteoarthritis.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most prevalent type of arthritis worldwide, resulting in pain and often chronic disability and a significant burden on healthcare systems globally. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), analgesics, intra-articular corticosteroid injections are of little value in the long term, and opioids may have ominous consequences. Radiotherapy of knee OA has no added value. Physical therapy, exercises, weight loss, and lifestyle modifications may give pain relief, improve physical functioning and quality of life. However, none of them has articular cartilage regenerating potential. Due to a better understanding of osteoarthritis, innovative new treatment options have been developed. In this narrative review, we focus on emerging OA knee treatments, relieving symptoms, and regenerating damaged articular cartilage that includes intra-articular human serum albumin, conventional disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs), metformin, lipid-lowering agents (statin), nerve growth factors antagonists, bone morphogenetic protein, fibroblast growth factors, Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP), Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSC), exosomes, interleukin-1 blockers, gene-based therapy, and bisphosphonate.

Solvent-free rapid degradation of epoxy composites and recycling application of high performance carbon fibers through the synergic catalysis effect of molten salts and titanium dioxide

Along with the massive application of the carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP), the quantity of CFRP wastes are rapidly increasing, becoming an urgent issue to be resolved. Here, an effective solvent-free treatment method was proposed to recycle carbon fiber/epoxy composite wastes and reclaim the carbon fibers with high performance. The resin matrix composed of tetra-functional epoxy/aromatic amine system which is widely used in aircraft components can be decomposed rapidly in KCl/ZnCl2 molten salts due to triggered C-N bond cleavage under the catalytic effect of cations at 350 °C in 90 min, and TiO2 can facilitate the removal of pyrolysis carbon within 10 min subsequently. In addition, the reclaimed fibers had similar chemical structure and graphitization degree to the commercial fibers, and also the tensile strength retention rate was up to 97.8%. The reclaimed carbon fibers showed a comparable reinforcing effect for the polypropylene in comparison to the commercial fibers, without visible influence on processability, thermal stability and crystallization behavior of matrix, showing valuable application potential in the field of composite materials. Therefore, this study devised a novel high-efficiency technique applicable for industry to reclaim high-performance carbon fibers from epoxy composite wastes under a mild condition, which showed a significant application value in term of the environmental protection and sustainable development.

Prognostic Values of Systemic Immune-inflammation (SII) Index and Systemic Inflammatory Markers in Advanced Stage Solid Tumor Patients Received Palliative Chemotherapy

Background: The systemic inflammatory response can be reflected by hematological parameters, including the neutrophil tolymphocyte ratio (NLR), the monocyte-to-lymphocyte ration (MLR) and the platelet-to-lymphocyte ration (PLR). A new inflammatory index, called systemic immune-inflammatory index (SII) has been recently suggested to be associated with poor survival outcomes in many cancers. However, there is no study of SII index and inflammatory marker demonstrated survival outcomes and response of chemotherapy in advanced staged solid tumor. Therefore, these questions are necessary to evaluate the prognostic value of SII index and inflammatory markers. Objective: The present study was performed to investigation the prognostic role of these marker index in this setting. Materials and Methods: The authors retrospectively analyzed 354 patients who diagnosed advanced stage or recurrent disease of cancer patients who received palliative chemotherapy between 2014 and 2019. Patients clinicopathological parameters were recorded. The authors calculated inflammatory-based biomarker (SII index, NLR, MLR and PLR) and analyzed correlation of SII index and systemic inflammatory markers as prognosis value in term of progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). Results: The 354 patients were included in the present study. Most of the tumor types were primary lung cancer (42.9%), breast cancer (16.1%) and colorectal cancer (14.1%). A high SII index was correlated with good PFS (HR = 0.998), p-value = 0.019. While high NLR, MLR and PLR were correlated with poor PFS (HR = 1.036, 2.024 and 1.015), p-value = 0.007, 0.001 and &lt;0.001, respectively. Likewise, overall survival outcome had the same correlation result. ROC curves determine the same values of these inflammatory markers as prediction prognosis. Conclusion: SII index, NLR, MLR and PLR are prognostic predictor in advanced stage solid tumor patients received chemotherapy. Higher SII index might be good prognosis marker in these setting. The low cost, feasible and reproducibility of these markers may be helpful as a prognostic tool. Keywords: Advance cancer; Chemotherapy; Inflammatory markers; SII; NLR; MLR; PLR

Does Tax Incentives Affect Future Firm Value for Corporate Sustainability?

