Fe Values Research Articles

Comparative Study of Iron, Manganese and Nickel Contamination Potential of Disc and Hammer Milling Equipment and their Toxic Effect on Rat Kidney

Aim: To investigate the effect of hammer and disc milling equipment on the levels of Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn) and Nickel (Ni) contents in maize (Zea mays) flour and the consequent impact on the kidney of albino rats.
 Study Design: The rats were randomly divided into groups of five rats per group. Six of the groups were fed with maize flour milled with a hammer mill, while the other six groups were fed with maize flour milled with a disc mill, and the thirteenth group was fed with crushed flour in a mortar and pestle as a control. The rats were sacrificed by decapitation under anesthesia on the 14th and 28th days.
 Place and Duration of Study: Departments of Biochemistry and Histology laboratories of the University of Jos, Nigeria, between, January to June, 2021.
 Methodology: For six days, a portion of the maize grains was milled with a hammer mill, another with a disc mill, and a third fraction was crushed into flour with a wooden mortar. The inductive coupled plasma mass spectrophotometric method was used to determine the levels of Fe, Mn, and Ni in maize flour. To avoid lysing the blood, blood samples were carefully collected by allowing it to run down the test tube's wall. The blood was allowed to coagulate at room temperature before being centrifuged and the serum collected and frozen until it was time for biochemical analysis. The kidneys of the rats were excised, cleaned, and preserved in chloroform until histological examinations were required.
 Results: The results show that Fe (325.16 ± 30.00 mg/kg and 205.05 ± 30.20 mg/kg) and Ni (20.92 ± 5.92 mg/kg and 18.00 ± 2.70 mg/kg) levels were extremely high in both disc and hammer milling machines. The Fe and Mn values in disc milled maize flour were higher than those in hammer milled maize flour. Rats in all groups had significantly higher serum urea, creatinine, K+, Na+, and Cl- levels than the control group. The kidney tissues of all the rats in the control and hammer-milled flour groups were normal, except for group 1 of the disc mill, which showed mild damage, according to the histopathological analysis.
 Conclusion: The Day 1 group fed with disc-milled flour showed a dense cast, atrophy, and nuclei loss in their kidney tissue. According to the results of the study, hammer milled maize flour is less harmful than disc milled maize flour, as shown by kidney histopathology.

Passive film alteration of reinforcing steel through [MoO42−]/[RCOO−] interfacial co-interaction for enhanced corrosion resistance in chloride contaminated concrete pore solution

Chloride-induced corrosion of carbon steel could be inhibited by molybdate (MO), while the MO/chloride ratio plays a vital role. This ratio has been reduced in constant chloride concentration using acetate (AC) as an organic corrosion inhibitor. Results showed that the MO-AC mixture, regardless of the concentration, possessed remarkable inhibition capability at the low concentration of MO. Electrochemical evaluations and surface analyses demonstrated the excellent behaviour of MO-AC, which promoted the formation of Fe2(MoO4)3, resulting in enhancing the properties of the passive-adsorbed layers. Based on the XPS results, more MO contributed to the formation of Fe2O3 in MO-AC as the Mo6+/Mo4+ ratio decreased and the value of Fe3+/Fe0 increased. Also, the low MO concentration assisted AC adsorption.

Utilization of microalgae in probiotic white brined cheese

In this study, the effects of Chlorella vulgaris and Arthrospira platensis fortification on the microbiological, physicochemical and antioxidative properties of probiotic white cheese during storage were investigated. Thereby six groups of white cheese samples were manufactured as follows WC (Control), LAC (Lactobacillus acidophilus LA-5), CWC (C. vulgaris), SWC (A. platensis), CLAC (C. vulgaris + Lb. acidophilus LA-5) and SLAC (A. platensis + Lb. acidophilus LA-5). The viability of Lb. acidophilus for SLAC sample remained almost constant during storage (>7 log cfu/g) while physicochemical properties of samples showed significant differences (P<0.01). The CLAC sample contained increased levels of protein, Ca, P, K, Mg and Zn while the highest Fe values were detected in the SLAC sample. Samples fortified with microalgae showed higher 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)radical scavenging activity, cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) and total phenolic content. Consequently, fortification with both microalgae improved the viability of probiotic, nutritional and antioxidative attributes of white cheese.

