Value-added Chain Research Articles

Electrochemical Hydrodimerization of Lignocellulose-Derived Carbonyls in Aqueous Electrolytes for Biobased Polymer and Long-chained Synfuel Production: A Review.

The transformation from fossil resources, crude oil and natural gas to biomass-derived feedstocks is an urgent and major challenge for the chemical industry. The valorization of lignocellulose as renewable resource is a promising pathway offering access to a wide range of platform chemicals, such as vanillin, furfural and 5-HMF. The subsequent conversion of such platform chemicals is one crucial step in the value-added chain. The electrochemical hydrodimerization (EHD) is a sustainable tool for C-C coupling of these chemicals to their corresponding hydrodimers hydrovanilloin, hydrofuroin and 5,5'-bis(hydroxymethyl)hydrofuroin (BHH). This review covers the current state of art concerning the mechanism of the electrochemical reduction of biobased aldehydes and studies targeting the electrochemical production of these hydrodimers in aqueous media. Moreover, the subsequent conversion of these hydrodimers to valuable additives, polymers and long carbon chain synfuels will be summarized offering a broad scope for their application in the chemical industry.

Repurposing idle wells in the North German Basin as deep borehole heat exchangers

This study investigates the feasibility to repurpose wells from gas production for geothermal closed-loop application in the North German Basin (NGB). The objective for this research topic is to extend the value-added chain of idle wells by re-completion as coaxial deep borehole heat exchangers as an efficient way to produce green energy without drilling new wells by saving the carbon emission and costs of building a new geothermal well. With numerical models of two typical geological settings of the NGB and two different completion schemes, it is possible to simulate the thermal performance over a lifetime of 30 years. The calculated heat extraction rates range from 200 to 400 kW, with maximum values of up to 600 kW. Sensitivity analyses demonstrate that re-completion depth and injection temperature are the most sensitive parameters of thermal output determination. The heat demand around the boreholes is mapped, and heat generation costs are calculated with heating network simulations. The initial production costs for heat are comparable to other renewable energy resources like biomass and competitive against gas prices in 2022. This study highlights available geothermal resources’ environmental and economic potential in already installed wells. The application has almost no geological and no drilling risks and may be installed at any idle well location.

The Development of a Green Hydrogen Economy: Review

Building a hydrogen economy is perceived as a way to achieve the decarbonization goals set out in the Paris Agreement to limit global warming, as well as to meet the goals resulting from the European Green Deal for the decarbonization of Europe. This article presents a literature review of various aspects of this economy. The full added value chain of hydrogen was analyzed, from its production through to storage, transport, distribution and use in various economic sectors. The current state of knowledge about hydrogen is presented, with particular emphasis on its features that may determine the positives and negatives of its development. It was noted that although hydrogen has been known for many years, its production methods are mainly related to fossil fuels, which result in greenhouse gas emissions. The area of interest of modern science is limited to green hydrogen, produced as a result of electrolysis from electricity produced from renewable energy sources. The development of a clean hydrogen economy is limited by many factors, the most important of which are the excessive costs of producing clean hydrogen. Research and development on all elements of the hydrogen production and use chain is necessary to contribute to increasing the scale of production and use of this raw material and thus reducing costs as a result of the efficiencies of scale and experience gained. The development of the hydrogen economy will be related to the development of the hydrogen trade, and the centers of this trade will differ significantly from the current centers of energy carrier trade.

Carbene-Assisted Arene Ring-Opening.

Despite the significant achievements in dearomatization and C-H functionalization of arenes, the arene ring-opening remains a largely unmet challenge and is underdeveloped due to the high bond dissociation energy and strong resonance stabilization energy inherent in aromatic compounds. Herein, we demonstrate a novel carbene assisted strategy for arene ring-opening. The understanding of the mechanism by our DFT calculations will stimulate wide application of bulk arene chemicals for the synthesis of value-added polyconjugated chain molecules. Various aryl azide derivatives now can be directly converted into valuable polyconjugated enynes, avoiding traditional synthesis including multistep unsaturated precursors, poor selectivity control, and subsequent transition-metal catalyzed cross-coupling reactions. The simple conditions required were demonstrated in the late-stage modification of complex molecules and fused ring compounds. This chemistry expands the horizons of carbene chemistry and provides a novel pathway for arene ring-opening.

ФОРМУВАННЯ ЛАНЦЮГІВ ДОДАНОЇ ВАРТОСТІ ЛІТІЙ-ІОННИХ БАТАРЕЙ: СВІТОВА ПРАКТИКА ТА ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ ДЛЯ УКРАЇНИ

The article examines the economic and geographical aspects of the formation and the main stages of the of value-added chains for lithium-ion batteries production. The purpose of the study is to identify the features of the value-added chain development, considering the methods of lithium extraction worldwide, as well as the development of recommendations for the lithium extraction and processing deployment in Ukraine. The eight stages of lithium transformation into lithium-ion batteries were analyzed and the technological specificity of each phase was defined. It was also determined that processing of lithium ores – spodumene or petalite – is the costliest stage of production, which explains the high cost of cathodes produced on the next step. The cost structure of the production of batteries and electric vehicles was studied, and it was revealed that the lithium-ion batteries contribute significantly to the added value of electric mobiles. The main patterns of the formation of added value along the value-added chain are determined, which in particular lie in the reduction of added value during the transition from one link to another at the higher stages of the production of lithium-ion batteries, the gradual reduction of battery production costs in the world and their further reduction until 2032 year, the threat of the country falling into a raw material trap, when trade and industrial policies focus on extraction and primary processing, which makes it impossible to further increase the added value in the industry. Also, the technological advances to reduce production costs and environmental impact becomes a leading trend among big production corporations. The conditions and recommendations for the Ukraine's integration into the global value chains of the lithium industry were presented. They include stimulation of research and development in lithium mining technology from petalite, assignment of an institutional body to coordinate investments in the lithium industry and to establish strategic partnerships; promotion of sustainability along the lithium-ion battery value chain; and integration into the European Union e-mobile production, as well as an internal market of electric vehicles development.

ІНТЕГРАЦІЙНИЙ ПОТЕНЦІАЛ ПРОМИСЛОВОГО КОМПЛЕКСУ УКРАЇНИ

The objective of the study is to justify the need to unlock the integration potential of the industrial complex of Ukraine in the context of the implementation of the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the European Union. The industry of Ukraine is in a state of crisis. Since its independence the country has neither elaborated, nor implemented the necessary industrial strategy on the national level with the goal of intensifying capital investment in the diversification of production and promoting high-tech exports. During the transformation period a long-term trend of deindustrialization of the national economy has been observed in Ukraine, caused by the degradation of its industrial complex, as a result of which the state fell into the group of Third World countries and, finding itself in a raw material trap, secured for itself the role of a supplier of low-value-added goods. The experience of the post-war recovery of successful countries of the world (e.g. Germany, Japan, South Korea, Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore, China) demonstrated that one of the main factors of economic growth is the timely introduction of an effective state industrial policy, where a key role is played by the export-oriented processing industry. In the conditions of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, when at the global level more than 80 countries, which account for 90% of the world GDP, are increasing attention to the improvement of state industrial strategies and state industrial policies, in which they recognize the growing need for state intervention and support of industries that are critical for the national economy, Ukraine must confront the problem of increasing the effectiveness of state regulation of industrial development in order to fulfill its integration potential. A long-term strategy for the development of industry in the form of a normative document with a focus on structural development, activation of the domestic market with stable domestic demand will contribute to reducing dependence on exports and will have a positive impact on the national economy, providing jobs for citizens, additional taxes to the budget, creating added value within the country. In such a strategy, fundamental and sectoral science should occupy a prominent place for the development of Industry 4.0 technologies, which will contribute to both the formation of the national value-added chains and balanced exports thanks to the revival of export-oriented processing industry. The analysis of experts’ research results allowed to come to the conclusion that Ukraine should focus on a wide variety of instruments, e.g. war risk insurance; access to “long and cheap” money; significant simplification of connection to networks; incentives to create recycling, such as offsetting a share of capital investment through taxes or industrial parks; stimulation of domestic demand for local goods through public procurement or through government programs; stimulating the export of finished products through the Export Credit Agency, trade diplomacy, exhibition activities, etc.; modification of the tariff and customs policy to reduce the price of import of raw materials, components and some types of equipment for production with a simultaneous restriction on the export of raw materials. At the same time the share of the processing industry in the structure of the GDP of Ukraine in 2021 was about 10%, which is a critically small indicator, while in neighboring countries, like Poland, Slovakia, Turkey, this indicator is twice as high - about 20%. It should be noted that the share of the processing industry in the structure of GDP is correlated with the level of poverty in the country. Ukraine’s GDP per capita at purchasing power parity is about 14000 USD, while in the neighboring countries, this indicator is about 35000 USD, and they have achieved this level of industrial development precisely as the result of using the stimulating tools: industrial parks, development banks, export credit agencies, institutional incentives for the processing industry. One more key tool for the promotion of Ukrainian exports of more complex technological products is the conclusion of the Agreement on Conformity Assessment and Acceptance of Industrial Products (АААА, "industrial visa-free"), which provides for mutual recognition of product conformity assessment between the EU and Ukraine.

Market analysis of added-value chain products and employability of young people in North Benin

The challenge of young people employability in Africa and particularly in Benin continues to rise with acuity. The majority of young people are affected by underemployment, or are without decent jobs. This is the reason why the Netherlands Development Organization (SNV) implemented the Youth Employment project for the Improvement of Food Security in northern Benin (EJASA). This study aimed to analyze the added-value chains (AVC) from different agricultural sectors in order to assess their ability to ensuring the employability or professional integration of young people. This study analyzed six (06) added-value chains divided into three (03) sectors as follows: AVCs from market gardening sector (tomato fruit and fresh chilli pepper), AVCs from soybean sector (soybean grain and soybean cheese) and AVCs from the poultry sector (local chicken and guinea fowl). The results obtained showed that the overall demand of the selected AVC products was generally satisfied only at the level of 10 to 40% in the targeted municipalities, which suggests opportunities for positioning and entrepreneurship for young people. All the AVCs analyzed are profitable with the best rates of return (RNE/CT ratios) recorded for the AVC of guinea fowl (4.7), chilli pepper (1.6), tomato (1.1) and soybean grain (0.9), while the best wealth creation rates (VA/CI) observed for AVC guinea fowl (6.2), chilli pepper (4.5), tomato fruit (2.4) and soybean grain (1.6). The strong demand for AVC products, the existence of sales markets for all AVCs, the permanent support from technical and financial partners, and support structures for access to financing are all opportunities available to young people to ensure their employability and improve their income. The access to a well-paid job in one of the AVCs will help young people to improve their income and consequently to fight poverty and improve their food and nutrition security situation. Key words: Food value chains, youth employment, Improved income, Food security, Nutrition

STRATEGY OF SME’s DEVELOPMENT IN INDUSTRY AND ENGINEERING

After Ukrainian war it is essential to renovate industry in occupied regions. The purpose of the article is to develop strategy of industry and engineering (the I&E) at the regional level and ground of SMEs’ mission in the industry. Study considers results of interview and focus group. Study of business activity of SMEs and justification of results from the strategy implementation bases on eight elements. Mission, Model, Market, Moment, Men, Machinery, Materials, Money. Mission of SMEs has been changed from planning-oriented to customer-oriented approach during time of Ukrainian independency. Today, numerous entrepreneurs have lost their assets because of occupation. The novelty of the article is revealing the crucial which influence on the eight business elements (8M). Almost all enterprises that produced products have problems entering and maintaining positions in the foreign market, regardless of the strategic vector of foreign economic activity. Recognition of the best companies, international product certification, registration in international professional associations will allow SMEs to improve their position in the foreign market. SMEs use contemporary technologies and equipment of the 70s and 80s of the last century at the same time. The main personnel problems of the region are the outflow of personnel abroad, aging personnel, and intense competition between enterprises in the labor market. The main conditions for opening and activating a business for women are social guarantees from the government, supplementary social working conditions, and security of business activities. Based on the analysis, the strategy of industry of development have four vectors such as Technological progress in value-added chains, Qualified staff and prestigious work, Cooperation of enterprises and stakeholders in value-added chains, Entry and strengthening positions at foreign markets.

МЕТОДОЛОГІЧНІ ПІДХОДИ ДО ОЦІНКИ КОНКУРЕНТОСПРОМОЖНОСТІ КРАЇНИ У ГЛОБАЛЬНИХ ЛАНЦЮГАХ СТВОРЕННЯ ВАРТОСТІ

The article defines the main factors that influence the involvement of countries in the GVC. It was found that profiting from participation in the creation of added value depends on the factors of competitiveness, market power and the distribution of captured value. Attention is focused on the fact that competitiveness is one of the main factors influencing the effective integration of the country into the GVC, therefore its assessment and forecasting is a key element in this process. According to the results of the review of studies and publications, it was established that there are various methodological approaches that help to determine the position of countries and business entities in the GVC and to evaluate their integration processes in creating added value. Also, the problem of obtaining the actual data necessary for such an assessment was established, in connection with which, an analysis of databases and indicators that characterize global production networks and supply chains was carried out in order to determine the sources of obtaining statistical data. It was concluded that such data can be not only statistical, it can be reports of enterprises, results of surveys of entrepreneurs, interviews with representatives of business associations, civil servants, etc. The authors substantiated that the choice of a specific approach should be based on formulated research tasks and available sources of input information. A rational solution would be to choose an integrated approach to value added value chains, which would combine several methods and allow to get a more objective picture of the processes that take place in the value added chain. The authors proposed a scientific and methodological approach to assessing the country's competitiveness in the GVC, which involves the calculation of the composite index of the country's competitiveness in the GLS) as a symbiosis of five sub-indexes: the sub-index of the socio-economic competitiveness of the country, the sub-index of the country's financial competitiveness, the subindex of the country's digital competitiveness, the subindex of the country's investment competitiveness and the subindex of the country's competitiveness with participation in the GVC

Діджиталізація як чинник швидкої інтернаціоналізації стартапів

The article defines the essence of the concept of "global startups", and examines the factors influencing their emergence and rapid spread in the global economy. The size of the local market, the state of development of the national innovation ecosystem, the number and availability of re-sources, the level of competition in the domestic market, state protection of intellectual property rights and technologies, etc. The authors summarized the approaches to interpreting the essence of the internationaliza-tion and digitalization processes and investigated their impact on global startup entrepreneurship. It was found that the connection between digitalization and the internationalization of startups is sig-nificant, as entrepreneurs increasingly use information and communication technologies in their dai-ly activities to analyze national and international market information, sell products or services, or contact potential customers, suppliers, or strategic customers and partners. Digitalization refers to the use of digital infrastructure, the Internet as a medium for selling products and services and cre-ating value for customers. Attention is focused on the importance of digitalization for the early internationalization of startups. Systematized key factors of the internationalization of start-up firms: institutional envi-ronment of the home and host country, industry and market conditions of the country of origin and host country, state of development of formal and informal institutions, access to venture and social capital networks, availability of knowledge about foreign markets, leadership and entrepreneurial traits cofounders of startups, their cultural traits and cognitive skills, the presence of global think-ing and broad business orientation of startup founders. Based on the analysis of the success stories of domestic startups on the global market, the conditions and features of the emergence of global startups of Ukrainian origin were studied. For local startups to enter international markets, strategies for their rapid internationaliza-tion have been identified: joining international professional associations, integrating the local busi-ness into the system of European and global value-added chains, and developing bilateral plans for industry and key economic areas of the country.

Expressing Added Value in Food Supply Chains

Value-added food supply chains are chains that maintain positive social, environmental, and community values which are integrated into the production process from the primary producer to the final consumer, ensuring economic, social, and environmental sustainability, thus forming a sustainable agricultural and food production system. The evaluation of the value added in each chain is based on indicators, which are a tool to measure changes in the actual situation or to show performance trends in achieving the progress set by the objectives. The presented indicators are based on publicly available statistics and foreign literature that allow measuring value added in specific livestock chains at aggregate level (beef production, pork production and dairy production) and are based on publicly available statistics in the Republic of Slovenia. The need to produce indicators of value added in livestock food supply chains arises from the large differences in structural changes in the sector itself and in the development and economic performance of the various livestock industries.

Exploring the Gaps and Potential for Strengthening Urban–Rural Linkages in Hoi An City, Vietnam

This study evaluates the gaps between urban and rural linkages within the corridor of Hoi An city and suggests potential solutions utilizing the circulating and ecological sphere principles for further strengthening these linkages and gradually promoting sustainable development of the city and surrounding area. A face-to-face interview method and an Origin 2018-based analysis were utilized to analyse the gaps between urban and rural linkages. Results were represented by ArcGIS 10.3 with a line diagram. The identified obstacles were (a) unequal distribution of human resources and income gaps, (b) poor basic and economic infrastructures, (c) a lack of interest in the agricultural sector and (d) the absence of corresponding policies. The suggested solutions were effective decentralization, raising investment for basic and economic infrastructures and sustainable agricultural systems, including tourism, value-added chain of network building and more focused and effective corresponding policies. This study also recommends optimizing synergies as well as reducing trade-offs between the proposed approach and the Sustainable Development Goals.

Reproduction of Competitive Human Capital as a Factor of Ensuring Russia's Economic Security in the Global Economy

The growing interest in the study of the reproduction of competitive human capital is caused by the destabilization of the political, social and economic situation in the world in the conditions of pandemics and the sanctions policy of the countries of the «golden billion». The implementing of artificial intelligence leads to the reduction of even the elite layer in the labor market, such as IT specialists. Enterprises of basic industries and related industries face a decrease in demand and reduce staff. The digitization of processes results in personnel reductions in sectors that provide financial, informational, and other services. Job cuts — reduction in disposable income — reduction in demand — reduction in economic growth — reduction in investment resources and opportunities: all this requires the search for new levers to improve efficiency and life security. The analysis of modern economic scientific literature shows an underestimation of the reproduction characteristics of a specific factor and investment resource — a person, his creative component in the process of its productive use. The reproductive perspective allows for the alignment of interests among all parties involved in the production process within a company, the creation of value-added chains at regional and national levels, and serves as a key factor in increasing their competitiveness in global markets. This approach fits well with the search for mechanisms to ensure economic security at all three levels: micro, meso and macro in the global economy of a multipolar world.

Opportunities to use operations research methods to develop economic performance: a case study of a sample of companies listed in the Iraq Stock Exchange

The productive and banking institutions seek to exert all possible efforts to develop their competitive capabilities by meeting the basic needs of their customers in a way that achieves the best possible allocation of their available resources and maximizes the present value of their future profit flows. The research aims to achieve the foregoing by strengthening all the elements related to developing the capabilities of decision-makers and the skills of the workforce, developing and stabilizing the organization's relations with suppliers, and consolidating its position within the added value chains locally and internationally. In view of the continuous interest in employing operations research methods in decision-making and enhancing the performance of business sectors in the world, the scientific addition to this research was characterized by clarifying the need to present the most prominent opportunities and challenges associated with the use of these methods in productive and banking institutions in Iraq. The theoretical side of the study included the presentation of concepts related to evaluating the economic performance of companies and some models of operations research and the historical development of their use in decision-making. The applied side included evaluating the economic performance of Iraqi companies and diagnosing its development opportunities using some operations research models through the use of some performance indicators for a sample of six companies listed within the Iraq Stock Exchange divided into two companies from each of three sectors, which are banks, services and industry to diagnose the reality of its performance with the presentation of some applicable models in it, , in addition to a statement the most prominent challenges that may face the efforts of those who seek to implement it in order to determine the requirements necessary to employ it in practice and in a manner that achieves the interests of all relevant parties such as, including shareholders, lenders, banking institutions, consumers, workers and suppliers. The results of the study showed the possibility of developing capabilities to use operations research models in evaluating the performance of Iraqi companies and enhancing the requirements of sustainable development in the knowledge economy.

Opportunities to use operations research methods to develop economic performance: a case study of a sample of companies listed in the Iraq Stock Exchange

The productive and banking institutions seek to exert all possible efforts to develop their competitive capabilities by meeting the basic needs of their customers in a way that achieves the best possible allocation of their available resources and maximizes the present value of their future profit flows. The research aims to achieve the foregoing by strengthening all the elements related to developing the capabilities of decision-makers and the skills of the workforce, developing and stabilizing the organization's relations with suppliers, and consolidating its position within the added value chains locally and internationally. In view of the continuous interest in employing operations research methods in decision-making and enhancing the performance of business sectors in the world, the scientific addition to this research was characterized by clarifying the need to present the most prominent opportunities and challenges associated with the use of these methods in productive and banking institutions in Iraq. The theoretical side of the study included the presentation of concepts related to evaluating the economic performance of companies and some models of operations research and the historical development of their use in decision-making. The applied side included evaluating the economic performance of Iraqi companies and diagnosing its development opportunities using some operations research models through the use of some performance indicators for a sample of six companies listed within the Iraq Stock Exchange divided into two companies from each of three sectors, which are banks, services and industry to diagnose the reality of its performance with the presentation of some applicable models in it, , in addition to a statement the most prominent challenges that may face the efforts of those who seek to implement it in order to determine the requirements necessary to employ it in practice and in a manner that achieves the interests of all relevant parties such as, including shareholders, lenders, banking institutions, consumers, workers and suppliers. The results of the study showed the possibility of developing capabilities to use operations research models in evaluating the performance of Iraqi companies and enhancing the requirements of sustainable development in the knowledge economy.

Croatian Regional Export Value-Added Chains

This paper examines Croatian Regional Value Chains (RVCs). We use the value chain approach to study supply chains, examining data specifically for Croatia and its proximate trading partners in the European Union, as well as some other European countries. The value added in Croatian exports is statistically related to the value added in the exports of Croatian trading partners. We argue that Croatian RVCs are organized around regional production centers, with proximity to production capacity, raw materials, and customers as driving factors, and thus most of the value added originates in these RVCs. This paper emphasizes the advantages of representing trade through value added over traditional gross trade statistics and highlights the robustness of RVCs in Croatia to global shocks and transportation reliability issues. We conclude that despite its small absolute size, the Croatian economy is dynamically well-integrated into the EU RVCs, which is crucial for increasing business efficiency and competitiveness, notwithstanding the constraints of relatively low returns to scale. Overall, this study contributes to a better understanding of RVCs in Croatia and their potential benefits for Croatia in the global production organization.

TRANSFORMATION OF APPROACHES IN MANAGEMENT AND MARKETING DUE TO THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC

The article summarizes and systematizes the theoretical and methodological principles of the management and marketing transformation caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The topic of the research is relevant because the risks of most types of economic activities have increased in the conditions of the coronavirus crisis. These factors caused changes in consumer behavior and led to corresponding transformations in the management and marketing activities of business entities. The theoretical and analytical basis of the article includes fundamental works of scientists, statistical data of the State Statistics Service of Ukraine and leading consulting agencies. Methods of abstract-logical generalization, systematic and historical analysis and synthesis, monographic and survey-analytical, graphic methods were used in the research. It was determined that significant macroeconomic imbalances appeared in the conditions of the coronavirus crisis, the way of life changed, and society became less cohesive and mobile. Destruction of added value chains, logistics networks, decrease in total business activity of business entities led to a general deterioration of the population’s living standards and the parameters of their consumer confidence. It is shown that the COVID-19 pandemic contributed to changes in the hierarchy of consumer needs of Ukrainians, shifting the focus to physiological and safety needs. Therefore, most of the marketing trends during the coronavirus crisis in Ukraine are related to social distancing, seclusion of people and fear of disease. It has been established that the main tools of marketing

Elemental profiles of swine tissues as descriptors for the traceability of value-added Italian heavy pig production chains

The increasing demand for reliable traceability tools in the meat supply chain has prompted the exploration of innovative approaches that meet stringent quality standards. In this work, 57 elements were quantified by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and direct mercury analysis in 80 muscle and 80 liver samples of Italian heavy pigs to investigate the potential of new tools based on multi-elemental profiles in supporting value-added meat supply chains. Samples from three groups of animals belonging to the protected designation of origin (PDO) Parma Ham circuit (conventionally raised; raised with genetically modified organism (GMO)-free feeds; raised with GMO-free feeds plus the supplementation of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA)) and a fourth group of samples from animals not compliant with the PDO Parma Ham production process were analyzed. Hierarchical cluster analysis allowed for the identification of three macro-clusters of liver or muscle samples, highlighting some inhomogeneities among the target groups. Following SIMCA analysis, better classification models were obtained by using liver elemental profiles (95% correct classification rate), with the highest classification accuracy observed for GMO-free livers (100%). The elements contributing the most to the separation of livers by class membership were La, Ce, and Pb for conventional, Li, Cr, Fe, As, and Sr for GMO-free + n-3 PUFA, and Lu for non-PDO samples. Given these findings, the analysis of the elemental profiles of pig tissues can be regarded as a promising method to confirm the declared pig meat label attributes, deter potential complex fraud, and support meat traceability systems.

Digitalización del Sector de la Consultoría: impulsores y facilitadores internos y externos

Literature has conventionally addressed the concept of Digitalization by focusing on the manufacturing industry, harmonizing and pairing its features with the service industry. This leads us to ask ourselves whether there is a single concept of digitalization or the digital transformation of the firm can vary depending on sales orientation. To answer our problem statement and research questions, we used a systematic literature review (SLR) and bibliometric analysis (BA) of digitalization to identify the most relevant articles on the subject. After analyzing a set of 1316 articles extracted from Scopus, EBSCO, PROQUEST, and the Web of Science databases, we found that the process of digitalization of a company should be studied differently depending on its underlying sector or activity. We also found that digital transformation in the consulting business has been facilitated and boosted by internal and external drivers that resulted in a change in the service digitalization paradigm in this sector, going from cost-saving strategies to value-added chains.

THE CONCEPT OF SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF STRATEGIC DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES

The purpose of the article is to identify the main strategic directions of the development of agricultural enterprises using methodological approaches to the concept of supply chain management. The main direction of business process reengineering in the conditions of modern competitive interaction is the entry into the zone of inter-company relations, to the level of coordination of the activities of enterprises – elements of creating added value with the aim of working out a joint strategy within the framework of creating value for the end consumer. Aspects of digitalization of supply chain management processes are considered, highlighting Blockchain as a promising direction of digitalization within the framework of monitoring the movement of goods from the first resource level to the final consumer, conducting financial transactions, and identifying users. The process approach is integrated with the concept of value chain management. This led to the selection of the “previous types of activities” and “subsequent types of activities” segments in view of the focus on the agrarian enterprise as a focal element. Measures to overcome the current problems of the functioning of logistics supply chains in the agricultural sector of the Ukrainian economy are summarized, including reengineering the export infrastructure system (creating a diversified logistics system resistant to external challenges), diversification of the activities of agricultural enterprises within the framework of optimization of the business process implementation model by supplementing the chain of creation of added value with previous and subsequent types of activities within the framework of integrated agricultural structures in order to reduce the impact of the external environment (in practice, the presented strategy is implemented through vertical integration “from the bottom up”). The positive effects of vertical integration in the agricultural sector, consisting of the optimization of business processes, are highlighted: reduced dependence on foreign markets, reduction of total costs due to the coverage of logistics processes, optimization of the range of finished products by lengthening value-added chains; formation and rational use of investment funds in view of losses as a result of military actions.