This paper investigates how tax benefits for companies affect future firm value and current corporate performance. In addition, this paper also examines the relationship between tax benefits and future firm value for each major industry. The findings of this paper are as follows. First, tax benefits granted to companies improve current corporate performance. The effect of tax benefits that reduce corporate tax costs increases net income, which directly increases current corporate performance, such as ROA (returns on assets) and ROE (returns on equity). Second, tax benefits granted to firms reduce future firm value. Industries that receive tax benefits may have inherent taxation, which can lead to fiercer competition and ultimately lower pre-tax profit margins due to the entry of new companies or the increase in production facilities. In addition, tax benefits that cause temporary differences among the types of tax benefits for a company through deferred tax payments may be factors that hinder future improvements in corporate value. These causes result in the fact that tax benefits for a company can negatively affect its value in the long term. This paper has the following contributions. First, the findings of this paper imply that there is a limit to the positive impact of tax benefits on firms on improving corporate value in the long run. Second, through empirical analysis, this study provides objective information that the impact of tax incentives on corporate value may differ by industry.

PENGARUH BOARD CHARACTERISTICS PROPORSI WOMAN ON BOARD PADA KINERJA KEUANGAN

Financial performance is the main benchmark in assessing whether or not performance in company can be measured through the financial performance each company. Measuring financial performance can be seen by two sides, from internal and external factors. According to IICG (Indonesian Institute of Corporate Governance) corporate governance is a process and structure that is applied in running company, with the aim of increasing value in the long term while it still paying attention to the interest of other stakeholder. Woman on board is a gender diversity that is included in the board diversity section. The presence of women at the top management level in Indonesia is still small. It is assumed that the competence and skill of men are better than women, so it called a reaction arises, namely overconfidence. Indonesia got the lowest results of all countries with a percentage only 5.4% where from this data it can be proven that the role of women on the board for the Indonesia state is still dominated by men in decision-making policies and corporate governance. This study uses 111 sample of basic and chemical industrial companies, miscellaneous industry, consumer goods, utility, infrastructure and transportation for the period 2015 -2017. Where the result of the study indicate that the influence of Board Female Proportions (BFP) has a negative and significant influence on the company’s financial performance.

Feasibility and prognostic value of adenosine stress perfusion cardiovascular magnetic resonance in patient with implantable device

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: None. Background stress CMR has a limited use in patients with implantable device, in order to the possible artefacts due to the metallic component and to the risk of adenosine interaction with cardiac pacing. The aim of the study was to assess the global feasibility and to assess the prognostic value of stress perfusion CMR in patients with implantable device. Materials and Methods we conducted a retrospective single-center longitudinal analysis of consecutive patients with an implantable device referred for stress CMR, performed using a 1.5 Tesla unit (Siemens Healthcare,MAGNETOM Aera, Erlangen-Germany). Protocol was adapted according to current guidelines. Cardiac follow-up [6 months to 7 years] was obtained by medical records of direct contact with patient’s cardiologist referral. Results 44 patients were enrolled. 34 patients needed a continuous pacing during adenosine stress, that was settled in DOO in 14 (32%) and in VOO in 20 (45%). Device integrity was not compromised by CMR and not competitive atrial or ventricular stimulation was observed during examination. Image quality was good in 95% cases. 26% cases had a perfusion deficit corresponding to a previous scar, while 12% of patients had a positive stress test. All of them needed continuous pacing during stress test and underwent to a coronary angiography who confirmed the coronary stenosis. In patients without inducible ischemia 2 patients experienced a Non-ST-elevation Myocardial Infarction after 6 and 2 years while no other cardiac symptoms or cardiac hospitalisation was remarkable during follow up. Conclusion adenosine stress CMR in patient who are pacemaker dependent during scanner is feasible, with an overall good image quality, proving an excellent diagnostic and prognostic value in a long term follow up even. Adenosine administration is safe and no the magnetic field interference with the correct functioning of the device have been shown in short or long term follow-up.

Analysis on Forestry Economic Growth Index Based on Internet Big Data

The development of economic forestry industry is an important support in the process of rural revitalization strategy and precise poverty alleviation, as well as enrichment of the people. As the market of economic forestry products is close to a perfectly competitive market, brand effect is crucial under homogeneous competition, and economic forestry product enterprises and other business entities need to win and maintain sustainable competitive advantages through brand management. Currently, in the field of economic forest, products such as Chinese wolfberry, jujube, blueberry, fungus, walnut, tephrosia, hazelnut, and chestnut and forest foods and product brands with certain market recognition have emerged, but for most small- and medium-sized economic forest product enterprises, forest product brand cultivation and construction are still in the initial stage. Under the rapid development of the Internet, different types of Internet platforms, which provide new tools and possibilities for branding, the way of corporate brand marketing, and customer management services, have also undergone significant changes. In the market with serious homogenization and increasingly fierce competition, how to establish brand-consumer connection through the Internet platform, strengthen the intensity of consumer participation and connection to the brand, give play to the brand effect, and enhance the brand value in the long term, so as to obtain a new way to win a sustainable competitive advantage, has become an important proposition for all kinds of enterprises, including economic forest product enterprises. Combining the competitive characteristics of economic forestry products and the development of the Internet, the model of brand value enhancement of economic forestry products based on virtual brand communities is constructed. The model takes the experience value obtained by consumers in the virtual brand community as the antecedent and studies the path relationship from experience value, community identity, brand fit, and consumer brand value creation to brand value in four dimensions, utilitarian experience value, emotional experience value, social experience value, and learning experience value, and takes community integration and community support feeling as the moderating variables.