Grinding iron ore concentrate by using HPGR and ball mills and their effects on pelletizing and reduction stages - a pilot-scale study

ABSTRACT An iron ore concentrate sample was ground separately in a pilot-scale HPGR mill in multiple passes and a dry open-circuit ball mill to increase the specific surface area of particles. The effects of grinding mechanisms on generating pellet feed were assessed and pellets and DRIs were produced. Drop number, green and dry compression strengths of green pellets produced by HPGR samples were improved. For fired pellets, CCS was more than 2793 N/P, FeO content was lower than 1%, and porosity of HPGR samples decreased by 2.7%. In Linder tests, the reduction degree of DRIs produced by HPGR samples decreased by 4%. All DRIs have equal metallization degree and reduction disintegration index. Total and metallic Fe values obtained through ball mill samples increased by 1%−2%, and CCS of DRIs was within the 598–715 N/P range. As a result, applying ball mill grinding compared to HPGR produces DRIs with higher quality.

Influence of Materials Parameters of the Coil Sheet on the Formation of Defects during the Manufacture of Deep-Drawn Cups

During the process of deep drawing of cylindrical thin-walled products from aluminum sheets, the occurrence of product defects in the form of breaking the material continuity is observed. This has a very large impact on the efficiency of production lines and the number of generated scraps. The number of defects depends on many factors, including the material and the process properties. Because the problem appears after changing one material to another, while the process parameters do not change, it was assumed that the material has the main influence on the number of defects. To reduce the number of defects, a tool is needed to predict threats to the process. Decision tree models were used for this purpose. Using the tree interaction algorithms, the influence of the chemical composition and strength parameters of the 3xxx series aluminum alloy on the number of generated defects was investigated. Increased Silicon (Si) and Iron (Fe) values generated a higher number of defects. Increased yield strength (YS) and decreased elongation (E) also generated a higher number of defects. Based on the results, a defect prediction tool was created, where after entering the parameters of the material, it is possible to predict production hazards.

Investigation of Mineral Nutrient and Heavy Metal Accumulation Status of Senecio Vernalis Waldst. & Kit. Collected from Different Habitats of Aksaray/Turkey

ABSTRACT In this study, Senecio vernalis Waldst. & Kit. was analyzed to determine a phytoremediation potential and nutritional contents are estimated. The plant and soil samples were collected between Karaören and Karkın villages in Aksaray in May (2021). The mineral contents (Al, Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Ni, P, S, Zn) of the collected plant and soil samples were determined by ICP-MS and the obtained data were analyzed statistically. In soil, Ca, Fe, K and Zn values were in the optimal value whereas Al, Cu, Mg, Mn and Ni values were above the optimal values. This means that there is bioaccumulation of these heavy metals (Al, Cu, Mg, Mn and Ni) in the soil. Likewise, the concentrations of Ca, Cu, K, Mn and Zn in the plant were among the optimum values, while Al, Fe, Mg, and Ni ratios were higher than the quantification limit. The rate of these metals in the roots and other shoots of the plant are higher than in the soil. Our results showed that Senecio vernalis is a very good accumulator of Fe, Mg and Ni, and also the phytoextraction and phytoremediation ability of the plant is high.

Evaluation of geochemical proxies and radiocarbon data from a loess record of the Upper Palaeolithic site Kammern-Grubgraben, Lower Austria

Abstract. Two loess sections from the Upper Palaeolithic site of Kammern-Grubgraben (Lower Austria) were analysed to test geochemical proxies, as well as radiocarbon data of different components, for their reliability and consistency in an archaeological context. Only a reliable basal age (28.9–27.8 ka cal BP) was obtained from charcoal fragments derived from a tundra gley underlying the archaeological horizons and assigned to Greenland Interstadials 3 or 4. Grain size, organic and inorganic geochemistry, and stable isotopes of the fine organic fraction (δ13Corg) and of rhizoconcretions (δ13C, δ18O) were analysed to provide information on palaeoenvironmental conditions. Low-resolution geochemical and sedimentological analyses document a humidity-related variability, while δ13Corg values indicate predominant C3 vegetation. High-resolution elemental variations derived from X-ray fluorescence scanning exhibit increasing Ca and decreasing Fe and Ti values, indicating drier conditions towards the top. Secondary pedogenic carbonate concretions provide post-sedimentary (Holocene) ages and are not suitable for assessing climate and environmental changes for the Palaeolithic.

Removal of Phosphate from Synthetic Wastewater by Using Marsh Clam (Polymesoda expansa) Shell as an Adsorbent

Phosphate pollution is becoming a serious problem worldwide. It leads to increased algae growth, resulting in eutrophication, which affects the water bodies’ quality, the lives of aquatic organisms, and the daily routines of humankind. Previous research has proven effective chemical precipitation for phosphate removal, but the cost is high and may generate waste material. Thus, this study proposed the marsh clam (Polymesoda expansa) shell as an absorbent due to its abundant availability, low cost, and high absorption capacity of phosphorus. This study was conducted to investigate the removal efficiency of phosphate using raw marsh clamshells. In this study, the concentration of aqueous solution using KH2PO4 was fixed to 10 mg/L of PO43− as the initial concentration. The 2 g of mass absorbent (0.075mm, 0.15mm, 0.30 mm, 0.60 mm, 1.18 mm, 2.36 mm) mixed with 100mL of KH2PO4 solution in the conical flask in a certain time interval. The orbital shaker was used for mixing the KH2PO4 solution with the adsorbent. Moreover, HACH DR 6000 Spectrophotometer is then used to determine phosphate concentration for initial and final results. The results were verified using kinetic and isotherm models, where kinetic models used Pseudo First Order (PFO) and Pseudo Second Order (PSO). The isotherm model used the Freundlich and Langmuir models. The optimum performance of the batch experiment showed by the PSO model had the highest correlation coefficient (R2 = 0.9965) and the lowest Fe value of 0.086. This study showed that marsh clamshells could remove PO43− effectively for 1.18–2.36 mm size with the highest removal efficiency of 73%. The removal of phosphate from domestic wastewater can be an alternative wastewater treatment in tertiary treatment in the field of the wastewater treatment plant.

Study of Variation of Plant Types of Vertical SubSurface Constructed Wetland Treating Groundwater Contaminated with Iron (Fe)

Drilling groundwater at the BSD Housing Complex, Malintang Village, Gambut District, Banjar Regency has an iron (Fe) value of 5.98 mg/L. According to the Minister of Health Number 32 of 2017 concerning water health requirements for hygiene and sanitation purposes, the water is above the quality standard, 1.0 mg/L for Iron (Fe). One of the treatment methods used to treat the contaminated groundwater is constructed wetland (CW). CW was chosen because of its relatively low cost and environmentally sound natural wetlands. We used the Vertical Flow Subsurface Constructed Wetland (VSSF-CW) in this study. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the VSSF-CW system with different local plants, namely Jeringau (Acorus calamus) and Purun tikus (Eleocharis dulcis), in removing iron (Fe) in groundwater. The study used five wood reactors with 90 cm x 30 cm x 40 cm. The results showed that the VSSF-CW system with E. dulcis plant effectively removed iron (Fe) with a higher efficiency value of 85.68% compared to the reactor with A. calamus plant that was 76.72%, and reactor without plant 59,37%. The lowest efficiency of each reactor during the study was on day 5, with values of 58.28%, 37.88%, and 29.43%, respectively. The concentration of iron (Fe) in the VSSF-CW system effluent with Acorus calamus and Eleocharis dulcis plants for 40 days has a value that tends to decrease. Keywords: Vertical Flow Subsurface Constructed Wetland, groundwater, iron, Acorus calamus, Eleocharis dulcis.

Agronomic Performance and Nutrient Content of Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) in Different Semi-Arid Locations

ABSTRACT Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) is a medicinal plant whose leaves are used as a natural sweetener. This study was carried out to determine the agronomic performances, yield, and macro-micronutrients in the leaves of the plant under semi-arid conditions. For this purpose, field experiments were conducted in four different locations (Kahta, Menderes, Hasancık and ADYÜTAYAM) of Adıyaman province which is located in the Southeastern Anatolia Region of Turkey. 0.5 ha of land was prepared for each location. Plots were created as three replicates and the seedlings were transplanted in 70 cm × 33 cm row distances. Plants were harvested 2 times in one growing season. Fresh and dry herb yields in the first harvest were measured as 13,949.5 and 3900.3 kg ha−1, respectively, and at the second harvest as 6923.5 and 1920.6 kg ha−1, respectively, from Menderes location. Something similar happened with regards to the ratio of leaves per plant. The K and Mn contents of leaves were not found to be statistically different. With regards to the macro and micro-nutrients measured in stevia leaves, N (2.29–3.40%) and P (0.20–0.31%), Zn (21.4–44.7 mg kg−1), Cu (13.8–34.5 mg kg−1) and Fe (204.1–446.9 mg kg−1) values were found to be statistically significant. These nutrients were affected by location and harvesting time. TSG, Reb A and Stevioside contents in stevia leaves were measured as 10.93%, 4.73% and 4.95%, respectively. The results are similar to the values specified for Criolla variety. Considering the data obtained from the study locations, it was observed that stevia can be grown easily in semi-arid conditions. It is also concluded that at least two harvests can be taken in semi-arid conditions.

Uptake of some heavy metal(oid)s by sunflower

Plant parts of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.): root, stem, leaf, and seed, as well as the soil on which this plant culture was grown were analyzed for the content of As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn using Optical emission spectrometry with inductively coupled plasma (ICP-OES). The samples were prepared by wet digestion. To assess the degree of bioaccumulation in plant parts and the translocation of the examined elements from the roots to the above-ground plant parts, the Biological Concentration Factor (BCF), Mobility Ratio (MR), and Translocation Factor (TF) were calculated. BCF and MR values are less than 1 for all elements while TF (leaf/root) values for As, Cd, Cu, Fe, and Mn and TF (stem/root) values for Cu are higher than 1.

The fractionation of iron isotope and its constraints on the sources of ore-forming materials in the Jinchanghe skarn polymetallic deposit in Sanjiang region, Southwest China

金厂河矿床是西南三江成矿省保山地块最具代表性的远端矽卡岩型多金属矿床之一，查明其成矿金属来源对理解该类矿床成因以及区域成矿规律具有重要意义。本文通过分析不同成矿阶段代表性含铁矿物的铁同位素组成，探讨其在成矿过程中的分馏机制，从而示踪成矿金属的源区特征。金厂河矽卡岩型矿床中成矿前阶段未蚀变的石榴子石和氧化物成矿阶段的磁铁矿均相对富集铁的重同位素，其δ⁵⁶Fe值分别为0.05‰~0.16‰和0.07‰~0.18‰，而硫化物成矿阶段的黄铁矿和黄铜矿则相对富集铁的轻同位素，其δ⁵⁶Fe值分别为-0.12‰~0.17‰和-0.54‰~-0.38‰，整体显示出从高氧逸度的成矿前阶段向低氧逸度的硫化物成矿阶段演化过程中矿物δ⁵⁶Fe值逐渐降低的趋势，指示Fe³⁺富集铁的重同位素，Fe²⁺富集铁的轻同位素。同时，金厂河矿床各阶段矿物的δ⁵⁶Fe值均显著低于碳酸盐围岩，而接近全球花岗岩的δ⁵⁶Fe值，表明成矿的铁不是由围岩贡献，而是来自于隐伏的中酸性岩体。;Jinchanghe is a representative distal skarn polymetallic deposit in Baoshan block in the Sanjiang metallogenic province, finding out the sources of ore-forming metals is of great significance to understand the genesis of deposit and regional metallogeny. In this study, we analyzed the iron isotopic compositions of Fe-bearing minerals from different stages, to investigate the fractionation mechanism of iron in ore-forming process, and to trace the sources of ore-forming metals. The unaltered garnet from pre-ore stage and magnetite from oxide-ore stage in Jinchanghe skarn deposit are relatively rich in heavy isotopes of iron, with δ⁵⁶Fe values of 0.05‰~0.16‰ and 0.07‰~0.18‰, respectively. Whereas, the pyrite and chalcopyrite from sulfide-ore stage are relatively rich in light isotope, with δ⁵⁶Fe values of -0.12‰~0.17‰ and -0.54‰~-0.38‰, respectively. All results show that, from pre-ore stage of high oxygen fugacity to sulfide-ore stage of low oxygen fugacity, the δ⁵⁶Fe values of minerals gradually decrease, indicating that the heavy isotope of iron is enriched in Fe³⁺, but the light isotope of iron is enriched in Fe²⁺. Furthermore, the iron isotopes of minerals from different stages in Jinchanghe are significantly lower than that of carbonate wall rock, and close to that of global granite, implying that the ore-forming iron are not contributed by wall rock, but from the concealed granitic rocks.

The Potential of Quartzitic Veins in SW Cameroon for High-Purity Quartz

High-purity quartz (HPQ), the prime source of silica, is increasingly considered a strategic mineral in the world market because it is the raw material for special applications in high-tech industries owing to its unique physical and chemical properties. The expected growth in demand for HPQ implies that more sources have to be found. This is the primary motivation for this study which targets the Supe area, SW Region of Cameroon. The structural occurrences of quartz veins were mapped and samples collected. The chemical nature and textural features of these samples were subsequently analyzed by X-ray tomography, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and electron microprobe analysis (EMPA). Three deformation events, D1 - D3 are recorded. D1 is marked by the development of the strong S1 foliation defined by the gneissic layering and schistosity. D2 is a NE-SW ductile to brittle sinistral shear that controlled the formation of tension gashes that served as subsequent pathways for quartz-rich hydrothermal fluids to circulate and eventually precipitate quartz. The presence of rutile, tourmaline, and mica inclusions in the Supe veins affects the purity of the quartz. However, quartz can be treated to improve its quality. Taking into consideration the nine determinant trace elements used to classify HPQ, three (Li, P, and B) are below detection limits, Al concentrations are within the HPQ, quartz market standard, and average natural abundance; Ti values are high above all three standards in all except one sample, while Na, Ca, K, and Fe values fluctuate, thus classifying one of the samples as high purity quartz and the others as low purity quartz. These veins define tension gashes which usually occur in an echelon arrangement covering a large surface area, suggesting that more of such veins probably exist in the Supe area. Consequently, the quality and potential quantity of HPQ veins in this area suggest a high potential for HPQ exploration in the region.

Heavy metal and water quality at settling ponds of a post-mining area after reclamation and revegetation at Cibadak Sukabumi, Indonesia

We analyzed the heavy metals and water quality of a post-mining area of ​​silica for material of cement factory. The research was located in the Cibadak district, Sukabumi West Java Indonesia. The water sampling method was carried out in two locations, namely a large settling pond and a small settling pond. Water quality parameters were analyzed such as pH, alkalinity, turbidity, total organic matter, and total ammonia nitrogen. The results showed that the water in both pond contents heavy metals. The heavy metals in the form were Mercury (Hg), Cadmium (Cd), Copper (Cu), Lead (Pb), Arsen (As), Ferrum (Fe), and Cromium (Cr6+) in the both settling ponds. However, in small ponds there was a higher Fe value so the water is yellowish. There is a difference in acidity showed in the two ponds, pH 3-4 in the small pond and the large pond pH 7-8. Total organic matter was higher in large pond. Small settling pond has a very low pH value, so they are classified as acidic waters and contain high iron content so they cannot be used for human needs or aquatic life. Large settling ponds can still be used for aquaculture activities.

Filtration efficiency of face masks and veils as protective measures during COVID-19 pandemic

Wearing face masks have been implemented as a public and personal health control measure against the spread of coronavirus disease (COVID-19). However, the protection level of nonmedical face masks, such as women face veils, is still uncertain. This study aimed to assess the filtration efficiency (FE; percentage of particles retained by a mask) of different types of medical masks (either as sealed or unsealed, single or doubled), non-medical masks (cloth masks) and face veils. FE of face masks was evaluated using an in-house 3D-printed air duct connected to the Aerotrak particle counter with a capability of counting particle sizes of 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 1, 2 and 5 μm. A set of 10 earloop surgical masks,10 tie-on surgical masks, 3 triple-layers reusable cloth masks and 3 types (short, medium and long) of traditional face veils were included in the study. The unsealed surgical masks showed intermediate FE (36.54-80.58%), with no observed differences between tie-on and earloop or single and doubled masks. For each mask type, the mean FE values of sealed surgical masks (FE≥99.16%) was significantly higher (P<0.001) than the unsealed ones (FE≤80.58%). No significant difference was observed in the mean FE values between unsealed surgical masks and either cloth masks (FE=23.19-75.35%, P=0.26) or face veils (FE=19.10- 70.68%, P=0.14). However, a mockup experiment showed that wearing a surgical mask under the face veil significantly improve the FE (33.73-79.18%; P<0.001). We conclude that besides sealed surgical masks that ensure optimal filtration under the experimental conditions, the unsealed surgical and cloth masks and face veils showed comparable performance and acceptable protection at 5 μm particle size, which is the most relevant particle size associated with COVID-19 infectious droplets. Wearing a surgical mask under the face veil significantly improves the FE compared to wearing a face veil alone.

The association of iron deficiency anemia on chronic suppurative otitis media in children: A case-control study

BackgroundChronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) is the most common infectious disease in the world and the leading cause of hearing loss in children in developing countries. Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is often found in children with CSOM. ObjectiveThis study was conducted to determine the association between IDA and the incidence of CSOM in children. MethodThis research is a case-control study using consecutive sampling. Participants were divided into case group which are children diagnosed with CSOM (n = 42) and control group which are children with normal ear (n = 42). All participants were examined for serum iron (FE), hemoglobin (Hb), total iron-binding capacity (TIBC), and ferritin levels. The analysis used in this study includes the chi-square test or fisher extract test and independence t-test or Man Whitney test with p < 0.05. ResultThe measurement results obtained values of Hb (13.00 ± 1.34 g/dL; p < 0.001), FE (95.13 ± 40.84 g/dL; p < 0.001), TIBC (354.18 ± 62.44 g/dL; p = 0.016), and ferritin levels (17.57 ± 8.55 g/dL; p < 0.001). Participants who experienced IDA were 21.43% which in the case group was 31.0% and control group was 11.9% (OR = 3.32; p = 0.033). ConclusionIDA can increase the incidence of CSOM in children.

Influence of atmospheric in-cloud aqueous-phase chemistry on the global simulation of SO&amp;lt;sub&amp;gt;2&amp;lt;/sub&amp;gt; in CESM2

Abstract. Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is a major atmospheric pollutant and precursor of sulfate aerosols, which influences air quality, cloud microphysics, and climate. Therefore, better understanding the conversion of SO2 to sulfate is essential to simulate and predict sulfur compounds more accurately. This study evaluates the effects of in-cloud aqueous-phase chemistry on SO2 oxidation in the Community Earth System Model version 2 (CESM2). We replaced the default parameterized SO2 aqueous-phase reactions with detailed HOx, Fe, N, and carbonate chemistry in cloud droplets and performed a global simulation for 2014–2015. Compared with the observations, the results incorporating detailed cloud aqueous-phase chemistry greatly reduced SO2 overestimation. This overestimation was reduced by 0.1–10 ppbv (parts per billion by volume) in most of Europe, North America, and Asia and more than 10 ppbv in parts of China. The biases in annual simulated SO2 mixing ratios decreased by 46 %, 41 %, and 22 % in Europe, the USA, and China, respectively. Fe chemistry and HOx chemistry contributed more to SO2 oxidation than N chemistry. Higher concentrations of soluble Fe and higher pH values could further enhance the oxidation capacity. This study emphasizes the importance of detailed in-cloud aqueous-phase chemistry for the oxidation of SO2. These mechanisms can improve SO2 simulation in CESM2 and deepen understanding of SO2 oxidation and sulfate formation.

Evaluation of Insulating Magnetic Materials Composed of Epoxy Resin and Pure Iron Powder for Motor and Reactor Core Applications

Insulation and magnetic properties of epoxy composites filled with pure iron powders were studied as a function of iron powder volume fraction (R Fe ) in the range of 0-70 vol% to achieve a good balance between insulation and magnetic properties. Frequency-dependent impedance measurement revealed that the relative permittivity, e r ’ increased from 4.2 to 194.5 with increasing R Fe up to 50 vol%. The loss factor, e r increased from 100.2 to 959.3 and the electric conductivity, σ increased from 5.6×10−5 S/m to 5.3× 10−4 S/m with increasing R Fe up to 70 vol%. The dependence of the σ value on the R Fe value was explained by the equivalent serial CR connection model. The initial maximum relative permeability, μ r_max increased from 3.73 to 8.89 with increasing R Fe up to 70 vol%. These data were compared with those for sample Reference, which has been in practical use in industrial electric machine applications.

Comparative Pharmaceutical -Analytical study of Sushruta Lauha Ayaskriti and Lauha Bhasma

Ayaskriti is an ayurvedic formulation containing iron. It is a specific metal processing technique developed in ancient times to make iron suitable for internal use. Objective: To prepare and physicochemically evaluate lauha Ayaskriti (shusruta) and lauha bhasma. Materials and methods: lauha Ayaskriti (shusruta) and lauha bhasma was prepared as per ayurvedic text and characterized by Organoleptic characters, physico-chemical parameters. Results: This study clearly revealed bhasma prepared as per Sushruta and Rastangini are passed as per ayurvedic bhasma pariksha. Conclusion: The study of XRF of lauha Ayaskriti and lauha bhasma value of fe is persent in the elemental form along with other form of oxide. Further studies are required to prove the medicinal efficacy of this medicine.

Tetrahedrite group minerals of the Kekura reduced intrusion-related gold deposit, Western Chukotka, Russia

The Kekura gold deposit in Western Chukotka, Russia is spatially related to the granitic rocks of the Early Cretaceous Gvardeisky Complex. The deposit was formed during five mineralization stages: (1) cassiterite-scheelite-chalcopyrite-bornite-arsenopyrite, (2) molybdenite, (3) chalcopyrite-gold-bismuth tellurides, (4) arsenopyrite-gold-scheelite, and (5) stibnite-gold-silver. The tetrahedrite group minerals (Ttgs) were identified in stages 2, 4, and 5. In the molybdenite stage Ttgs are associated with digenite, bornite, chalcopyrite, molybdenite, and arsenopyrite. Ttgs from the arsenopyrite-gold-scheelite stage are associated with scheelite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, galena, and native gold with fineness of 800–850. Along with tetrahedrite, stibnite-gold-silver mineralization includes Ag-Au and Au-Ag-Hg alloys, native silver, sphalerite, stibnite, boulangerite. The molybdenite stage Ttgs display a wide range of the Sb/(Sb + As + Bi) ratio (sb) 0.06–0.85 and a narrow range of the Fe/(Fe + Zn) ratio (fe) 0.78–1.00, and are enriched in Cu (up to 5.767 apfu Cu at the M(1) site); the Ag content does not exceed 0.080 apfu. Ttgs of the arsenopyrite-gold-scheelite stage have the Cu-free at M(1) site, but are highly variable in the sb and fe values, ranging from 0.24 to 1.00, and from 0.14 to 1.00, respectively; the Ag concentration is higher than that in the molybdenite stage Ttgs, reaching 0.365 apfu. The stibnite-gold-silver tetrahedrite has high Ag (up to 3.442 apfu) and sb and fe ranging from 0.68 to 1.00 and from 0.10 to 0.84, respectively. Some Ttgs compositions of the molybdenite and stibnite-gold-silver stages are Bi-bearing that is caused by the replacement of previous Bi-minerals.