Livestock Value Research Articles

Transcriptomics and metabolomics analyses reveal pollen abortion mechanism in alfalfa early stage male sterile lines

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), a prominent perennial forage in the legume family, is widely cultivated across Europe and America. Given its substantial economic value for livestock, breeding efforts have focused on developing high-yield and high-quality varieties since the discovery of CMS lines. However, progress is restricted by the limitations of existing CMS lines, necessitating the development of new lines and study of the molecular mechanisms underlying pollen abortion. This study investigates early-stage anther development in cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) alfalfa lines (MSJN1A) in relation to the isotypic maintainer line (MSJN1B). Histological analyses revealed abnormal degradation of tapetal cells post-meiosis in the CMS line. Notably, during the early mononuclear stage, the central vacuoles in the microspores were absent, leading to evident pollen abortion. These findings suggest that pollen abortion in the CMS line is associated with the delayed disintegration of the tapetum and structural anomalies in microspore vacuoles. Non-targeted metabolome sequencing revealed 401 and 405 metabolites at late tetrad and early mononuclear stages of alfalfa, respectively. Among these, 39 metabolites were consistently upregulated, whereas 85 metabolites were downregulated. Differential analysis revealed 45 and 37 unique metabolites at each respective stage. These metabolites were primarily featured in pathways related to energy, phenylpropane, sucrose and starch, and fatty acid metabolism. Integrated analysis demonstrated that differentially expressed genes and differential metabolites were co-enriched in these pathways. Additionally, quantitative real-time PCR and physiological index analysis confirmed downregulation of key genes involved in anther development, illustrating that changes in upstream gene regulation could significantly impact downstream metabolite levels, ultimately influencing pollen fertility. Pollen abortion is related to abnormal phenylpropane metabolism, fatty acid metabolism and starch and sucrose pathway, which provides reference for further research on the causes of pollen abortion of alfalfa.

Adapting East and Southern Africa’s livestock to climate change: a decision making under deep uncertainty-based approach for effective actions

ABSTRACT Livestock farmers are increasingly challenged to adapt to the impacts of climate change, necessitating the selection of adaptation strategies to effectively mitigate risks and protect livelihoods. This paper introduces a framework designed specifically for guiding the selection of context-specific adaptation options in the Eastern and Southern Africa region. The framework builds on a decision tree that incorporates changes within a management system or switching to another one, enabling a nuanced evaluation of adaptation options. Driven repetitively under different scenarios of climate changes and/or climate models, the frequencies of selecting different adaptation measures vary across livestock value chains, climate zones, and systems. Responding to the evolution of the climate system, these frequencies evolve over time, affecting the selection. For instance, agroforestry emerges as an increasingly suitable option for cattle and, to a lesser extent, for goats due to the projected rise in moderate heat stress periods, particularly in tropical climates. Conversely, this frequency decreases for sheep, more susceptible to heat stress, beyond the effect of agroforestry. This framework resolves the need for more context – and time-specific decisions on adaptation. This decision tree-based framework serves as a robust decision-making tool to steer the livestock sector toward effective climate change adaptation.

Crop rotation diversity and tillage effects on soil and wheat grain nutrient concentration in an organically-managed system

Consumer demand for high quality organic produce in Canada has in recent years contributed to the development of a more sustainable organic agriculture system that increased productivity without decreasing soil fertility. The objective of this 4-yr field study was to determine if an organic system with diversified crop rotations under reduced tillage would produce high quality spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain and improve soil fertility. A simplified rotation (SR) consisting of a forage pea (Pisum sativum L.) green manure (GM)-spring wheat sequence and a diversified rotation (DR, forage pea GM-oilseed-pulse crop-spring wheat sequence) were compared under two tillage intensities (high tillage [HT] and low tillage [LT]). The oilseed alternated between mustard (Sinapis alba L.) and flax (Linum usitatissimum L.), and the pulse alternated between field pea and lentil (Lens culinaris L.). Generally, nutrient concentrations in wheat grain were mostly significantly higher under LT than HT and in the DR compared with the SR. In addition, tillage-rotation system influenced soil zinc, calcium, magnesium, and sodium concentrations. However, grain Cd concentration was higher in the LT treatment under the DR sequence relative to other treatments. Our results indicate that organically managed diversified crop rotations under reduced tillage can produce wheat grains with high nutritional value for humans and livestock but may not increase soil micronutrient concentrations.