Recreational Use Value of Sherana Valley in Duhok Governorate, Kurdistan Region of Iraq

Ecotourism and outdoor recreation are becoming one of the most attractive activities in the economic developments mainly due to their relaxation aspects for reducing the daily urban stress. While, debates continue about selecting the best strategies for recreational activities management, due to natural resources and finance limitations. Thus, estimation of economic value and benefits of recreation sites require allocating optimum resources of scarce. The economic evaluation of the recreation impact has been observed by few studies in Kurdistan region of Iraq. The current study aimed to determine the effect of demographic and socio-economic features of tourists on recreation demand, tourist use value in term of (Travel Cost trip, The Demand Function model and Calculation of the Consumer Surplus). The results showed that there was a slight difference between genders, graduates degrees and job career to visit Sherana valley natural tourist destination. Interestingly, most of the ecotourist visited the Sherana Valley for the opportunity to experience the beauty and magic of its great outdoors (55.5% and 22.5% respondents did their first-, and second-time visits, respectively). Moreover, the difference between families income has a great effect on the visits. The findings showed that the average value of total travel cost was 24472.5 per tourist per visit and the most interesting finding was that the annual number of tourists visit affected by the travel cost, household income, age, and education level were not compatible with theoretical expectation in the travel cost implementation. Hence the consumer Surplus was estimated in this study to be 862069 ID (~ 690 US$). Due to the lack of database in this domain further researches need for other sites that qualify as a natural destination of recreation

أثر محددات الاستثمار في الاقتصاد العراقي للمدة (2004-2018) ، دراسة قياسية

The research aims to measure and analyze the determinants of investment in the Iraqi economy and study the theoretical foundations of investment and analyze the viewpoint of the most important schools of economic thought regarding investment and investment determinants and their effects on economic activity , and by using possible standard models as the results of standard analysis using the joint integration tests of time series . cointegration tests, they have proven the existence of a long-term equilibrium relationship according to the methodology of the results of estimating the short and long-term parameters and the error correction parameter(ECM) , it is moving from a set of explanatory variables towards The dependent variable, while the value of the error correction vector coefficient was negative and significant , as it reached (-0.59%) , which means the fulfillment of the two basic conditions in this parameter , namely : its negative value and the statistical significance . This means that (0.59) of the short-term errors are automatically corrected during the unit of time (year) to reach the equilibrium in the long term, meaning that the investment requires about less then a year (1.6) , that is , approximately a year and 6 days to reach its equilibrium value in the long term , In other words , the previous period deviates from the long-term equilibrium and is corrected in the current by (59%) . This indicates that the adjustment in the model was relatively fast .

Proteinuria changes in kidney disease patients with clinical remission during the COVID-19 pandemic.

BackgroundsData on how lifestyle changes due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic have influenced the clinical features of kidney disease patients remain scarce.MethodsThis study retrospectively analyzed clinical variables in patients with stage G1–G4 chronic kidney disease (CKD) with complete or incomplete remission of proteinuria, who were managed in a nephrology outpatient clinic of a university hospital in Tokyo. The clinical variables during the COVID-19 pandemic (term 1, June–July 2020) were compared to those one year before the pandemic (term 0, June–July 2019). The urinary protein excretion (UPE) was used as the primary outcome measure.ResultsThis study included 325 patients with stage G1–G4 CKD (mean age 58.5 years old, 37.5% female, 80.6% on renin-angiotensin aldosterone system inhibitors [RAASis], 12.0% on maintenance dose immunosuppression therapy) evaluated at term 0. The UPE at terms 0 and 1 was 247 (92–624) and 203 (84–508) mg/day [median (25th–75th percentile)], respectively; the value in term 1 was 18% lower than that in term 0 (p<0.001), with no marked difference in body weight, blood pressure, protein intake or urinary salt excretion. In multivariable analyses, incomplete remission of proteinuria in term 0 (odds ratio [OR] = 2.70, p = <0.001), RAASi use (OR = 2.09, p = 0.02) and decreased urinary salt excretion in term 1 vs. term 0 (OR = 1.94, p = 0.002) were identified as independent variables associated with reduced UPE in term 1 vs. term 0. No significant interactions between the variables were observed.ConclusionIn kidney disease patients receiving standard medical care from nephrologists, the UPE after the emergency declaration in relation to the COVID-19 pandemic was lower than before the declaration. The UPE reduction may be associated with reduced dietary salt intake during the pandemic in patients treated with RAASi for insufficient control of proteinuria. Our results support the current proposal to continue therapeutic approaches to these patients, which involve RAASi therapy along with optimizing dietary habits, even while dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic.