Value Creation Approach Research Articles

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY REPORTING: THE CASE OF MOROCCAN FIRMS

In business landscape, companies attempt to meet stakeholders’ expectations by publishing their corporate social responsibility (CSR) information in specific reports. In fact, CSR reports encompass a set of information related to companies’ sustainable actions, approaches, and motivations. CSR reporting readability is an important issue to handle at the corporate level in order to leverage companies’ sustainable disclosure. This article investigates CSR reporting to identify specific categorizations and structures related to published CSR information of listed stocks. Mixed research methods are applied to a sample of 58 Moroccan companies that have the CSR label. First, content analysis was conducted for each organization’s CSR annual report. Second, multiple correspondence analysis was conducted to detect specific associations and structures in CSR reporting. Our findings highlight that companies communicate more concisely and completely when they perform social actions based on a value creation approach and under normative motivations. The results shed light on companies’ awareness of integrating CSR dimensions into their corporate disclosure. This study contributes to the literature by highlighting the extent to which CSR reporting structures could be used as indicators of the complexity and readability quality of companies’ sustainability reporting. It could serve as a tool to assess companies’ social and environmental engagement and reputation.

From digital to quantum epidemiology: The Quantum Data Lake concept for big data related to viral infectious diseases

The development of quantum epidemiology represents the next anticipated phase in epidemiology transformation, driven by the emergence of new quantum technologies. Epidemiology is currently transitioning into the digital era and undergoing a paradigm shift from a data-driven to a value-driven strategy. Epidemiology data are characterized by uncertainty, multidimensionality, and disconnection, thereby correlating with the preferential quantum approach for data exposition, value creation, and modeling. Examples of such complex epidemiology data include the data on DNA viruses with associated symptoms and diseases. The Quantum Data Lake concept is proposed and consists of several layers and quantum tools, including Robson semantic triples, Quantum Universal Exchange Language, Hyperbolic Dirac Net, “quantum ribosome” structure, quantum random access memory, teleportation, Quantum Query Language, non-Hermitian gates, and tensor networks (e.g., matrix product state, projected entangled pair state, and multiscale entanglement renormalization ansatz [MERA]), alongside PT-symmetry properties. PT-symmetry can serve as an intuitive modeling tool, and PT-symmetry breaking can detect the hidden shift in the information that is permanently updated in the Data Lake. The computational output is presented as PT-symmetry gain/loss equilibrium breaking in the form of a complex number, i.e., two possible variants of epidemic modeling. For MERA, non-Hermiticity with spontaneous PT-symmetry breaking can theoretically appear as a violation of the entanglement monotonicity and local entanglement gain, leading to a non-reversible character of the coarse-graining transformation. The duality of PT-symmetry equilibrium breaking can be compared to, for example, the estimation of the best and worst scenarios simultaneously, or the gain of entanglement can display a significant correlation between some studied parameters embedded into the data. The fundamental difference between digital and quantum epidemiology is the implementation of quantum logic and reliance on a quantum theory.

Presenting an Optimal Model for Explaining Capital Structure Management with a Market Value Creation Approach

Objective: The aim of this study is to present an optimal model for capital structure management with a market value creation approach. Methodology: This study utilized data from companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange over a six-year period (2017-2022). A regression model was first used to analyze the impact of various variables on capital structure. Subsequently, a decision tree algorithm and the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) criterion were employed to provide an optimal model for capital structure management. The primary variables studied include economic value added (EVA), growth rate of shareholders' equity, earnings per share (EPS) growth, company size, financial leverage, and free cash flow. Findings: The results indicated that economic value added, growth rate of shareholders' equity, and earnings per share growth had the most substantial impact on market value added. In contrast, variables such as company size, book-to-market ratio, financial leverage, and free cash flow did not establish a significant relationship with market value added. Additionally, it was found that capital structure alone is not the primary driver of market value creation. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that in capital structure management, companies should focus on variables such as economic value added and earnings growth rather than solely on optimizing the debt-equity mix. These variables can significantly contribute to increasing market value and improving financial performance.

Managing mentoring for the labor market integration of humanitarian migrants

This paper examines the design and operational challenges of managing a mentoring program supporting the labor market integration of humanitarian migrants. Data were collected using extended participant observation of organizational activities and processes, analysis of internal and external-oriented documents and communications, and interviews with a range of program stakeholders in a French organization working with recently arrived humanitarian migrants. Utilizing theoretical insights from value creation approaches, the paper identifies how the organization attempted to construct value propositions, including how these were embedded in the program's design and actors' engagement. Moreover, it examines critically how these were interpreted, enacted and occasionally subverted through the perceptions and actions of the various actors involved in the program delivery. In doing so, the study evaluates how the scope, goals and impacts envisioned by the organization translated into participants' experiences, which potentially shaped program outcomes. The findings stress the implications of program specialization and distributed governance on the effective management of mentoring schemes aimed at facilitating migrants' transition into work.

Shared Value Creation and Measurement Approaches Adopted by JSE Listed Companies

Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE)-listed companies’ adoption of shared value is still in its infancy stage. In South Africa, some JSE-listed companies in the finance sector have adopted a shared value approach similar to responsible capitalism called Responsible Investments (RI) or impact investment. The purpose of the study was to investigate Shared Value Creation approaches adopted by JSE-listed companies. A documentary research approach, which consists of reviewing, analysing and examining information was adopted. The sources included journal articles, books, Frameworks, Guidelines and Codes. The results of the study indicated that JSE-listed companies, guided by the King Code, have adopted some elements of the shared-value model although integrated reports are purportedly not using the term.

Ambidexterity in strategic alliances: An integrative review of the literature

AbstractStrategic alliances play a vital role in exploration and exploitation activities, otherwise known as the ambidextrous approach for value creation. This has led to an upsurge in studies on ambidexterity in strategic alliances by giving rise to various conceptualizations and theoretical challenges. However, we lack a systematic evaluation and synthesis of the theoretical and empirical insights from this growing body of research. In this paper, we use an integrative systematic literature review (SLR) approach to critically analyse 77 articles on ambidexterity in strategic alliances published in 38 leading journals across 13 disciplines. Findings from bibliometric and qualitative content analyses reveal three major research directions: (1) micro‐foundation and organizational antecedents of ambidexterity in alliances, (2) governance mechanisms of ambidexterity, and (3) relational and performance outcomes of ambidexterity. We integrate these findings into a unified framework which provides a foundation for future research on ambidexterity in strategic alliances, with implications for academics, policymakers and practitioners.

Developing theoretical lenses for upstream halal businesses

PurposeThis study aims to underline Islamic principles to the business theories for producers and policymakers and to explain halal marketing by value creation approach for halal stakeholders concerned with halal certification and its implementation.Design/methodology/approachThis study applied inductive reasoning with the systematic literature review (SLR) of peer-reviewed published research papers, followed by the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses framework. Furthermore, the content analysis with ATLAS.ti 2022 helped to undergo concept and thematic analysis that show the theoretical lenses for the upstream halal businesses.FindingsAmong 360 papers, the SLR from 2012 to 2022 found 32 papers dealing with the halal theory–based studies on certification, standards, producers and policymakers and halal supply chains. Only seven studies consulted the resource-based view (RBV), a strategy theory and the institutional theory (IT) connected to halal. This study further underpinned qualitative Quranic verses to add to the current body of RBV and IT, resulting in halal sustainable competitive advantage and halal certification institutionalization.Practical implicationsIslamic principles can guide halal stakeholders to create and manage valuable resources through halal certification. Also, academics can synthesize conventional theories as value-creation mechanisms compliant with Islamic codes.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, this novel study was the first to contribute to the current body of RBV and IT with Islamic principles. It has primarily concentrated on the upstream halal businesses to create and manage halal value, certification and competitive advantages for halal marketing.

TVET SI: Evaluating Boundary Crossing Social Learning in Vocational Education and Training: A value creation approach

This article focuses on the development and application of an evaluation model and approach for evaluating boundary crossing social learning in a Vocational Education and Training (VET) learning network in South Africa, with an emphasis on a Training of Trainers (ToT) course that helped to catalyse and strengthen this learning network via two iterations of the course over an eight-year period. The article shares how we adapted the value creation framework (VCF) of Wenger, Traynor and De Laat (2011; Wenger & Wenger-Traynor, 2020) in the evaluation of a VET Training of Trainers (ToT) programme and learning network that focussed on the uptake and circulation of rainwater harvesting and conservation (RWH&C) knowledge in a particular formal and informal VET context in the Eastern Cape, South Africa, where smallholder farmers were struggling to find water for producing food. The evaluated ToT course was catalytic in establishing a boundary crossing social learning network approach in a VET context that linked formal and informal VET (Lotz-Sisitka et al., 2016; Lotz-Sisitka et al., 2022; Pesanayi, 2019); hence we found it important to develop adequate tools for its evaluation. The focus of this article is to share how we developed an evaluation approach to this work. We share insights on the indicators developed for diff erent types of value created, and also insights gained into the use of this evaluation approach in a boundary crossing VET social learning project that took a ToT course as focus. In short, evaluation findings show that the boundary crossing ToT course off ers strong immediate, potential and applied value that can lead to realised and reframed value, especially if supported by ongoing learning network activities that follow the initial engagement in the boundary crossing ToT course. Th is leads, over time, to transformative value which is important in achieving the overall objective of such social learning, namely making knowledge more co-engaging, accessible and useful in the context where improved food security via better use of rainwater harvesting and conservation amongst smallholder farmers and household food producers is a necessary form of sustainable development. Orientation value, and enabling value were found to be vital for the emergence of other kinds of value. The evaluation model also allows for the lifting out of strategic value which points to wider uptake potential. All this creates the possibility for indicator development that can help inform iterative development of boundary crossing VET courses used to stimulate the co-construction of learning networks and ongoing social learning for sustainable development.
 Keywords: Vocational Education and Training, evaluation, social learning, value creation framework

TVET SI: Evaluating Boundary Crossing Social Learning in Vocational Education and Training: A value creation approach

This article focuses on the development and application of an evaluation model and approach for evaluating boundary crossing social learning in a Vocational Education and Training (VET) learning network in South Africa, with an emphasis on a Training of Trainers (ToT) course that helped to catalyse and strengthen this learning network via two iterations of the course over an eight-year period. The article shares how we adapted the value creation framework (VCF) of Wenger, Traynor and De Laat (2011; Wenger & Wenger-Traynor, 2020) in the evaluation of a VET Training of Trainers (ToT) programme and learning network that focussed on the uptake and circulation of rainwater harvesting and conservation (RWH&C) knowledge in a particular formal and informal VET context in the Eastern Cape, South Africa, where smallholder farmers were struggling to find water for producing food. The evaluated ToT course was catalytic in establishing a boundary crossing social learning network approach in a VET context that linked formal and informal VET (Lotz-Sisitka et al., 2016; Lotz-Sisitka et al., 2022; Pesanayi, 2019); hence we found it important to develop adequate tools for its evaluation. The focus of this article is to share how we developed an evaluation approach to this work. We share insights on the indicators developed for diff erent types of value created, and also insights gained into the use of this evaluation approach in a boundary crossing VET social learning project that took a ToT course as focus. In short, evaluation findings show that the boundary crossing ToT course off ers strong immediate, potential and applied value that can lead to realised and reframed value, especially if supported by ongoing learning network activities that follow the initial engagement in the boundary crossing ToT course. Th is leads, over time, to transformative value which is important in achieving the overall objective of such social learning, namely making knowledge more co-engaging, accessible and useful in the context where improved food security via better use of rainwater harvesting and conservation amongst smallholder farmers and household food producers is a necessary form of sustainable development. Orientation value, and enabling value were found to be vital for the emergence of other kinds of value. The evaluation model also allows for the lifting out of strategic value which points to wider uptake potential. All this creates the possibility for indicator development that can help inform iterative development of boundary crossing VET courses used to stimulate the co-construction of learning networks and ongoing social learning for sustainable development.
 Keywords: Vocational Education and Training, evaluation, social learning, value creation framework

Business Model Innovation with Value Creation Approach in B2B E-Commerce

The rapid development of the digital era accompanied by the COVID-19 pandemic has made many business owners switch from selling offline to selling online. The emergence of the online B2B (Business to Business) marketplace is poised to experience exponential growth in the coming few years. However, ULA as start-up B2B e-commerce in Indonesia experienced decreasing trend for the last 6 months from GMV (Gross Merchandise Value) and active stores. This research is aimed to identify B2B e-commerce challenges and propose business model innovation to create long term revenue for B2B e-commerce in ULA with value creation approach. This research will use primary data which gathered through qualitative interviews and company internal data. The researcher conducted interviews with stall owners and compared the results of the interviews with the C-Level of ULA. All data will be analysed by using business model analysis from Afuah (2014) to identify the root cause of slow growth of ULA in the recent months and using value creation approach from Amit and Zott (2001) to propose business model innovation. There are four value dimensions of value creation in e-business; efficiency, lock-in, complementarities, and novelty, which are coherent with ULA as B2B e-commerce. The results of this study stated that customer segment and value proposition of ULA become had wrong positioned and are the cause of the decline in business performance. ULA B2B-commerce should focus on the strategy used to overcome these problems by leveraging the four sources of value creation and developing business model innovations. This strategy can be implemented by providing workshops and partner assistance for small retailers to improve their economy.

Leveraging Blockchain for sustainability and supply chain resilience in e-commerce channels for additive manufacturing: A cognitive analytics management framework-based assessment

E-commerce channels for additive manufacturing (ECAM) is an interface of democratizing manufacturing for large scale customized and flexible production. ECAM facilitates exchange of goods, services and information between key stakeholders viz. users, designers, additive manufacturer and customers. However, these systems are prone to threats viz. identity issues, currency exchange, innovation and ideation theft etc. Thus, a trusted technology is required to operationalize ECAM. Extant research suggests that Blockchain renders trust, sustainability and Supply Chain Resilience (SCRes) to host systems. However, leveraging Blockchain for a sustainable and SCRes ECAM has been negligible in the extant research. We use a Cognitive Analytics Management framework to assess the role of Blockchain in enhancing SCRes and Sustainability in ECAM. Value-Focussed Thinking is used in the Cognitive dimension to converge Blockchain Attributes with dimensions of SCRes and Sustainability. Fuzzy Cognitive Maps in Analytics dimension quantifies the impact of Blockchain adoption in ECAM. The practical contributions of this work are 1) encompassing stakeholder cognition for a sustainable and SCRes ECAM using blockchain 2) insights into design, coherence and integration aspects of blockchain for ECAM 3) a demonstration of a holistic and robust approach for optimal and shared value creation for stakeholders.

Adoption and Implications of Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDCs) and Cryptocurrencies

Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC) represents a digitized form of central bank funds that aims to enhance financial services and revolutionize the economy. It is important to note that CBDCs differ from cryptocurrencies as they are centrally regulated by sovereign authorities. When compared to cryptocurrencies. CBDCs prioritize privacy by limiting transaction details disclosure. The value creation approaches also vary - CBDCs adhere more closely to traditional models while cryptocurrencies are considered disruptive innovations. CBDCs provide various benefits including social control mechanisms, innovation stimulation and reduced dependence on banks as intermediaries. However, it is improbable for cryptocurrencies to entirely replace traditional money systems. Instead, CBDCs serve as alternatives to both physical cash and digital currencies by offering a digital medium of exchange coupled with regulatory oversight and respect for user privacy considerations.

A New Era of Value Creation – Vertical Value Creation

Increasing cost pressure due to actual crises and growing competition and actual skill shortage are affecting today's manufacturers. Higher capacity utilization and an increase of workers’ and machines’ productivity are possibilities to face those challenges. Based on knowledge management as well as usually Machine Learning (ML) a new and complementary approach for value creation is presented in this article. It enables companies to face the above-mentioned challenges and is called Vertical Value Creation (VVC). Its aim is the targeted multiplication of data, information, knowledge, and competencies during the regular operation of production systems to make them tradeable. VVC can be distinguished into Human Vertical Value Creation (H-VVC) and Machine Vertical Value Creation (M-VVC). Whereas H-VVC is already known partially, M-VVC can fundamentally change value creation in production systems. In contrast to the approaches of knowledge management or intellectual capital, information, knowledge or competencies can be implemented in software code automatically due to ML and thus can be made explicit, fungible and tradeable. VVC extends the existing value-creating area by adding a value-creation dimension to the classic understanding of value creation. The article starts with some basics and related work concerning value creation. Thereafter, prerequisites for VVC, in order to fully exploit its potential, are mentioned. This includes an additional view on value-adding distinguishing three points in time: the creation of (potential) value, the possibility for realizing created values, and the realization of created values. Followed by the vision of a data production system, some hypotheses regarding VVC are presented in the article.

How Digital Technologies Reshape and Transform Marketing: The Participation of Augmented Reality in Brand Loyalty Building

Since the 21st century, the environment in which enterprises operate has witnessed the rapid development of digital technologies [1], such as AI, IoT, etc, and these disruptive technologies have gradually participated in business operational activities as well as value creation approaches. Among these state-of-the-art technologies, Augmented Reality (AR) has gradually become a popular tool with powerful interactivity features to alter physical surroundings with superimposed virtual elements [2]. Simultaneously, with the popularity of digital marketing and the rising strategic value of brand loyalty in the digital era, the impact of augmented reality on both is also gaining increasing attention. This paper analyses the application prospect of AR technology in brand building based on the brand loyalty model and digital marketing framework, and thus explores how to leverage the capabilities of AR to optimise brand loyalty building. On the one hand, the interactive features of AR allow novel products to reach targeted potential customers in a more direct way via ubiquitous mobile devices and thus efficiently drive brand awareness in the early stages of marketing. On the other hand, AR could aid marketers in developing long-term customers by optimizing ongoing engagement after the initial purchase. Moreover, the ethic of AR in marketing, especially data security and privacy protection is also covered in this paper. Overall, although the benign interaction between AR and digital marketing discussed in this article is only a microcosm of digital transformation within organizations, the application opportunities and challenges discovered not only provide directions for smooth adoption of AR technology in practice, but offer novel insights into the research on adjustment of organizational activities under digital transformation.

Analysis of environmental transitions for tool development

In the pursuit of a sustainable economy, several transitions are initiated which affect the way of doing business. The most prominent transitions, the energy transition and the transition towards a circular economy, are exemplary for the way companies are impacted. By the analysis of the differences and similarities between the two transitions, the challenges for companies are identified. The value chain needs to implement the demanded adaptations to be competitive. Therefore, the environmental performance and capacity to make the required adaptation of all value chain partners are of relevance for business continuation. A future tool should support companies in the assessment of the value chain partners to be adaptive. The paper describes the design brief for the development of the tool that should incentivize companies to focus on and provide guidance for a multi-capital approach for value creation and to transition to a sustainable value chain.

Модель оценки стоимости на примере предприятия металлургического сектора

The management of organizations essentially depends on the choice of criteria for the functioning and development. At the initial stage of the transition to a market economy, the main criterion for many Russian organizations was cash flow. The following criterion is the net income (financial result), provided sufficient cash flow. The disadvantage of this criterion is its short duration. This paper highlights the value creation approach to management. This approach is widely used in managing Western organizations, but it is pretty new for Russia and requires adaptation in Russian organizations. Purpose of the study. The study’s primary purpose is to develop models and methods to improve the efficiency of organizations in the real sector. This paper discusses the development of a model for assessing the value of an organization by the income method using discounted cash flows. The issue of creation/destruction (increase or decrease) of value with an increase in revenue is being considered. For many Russian organizations, business growth is accompanied by a decrease in value. A criterion for creating value has been developed, non-observance of which will lead to the destruction (increase) of value with an increase in revenue. Materials and methods. A two-period model for evaluating the cost in an analytical form was used. The va¬lue model is designed for “mature” organizations characterized by stable development parameters: operational profitability and capital-to-output ratio. Results. One of the largest metallurgical organizations in Russia is considered as the object of research. Collected and processed initial data on the financial and economic condition of this organization. The valuation model was applied to one of the metallurgical companies in Russia. The accuracy of the calculation results for the valuation was 6% in relation to the actual market price, which can be considered a satisfactory result. Conclusion. This approach simplifies the assessment of the company’s value and develops measures to increase (rather than reduce) its value. An increase in the revenue of an unattractive investment company leads to its value destruction (decrease). Instead of a positive result, stakeholders get a negative one, given the seemingly favorable dynamics of the organization’s development. The proposed model is typical and can be used to analyze the development of many “mature” organizations.

Creating value from co-designing CoMOOCs with teachers in challenging environments

Conditions of mass displacement and other complex crises create a need for widely accessible teacher professional development opportunities. This article reports on the forms of value created for participants through a scaled-up collaborative online peer-sharing experience developed to support teachers in challenging environments to become transformative educators. This is an approach we have conceptualised as a co-designed, massive open online collaboration (CoMOOC), since it uses massive open online course (MOOC) platforms, but extends the concept of a traditional MOOC. The CoMOOC was co-designed with teachers and teacher educators in Lebanon and hosted on two platforms to create an equivalent co-learning experience in two languages (Arabic and English). To assess the impact of the CoMOOC, we adopt a value creation approach to evaluation. This approach considers how educators’ perception of their participation in the CoMOOC can support and enhance their professional practice in the long term, creating value for themselves and those affected by their practice (for example, learners, colleagues and institutions). We present evidence of the forms of value created during and after participation, collected through impact survey responses and interviews with CoMOOC participants.

Initial development of a self-assessment approach for coproduction value creation by an international community of practice.

Coproduction offers a new way of conceptualizing healthcare as a service that is co-created by people (health professionals and people seeking health services) rather than a product that is generated by providers or health systems and delivered to patients. This offers new possibilities for those introducing and testing changes, and it enables additional ways of creating value. Fjeldstad and colleagues describe the architecture of several kinds of value creating systems: (i) Chain; (ii) Shop; (iii) Network and (iv) Access. An international Value Creating Business Model Community of practice (VCBM CoP) was formed by the International Coproduction of Health Network and explored these types of systems and developed a self-assessment guide for health systems to use to assess value. An international community of practice comprising leaders, clinicians, patients and finance specialists representing 12 health systems from four countries (USA, UK, Israel and Sweden) met monthly for 1year and used a semi-structured process to iteratively refine and adapt Fjeldstad's model for use in healthcare and develop a draft self-assessment guide. The process concluded with initial focus group user experience sessions with six health systems. The community of practice successfully completed a 1-year journey of discovery, development and learning, resulting in two products: (1) a full-version self-assessment guide (detailed) and (2) an abbreviated 'short-form' of the guide. Initial focus-group results suggest that there is initial perceived feasibility, acceptability and utility of the guides and that further development and research is reasonable to pursue. Results suggest significant variation and context specificity in the use of the guide, simple and complex knowledge transfer applications in use, and the need for the development of simple and technology supported versions for use in the future. The VCBM CoP has successfully completed a 1-year collaborative learning cycle, resulting in the development of a self-assessment guide that is now ready for additional investigation using formal research methods. The CO-VALUE study has been designed to build on the work of the CoP and includes qualitative and quantitative assessment phases and a concept mapping study.

Urban collage: how can affective dynamics shape waterfront landscapes?

ABSTRACT This article unravels the factors of affective dynamics that shape and sustain waterfront regeneration while critically examining the essence and influence of megaprojects. It examines why and how urban atmospheres can be provoked and manipulated to dominate the rationale, political orientations, intrinsic motivations, and power struggles behind waterfront landscapes. It provides explicit insight into how waterfront regeneration operates affectively and atmospherically through the convergence of emotion-focused planning, value-creation approaches, and affective adaptability to transform the physical and political landscape. Focusing on the ‘Asia New Bay Area’ (ANBA) project in Kaohsiung, this article explains why and how megaprojects can be accepted and supported by local people, despite a lack of professional evaluation, public participation, and revenue. The key claim of this article is that addressing the city’s affective dynamics and atmospheric resonances is critical for understanding how megaprojects can be employed to direct public emotions and concerns.

Nonprofit organizations and social-alliance portfolio size: Evidence from website content analysis

Business-Nonprofit Partnership (BNP) has been widely regarded as a vital approach for public value creation and social innovation. At the same time, many studies show a positive association between the size of an organization's portfolio of partners and its overall performance and innovation. Building on these insights, we contribute to the BNP literature by drawing on the relational view to theorize and empirically examine the conditions that underpin the effectiveness of nonprofit organizations (NPOs) in establishing collaborative linkages with the private sector (i.e. to determine the size of their portfolio of business partners). Data were compiled from the websites of NPOs (n = 102) that were collaborating with FTSE 100 companies. The results of regression analysis show that the ability of NPOs to deliver economic rent (to business partners) and to establish calculative trust (pre-collaboration trust) is positively associated with their portfolio size. Furthermore, the results indicate that the ability to create social value is also positively associated with portfolio size but only for larger NPOs, and that the delivery of collaboration options is negatively associated with portfolio size. We discuss these findings in relation to their implications for research and practice.