Methods and data needs to estimate the economic market value of livestock at different spatial scales.

Assessing the economic value of livestock such as cattle, goats, sheep, pigs, chickens and fish can offer information about their financial performance and economic importance at farm, national and global scale. Such information is needed for decision-making surrounding livestock finance, investment and strategic development. The aim of this study was to provide an overview of the key livestock valuation methods and associated data requirements. The study was conducted using a literature review. Five key livestock valuation methods were identified and described: historical costs, net current market value, replacement costs, net present value and cost of production. The findings of this study may be of interest to livestock scientists, veterinarians, policy-makers and other stakeholders who aim to assess the economic value of livestock herds. The Global Burden of Animal Diseases programme relied on the outcomes of this study to identify methods for the estimation of the economic value of livestock at the global scale and for its Ethiopia and Indonesia case studies.

AMR as a Global and One Health Issue: the Challenge to Adapt a Global Strategy in Two Low‐ and Middle‐income Countries, Mozambique and Vietnam

SummaryAntimicrobial resistance (AMR) is framed by international organisations as a global threat requiring a One Health (OH) approach. This raises challenges for adapting a global strategy to national contexts and sectorial policies. In the agricultural sector, another challenge is to avoid stigmatization of farmers’ behaviours and to pay more attention to other stakeholders and systemic drivers of antibiotic (AB) use. We examine the case of two low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs): Mozambique and Vietnam, with different levels of veterinary AB consumption (respectively lower and higher than the world average), accessibility to alternatives to veterinary AB (non‐existent in Mozambique) and veterinary medicines and services (very unequal in Mozambique), and opportunities to value higher‐standard products on domestic markets (emerging in Vietnam). The differences between these two LMICs challenges current ‘one size fits all’ strategies. We recommend embedding better national AMR strategies into sectorial agricultural policies and country‐specific contexts (i.e. by considering the functioning of the drugs markets and livestock value chains; resistance to other veterinary medicines, such as trypanocide), and to address the observed contradictions with national agricultural policies which, in order to face the growing consumption of animal products, encourage the development of livestock systems that are technically and economically dependent on the use of AB.

Employment in personal subsidiary farm: ethnic and regional features (the case of Khakassia)

Employment in a personal subsidiary farm (PSF), aimed at providing products for own subsistence, becomes an alternative to job for hire in conditions of high unemployment in rural areas. At the same time, the role of personal subsidiary farms varies in differing climatic, economic and socio-cultural conditions. The purpose of the article is to compare the practices of personal subsidiary farms in multiethnic region of Khakassia in order to identify the ethnoregional features of household farmsteads. Surveyed ethnic groups (566 respondents) are living in Russians, Khakass and Shors rural areas. Khakass people turned out to be the most active in the management of personal economy, the Shors were the least involved, and the Russians occupy a “middle” position. The differentiation of household plots is due to the fact that the motives for farming among these ethnic groups are not the same. Russians are engaged in economic activities mainly to provide themselves with food, although many of them just like this activity. The value of land and livestock is high for Khakass people and Shors, but most of them lead personal subsidiary farming rather as a habit.

Perspectives on progression of transboundary disease, one health and ecosystem health management in the Greater Mekong Subregion and beyond

Livestock production in the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS) reflects the inefficient smallholder ‘keeper’ system that has been slow to adapt to the rapidly expanding demand for animal protein-sourced foods in the region as urban economies have flourished and food preferences altered. The prolonged surge in demand, with only modest increases in local production, has increased the movement of animals and products into and from the GMS, accompanied by surging risks of transboundary animal disease (TAD) incursions, including the one health (OH) threats of zoonoses and antimicrobial resistance. As a consequence, the region has been subjected to epidemics of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), new strains of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus, with recent incursions of African swine fever (ASF), lumpy skin disease (LSD), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) and risks of peste petits ruminants (OPR) occurring in Southeast Asia (SEA) and beyond. These incidents reflect inadequate biosecurity, a sustainability issue that was clearly of relevance in the covid-19 pandemic, reflecting ecosystem health (EH) deficits, including land-use issues and unregulated trading in wildlife-sourced and poorly processed foods through the predominant ‘wet markets’. These challenges are increasingly confounded by slow adaption to the impacts of the climate crisis, including flooding, drought, crop failures and hypothermia episodes. The increase in animal and product movements enhances disease transmission risk, yet coincides with emerging concerns of greenhouse-gas emissions (GHGe) from livestock production, especially from large ruminants, as the world attempts to find pathways in managing the climate crisis. Despite the prolonged collaborative efforts of the SEA China FMD program from 1997 to 2023, a recent review confirmed persistent deficits in biosecurity, vaccine resourcing, disease surveillance, engagement of farmers, and national emergency disease-response capacities. A major project is about to fund major improvements in livestock value chains in Cambodia, including more effective biosecurity, surveillance and emergency disease-response capacities for TADs, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and zoonoses. Similarly, a private-sector investment in Laos has developed a more climate-resilient livestock-feeding system that decreases GHGe impacts from ruminant production. These developments are likely to extend beyond both countries and be potentially transformational for the livelihoods of many of the poorest citizens in the region.

Resilience building interventions to manage climate induced livestock poverty and deaths in Southern Zimbabwe

Livestock production in Mwenezi District (MD) has become more susceptible to effects of climatic variability and change which undermines developmental gains from livestock value chain. Climate change impacts are increasing the intensity of livestock poverty and deaths across all forms of livestock. The study examined livestock production interventions implemented to reduce livestock poverty deaths in MD. Descriptive research design which utilizes both qualitative and quantitative paradigms was used to accurately and systematically describe the phenomenon. A household survey questionnaire was administered to sampled households in MD wards 4 and 10 while interviews were conducted with purposively selected key informants from the department Agriculture Technical and Extension Services (AGRITEX), Veterinary Services Department, Rural District Council, CARE and District Development Coordinator's Office. Various interventions including construction of improved livestock structures, availing of safe drinking water for livestock, livestock feed formulation have been initiated to reduce and contain livestock poverty deaths. The study recommends that development actors should initiate more interventions to boost livestock production sector since it is the most suitable intervention in relation to climate and weather conditions experienced in MD. The research offers insights to address the complex interplay between climate change, livestock farming, poverty and resilience building. Results inform future researchers while guiding policy makers working in similar contexts on how best to support vulnerable communities. Findings lessen the burden to achieve Sustainable Development Goals namely no poverty, zero hunger amongst others. The study enlightened farmers on how to implement drought mitigation and adaptation techniques during drought periods.

Analisis Nilai Jual Komoditas Pangan dan Komoditas Peternakan di Kabupaten Langkat

This research aims to determine the selling value of food commodities and the selling value of livestock commodities in Langkat Regency. And what strategies are used to get high selling value. This research uses qualitative methods and a descriptive approach. This research shows that first, the selling value of food is not yet in line with farmers' current expectations, with fertilizer prices being expensive and limited, but the selling value is still unstable. Meanwhile, the selling value of livestock in the district is still said to be quite stable.

Livestock Value Chain Mapping in Kajiado and Narok Counties, Kenya

The livestock value chain encompasses a comprehensive range of activities involving various actors that facilitate the conveyance of the final product to the consumer through different stages of collection, processing, production, and final delivery. This case report presents the findings from the mapping of livestock value chains in Narok and Kajiado Counties, Kenya. The study aimed to determine the status and gaps within the value chain, as well as the technological needs of enterprises engaged in the value chain. The ultimate goal was to foster innovation, enhance the productivity of Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs), improve managerial and technical skills, strengthen local supply chains, and reduce gender disparities within the value chain. The study employed well-structured questionnaires and interviews in both counties to capture the technological status and needs, map all stages of the value chains, outline the main activities and actors, and identify existing gaps. Three primary value chains in the livestock subsector were identified: dairy, beef, and leather. Each of these value chains was studied and analyzed separately. The activities and actors involved at each stage, from inputs and production to transformation and marketing, were examined. The findings highlight intervention areas and provide recommendations to improve the three value chains.

Improvement of Yield and Quality of Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), Some Enzymatic and Non-Enzymatic Antioxidants Activity in Response to Zn-Nano Fertilizer in Different Irrigation Regimes

ABSTRACT Peanut, as an oilseed, have high nutritional value for humans and livestock and poultry. The seed yield (SY) of peanut decreases under drought stress conditions, and the zinc (Zn) nano-fertilizer can reduce the negative impacts of water deficiency on peanut plants and improves its SY. This experiment carried out as split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications in Astara, Iran, during the 2018 and 2019 cropping seasons. Three irrigation regimes at 50 mm (IR50), 75 mm (IR75) and 100 mm (IR100) evaporation from class A evaporation pan in main plot and three levels of Zn nano-chelate, including 0.5 g. l−1; (Zn0.5), 1 g. l−1; (Zn1) and 1.5 g. l−1; (Zn1.5) in sub plot, comprised experimental treatments. The results indicated that the highest pod yield (PY), SY, oil yield (OY) and protein yield (PRY) of peanut (3633, 2900, 1582 and 826 kg. ha−1, respectively) were obtained in response to Zn nano-chelate with a dose of 1.0 g. l−1 in IR50 treatment. Nonetheless, under foliar spraying of Zn1 and severe drought stress conditions (IR100) were observed the highest proline (14.84 µmol g−1 FW), superoxide dismutase (53.42 Unit mg−1 proteinmin−1), catalase (72.87 nmol mg−1 proteinmin−1), peroxidase (64.17 nmol mg−1 protein min−1), soluble sugar content (172.04 mg g−1 FW), soluble protein content (114.16 mg g−1 DW) and anthocyanin pigments (11.20 µmol g−1 FW). Generally, application of Zn1 treatment, through increasing antioxidant enzymes activity and non-enzymatic antioxidants, improved peanut SY. Hence, foliar application of Zn nano-chelate could be recommended to enhance peanut yield.

Determinants of organic soil fertilization methods use over time and in the face of climate vulnerability

Implementation of environment-friendly soil organic matter (SOM) enhancing technologies (SOMET) is crucial for addressing soil degradation. This study aims to examine the usage status of SOMET (i.e., organic fertilizer, manure, and compost) from the dimension of long-term non-usage, dis-usage, late-usage and long-term usage and identify the drivers of these four behaviors of usage. We utilized national representative datasets of 1659 Bangladeshi rice-farmers for the periods of 2013, 2016 and 2020 with climate hazards data. Households were categorized into long-term non-user (48%) who does not practice SOMET in any of three survey years, dis-user (29%) as the households who abandon SOMET after practicing a period of time, late-user (20%) for the households who apply SOMET a few years later than their peer, long-term user (3%) as the households who practice SOMET for three survey years. Ordered logit model was used to quantify drivers of likelihood of being the four above defined categories. SOMET use has been found to be highly constrained by climate hazards. Flood depth, salinity, heavy rainfall, storm and cyclone vulnerability decrease likelihood of long-term use and late-use while increase the probability of long-term non-use and dis-use (p≤0.01). Alternatively, the likelihood of long-term non-use and dis-use are 12% and 4% lower in drought-prone areas. Increasing drought experiences increase the probability of long-term use and late-use (p≤0.01). Higher SOM level decreases long-term non-use but induces dis-use. Other major drivers of SOMET long-term use are older household head, more educated women in households, larger farm-size, and higher livestock values. Considering these factors in developing and implementing policies could be instrumental in promoting SOMET application at farm-level. Long-term use is context-specific with various climate and socio-economic factors, thus, designing policies and strategies should emphasize contextual variations to promote usage continuities.

Calculation of livestock biomass and value by province in Indonesia: Key information to support policymaking

Accurate estimations of the biomass and value of livestock in Indonesia are of great use in supporting investment decisions by the public and private sector and as a basis for estimating the losses due to animal disease.Biomass and the partial direct use value for key livestock species (cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats, pigs, chickens) for all provinces of Indonesia were derived from secondary data using a novel spreadsheet-based model. Using beef cattle as an example, we also explored the use of a herd dynamics model to validate base data on populations and productivity used to generate biomass values, and these were found to be generally robust.Total partial direct use value of livestock is estimated to be almost USD54 billion in 2021, comprising almost USD33 billion of population value and almost USD21 billion of production value. Beef cattle account for 44% of total value and chicken (broiler, layer and native chickens) account for a further 36% of the total.Breaking the data down by province reveals the regional importance of some livestock types that are of relatively minor importance nationally (pigs in East Nusa Tenggara and sheep in West Java). It also reveals the importance of livestock in the poorest provinces of Indonesia, where livestock acts as a store of wealth and serves socio-cultural purposes.

Cattle transporters' attitudes, indigenous knowledge, and current practices towards animal welfare, occupational well-being, and operational challenges: A survey of five regions in Ghana

Ghana is a significant cattle producer in Africa with an estimated cattle population of 3 million in 2020 [1]. The role of transporters in linking farms to markets and slaughterhouses is crucial in the livestock value chain. However, cattle transportation subjects the animals to high levels of stress, compromising their welfare, and transporters face challenges such as long working hours and harsh conditions.The objective of this study was to explore current practices, indigenous knowledge, and operational risks pertaining to animal welfare among transporters.The study was conducted in five regions connected by the N16, N10, and N6 Highway, the primary route for cattle transportation from the Ghana-Burkina Faso border to the coastal capital of Accra. A total of 78 transporters participated in the study.Out of the 78 participants in this study, the majority of transporters were young adults (56.5%) with secondary school education (45.9%) and 0–5 years of experience (37.2%). The average distance and time for transporting cattle was 528 km and 18 h, respectively. The transporters highlighted significant challenges encountered during cattle transport, including feed and water shortage, particularly prominent during the dry season (32.1%), as well as the occurrence of diseases and mortality, particularly high during the rainy season (41%). Furthermore, vehicular breakdowns were a common issue reported by transporters, with a substantial majority (88.5%) experiencing breakdowns during their last 10 trips. The results showed that most transporters (84.7%) had limited knowledge of animal welfare and had not received any formal education on livestock transportation. Instead, they gained experience as assistants on other trucks before becoming drivers. The findings of this study highlight the need for improved welfare standards for cattle during transportation and formal training programs for transporters in animal welfare and livestock transportation.

Effects of banditry security risk on livelihood of cattle herders in Katsina State, Nigeria

Livestock enterprise is an important source of livelihood to many people in Nigeria. Vulnerability of livestock business to insecurity risk is a major threat to the livelihood of stakeholders in the livestock value chain (cattle herders and marketers). Insecurity risk among livestock herders has a ripple effect in the economy of Nigeria. Empirical information is scanty for the clarification and development in security risk control model especially with the emergence of banditry in Nigeria. This study broadly examines the effect of insecurity risk on the livelihood of livestock herders in Katsina State, Nigeria. Primary data obtained with the use of structured questionnaire from randomly selected 200 respondents were analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistical tools (mean, frequency distribution table, probability and multiple regression). The result shows that the probability of banditry attack was 20%. The major benefit derivable from livestock business by herders is income generation. The major cause of banditry insecurity was unresolved conflict between farmers and herdsmen (100%), unemployment/deliberate negative tendency of bandits to climb wealth ladder (93.5%) and corruption among government officials (93%). Test of hypothesis indicates that all the insecurity indicators (cattle rustling, theft, kidnapping and tax imposition) negatively and significantly (P < 0.05) affected livelihood capital (asset) (income savings and herd size). There are sufficient evidence to conclude that livelihood capital of cattle herders is worst hit by banditry insecurity risk in Katsina State, Nigeria. It was recommended that government should adopt amnesty policy of disarmament, reintegration and rehabilitation of repentant bandits. This study has expanded the frontier of literature of the ripple effects of banditry insecurity on cattle value chain and implications for policy options.

Consumer preferences and willingness to pay for safe pork products in rural Kenya

Designing interventions to support the safe development of rapidly growing livestock value chains in sub-Saharan Africa requires a clear understanding of consumer demands. This study aimed to determine purchase patterns, consumers' preferences, and willingness to pay for safe pork attributes; specifically, the presence of a veterinary inspection stamp and the cleanliness of the butchery.A discrete choice experiment-based survey was used to investigate the purchasing behavior of 401 pork consumers: 253 buying raw pork for household consumption, and 148 buying cooked pork for out-of-home consumption. The study findings indicate that the average quantity of pork purchased by consumers was approximately 0.4 Kg per transaction, with the majority of consumers making several purchases per week.The average price per Kg of pork was KES 310 (Approx. 2.60 USD) at the time of the study. Data from the choice experiment showed that consumers were willing to pay a price premium of KES 245 (Approx. 2.1 USD) and KES 164 (Approx. 1.4 USD) per Kg for evidence of better veterinary meat inspection and higher butchery hygiene respectively; further, these were the two most important attributes they considered while making a pork purchase decision.These findings highlight the potential to leverage consumers' willingness to pay to improve the food safety within pork value chains in this context. Investing to increase consumer awareness on food safety issues should be considered to generate an effective market demand, especially in rural areas with relatively lower literacy levels.

Shifting Prospects: Views and Strategies for Transforming Livestock and Meat Value Chains in a Dynamic Location

Shifting Prospects: Views and Strategies for Transforming Livestock and Meat Value Chains in a Dynamic Location

Effect of Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia Crassipes) and Maggot (Hermetia Illucens) Flour Composition in Feed on the Growth of Broiler Chicks

The broiler farming business in Indonesia is increasing. Factors that influence the success of this business are quality feed providers. Efforts can be made by utilizing local resources that are abundant and have nutritional value for livestock, one of which is by utilizing water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) and maggot (Hermetia illucens). The aim was to determine the effect of water hyacinth and maggot flour composition in feed on broiler growth and to determine the composition that has the best nutritional content. This study used a Randomized Group Design (RAK) with 4 treatments and 5 replicates consisting of P0 (commercial feed), P1 (5% tapioca flour + 50% water hyacinth flour + 45% maggot), P2 (5% tapioca flour + 60% water hyacinth flour + 35% maggot), and P3 (5% tapioca flour + 40% water hyacinth flour + 55% maggot). The parameters tested were body weight gain, ration conversion, mortality, and feed proximate test. The results of anova analysis showed that the treatment gave a real effect on all test parameters. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that the composition of all formulas has a good effect on the growth of broiler chickens so that there is no mortality during maintenance. The composition of feed that has the highest nutritional content is shown in the P1 treatment with a moisture content of 5.42%, ash 8.56%, protein 29.31%, fat 19.48%, and fiber 7.02%.

Analysis of Competitiveness, Market and Consumer Trends for the Camelid Livestock Value Chain

Analysis of Competitiveness, Market and Consumer Trends for the Camelid Livestock Value Chain

Entrepreneurial Management Structure and Performance of Small and Medium Livestock Enterprises in Kenya

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between entrepreneurial management structure and the performance of small and medium livestock farms in Kenya, with a focus on examining the moderating effect of the regulatory framework on this relationship. The study was grounded in key theoretical frameworks, including Joseph Schumpeter’s theory of innovation, Knight’s Uncertainty Bearing theory, McClelland’s theory of motivation, the Resource-Based View theory, and the Neo-Classical Theory of Management (Elton Mayo). These theories provided a comprehensive understanding of the factors influencing entrepreneurial success in the livestock sector. A mixed research design was adopted, targeting a population of 500 livestock enterprises in Turkana County. Stratified sampling was employed to ensure representation across different enterprise sizes, resulting in a sample of 196 entrepreneurs. Data was collected using meticulously designed questionnaires, and the validity and reliability of these instruments were confirmed through pilot testing. The analysis revealed that entrepreneurial management structures, when effectively aligned with supportive regulatory frameworks, significantly enhance the performance of small and medium livestock enterprises in Kenya. To further strengthen the livestock sector, the study recommends that SMEs adopt comprehensive strategies, including product diversification, differentiation, cost reduction, and internationalization. Additionally, technological and innovation incubators should play a crucial role in ensuring that new technologies are relevant, compatible, and beneficial to the livestock sector. Government intervention is vital, with the need for incentives to enhance competitiveness, alongside strategies to retain market share in a challenging environment. The study also emphasizes the importance of implementing performance-based reward schemes and continuous managerial training to boost decision-making and enterprise success. Moreover, robust anti-corruption policies and streamlined tax systems are essential to reducing bureaucracy in the livestock value chain. These findings are expected to benefit a wide range of stakeholders, including entrepreneurs, policymakers, implementers, and the broader public, contributing to sustainable growth in the livestock sector.