Valued Field Research Articles

Development of methodology for economic evaluation of land plots for the extraction and processing of solid minerals

The Russian economy has a pronounced resource specialization; in many regions, subsoil use is a backbone or one of the main areas of the economy. In these conditions, the improvement of the methodology for the economic evaluation of lands on which mining enterprises are located is of particular relevance. On the basis of the existing experience in assessing industrial land, the authors present a developed methodology for determining the cadastral value of land plots where mining enterprises are located, taking into account their industry characteristics and the specifics of production and commercial activities. At the same time, cadastral valuation is considered as a specific form of economic valuation. Particular emphasis is placed on the importance of taking into account the cost factors that have the greatest impact on the formation of the cost of land for the extraction and processing of solid minerals, and the method of assessment depending on the characteristics of the object. To carry out theoretical research, the methods of analysis and synthesis of legal and scientific and technical literature in the field of cadastral and market valuation of land were used in the work. The practical part is based on the application of expert methods, including the method of analysis of hierarchies, system and logical analysis. The method of M.A.Svitelskaya was chosen as the basis, which presents a combination of modified methods of statistical (regression) modeling and modeling based on specific indicators of cadastral value. The use of this technique in economic practice contributes to increasing the efficiency of cadastral valuation and the objectivity of its results.

Human capital: valuation and management

The article considers approaches to the assessment of human capital taking into account the concept of value-oriented corporate management, which has become the methodological basis of the study. The tools of synthetic and analytical accounting in accordance with RAS and the tax legislation of the Russian Federation were used to disclose the content and comprehension of the studied financial notions. The methods of relative values of economic analysis, quantitative methods of evaluation, cost-based (property), revenue and market (comparative) approaches are used in relation to determining the value of human capital. A more specific definition of the human capital utilization coefficient and quantitative estimates of individual human capital, goodwill of human capital are proposed. A universal methodology has been developed for assessing human capital in proportion to the business qualities and labor contribution of employees to the capitalization of the enterprise and the increase in its value. The proposed methodology integrates revenue, cost-based (property) and market approaches. The quantitative relationship between the goodwill of individual human capital and the goodwill of the entire enterprise is revealed. For practitioners in the field of business valuation, researchers in the development of value-oriented corporate management, teachers and students of economics in the study of financial methods of corporate valuation.

Implementation of land management under the conditions of marital law

On the basis of the analysis of the adopted changes to the land legislation and legal acts regulating land relations during the martial law, it was proved that their adoption was not done in a systematic way. It was found that the established special rules related to the implementation of land management and disposal of land plots for the period of martial law have different goals. It is about simplifying the procedure for disposal of agricultural lands – on the one hand, and on the other hand – activities in the field of land management, land cadastre and land valuation are complicated. It is substantiated that the changes that were made urgently highlighted the problem of imperfect land legislation in general, since the land legislation in force before the start of the war was designed exclusively for peacetime, because the issues of public access to sensitive information, such as: cartographic information, information on the purpose of land plots, names of land uses, names of subjects of land relations, etc. It has been established that the problem related to the provision of business entities and citizens under martial law for the provision of services for the preparation of land management documentation, topographical, geodetic and cartographic works has been resolved. For this purpose, the provision of special permits by the Security Service of Ukraine has been introduced. The urgent need for systematic adjustment of land legislation, both in the context of land management during the period of martial law and after its end (recovery period), as well as the need for harmonization of legislation in connection with European integration, which will become the basis for further research, is substantiated.

Ramification filtration and differential forms

Let $L$ be a complete discrete valuation field of prime characteristic $p$ with finite residue field. Denote by $\Gamma_{L}^{(v)}$ the ramification subgroups of $\Gamma_{L}=\operatorname{Gal}(L^{\mathrm{sep}}/L)$. We consider the category $\operatorname{M\Gamma}_{L}^{\mathrm{Lie}}$ of finite $\mathbb{Z}_p[\Gamma_{L}]$-modules $H$, satisfying some additional (Lie)-condition on the image of $\Gamma_L$ in $\operatorname{Aut}_{\mathbb{Z}_p}H$. In the paper it is proved that all information about the images of the groups $\Gamma_L^{(v)}$ in $\operatorname{Aut}_{\mathbb{Z}_p}H$ can be explicitly extracted from some differential forms $\widetilde{\Omega} [N]$ on the Fontaine etale $\phi $-module $M(H)$ associated with $H$. The forms $\widetilde{\Omega}[N]$ are completely determined by a canonical connection $\nabla $ on $M(H)$. In the case of fields $L$ of mixed characteristic, which contain a primitive $p$th root of unity, we show that a similar problem for $\mathbb{F}_p[\Gamma_L]$-modules also admits a solution. In this case we use the field-of-norms functor to construct the corresponding $\phi $-module together with the action of the Galois group of a cyclic extension $L_1$ of $L$ of degree $p$. Then our solution involves the characteristic $p$ part (provided by the field-of-norms functor) and the condition for a "good" lift of a generator of $\operatorname{Gal}(L_1/L)$. Apart from the above differential forms the statement of this condition uses the power series coming from the $p$-adic period of the formal group $\mathbb{G}_m$.

Ramification filtration and differential forms

Let $L$ be a complete discrete valuation field of prime characteristic $p$ with finite residue field. Denote by $\Gamma_{L}^{(v)}$ the ramification subgroups of $\Gamma_{L}=\operatorname{Gal}(L^{\mathrm{sep}}/L)$. We consider the category $\operatorname{M\Gamma}_{L}^{\mathrm{Lie}}$ of finite $\mathbb{Z}_p[\Gamma_{L}]$-modules $H$, satisfying some additional (Lie)-condition on the image of $\Gamma_L$ in $\operatorname{Aut}_{\mathbb{Z}_p}H$. In the paper it is proved that all information about the images of the groups $\Gamma_L^{(v)}$ in $\operatorname{Aut}_{\mathbb{Z}_p}H$ can be explicitly extracted from some differential forms $\widetilde{\Omega} [N]$ on the Fontaine etale $\phi $-module $M(H)$ associated with $H$. The forms $\widetilde{\Omega}[N]$ are completely determined by a canonical connection $\nabla $ on $M(H)$. In the case of fields $L$ of mixed characteristic, which contain a primitive $p$th root of unity, we show that a similar problem for $\mathbb{F}_p[\Gamma_L]$-modules also admits a solution. In this case we use the field-of-norms functor to construct the corresponding $\phi $-module together with the action of the Galois group of a cyclic extension $L_1$ of $L$ of degree $p$. Then our solution involves the characteristic $p$ part (provided by the field-of-norms functor) and the condition for a "good" lift of a generator of $\operatorname{Gal}(L_1/L)$. Apart from the above differential forms the statement of this condition uses the power series coming from the $p$-adic period of the formal group $\mathbb{G}_m$. Bibliography: 21 titles.

Systems, including spatial information systems, used in the work of a property appraiser – court expert in the field of property valuation

This article focuses on systems, including spatial information systems (SIP), which can be used by property appraisers – court experts in the field of real estate valuation when preparing an opinion on the value of real estate and when preparing other studies and expert opinions referred to in the real estate management regulations. There is also a reference to the institution of the property appraiser and the function of the court expert, as well as to the content and form of the appraisal report, i.e. the opinion on the value of the property.

RAISING QUESTIONS ABOUT THE APPOINTMENT OF CUSTOMS EXPERTISE IN ORDER TO CONTROL THE CORRECT CLASSIFICATION OF GOODS UNDER HS

The article considers the importance of the quality of questioning when appointing a customs examination, the procedure and rules for posing such questions, assessing their correctness, shows the algorithm for the correct formulation of the question regarding the appointment of a customs examination. The necessity of updating the methodological recommendations for posing questions to the expert is emphasized, since even the best methodological recommendations are useless if they are not applied in practice. Based on this, the expediency of introducing an appropriate training course and training for customs officials authorized to appoint commodity customs examinations and studies, in particular in the field of valuation of intellectual property, is shown. It is shown that when appointing a customs examination by a customs official, the expert should be assigned a specific task and set the range and content of issues on which the examination should be carried out. At the same time, it is not allowed to raise questions: that go beyond the competence of the expert (this may be grounds for refusal to conduct an examination); for the explanation of which no special expert knowledge is required; are of a legal nature; which may relate to the object of study due to its properties. The algorithm and the sequence of raising the question regarding the appointment of a customs examination, which allows to assess its correctness in accordance with the criteria established by law, which contain a prohibition on the absence of a certain (clear) semantic content in the question, or possible ambiguity (the possibility of interpretation) of the essence of the question, are analyzed. The necessity of formulating qualitative questions in compliance with the theory of their formulation and taking into account the specifics of the questions, taking into account the grounds for their occurrence, as well as the nature of the information the absence of which is indicated by the question (the so-called “whether-question” and “what-question”) is proved. The conclusion is made that in order to prevent problems in the interaction of customs authorities and expert institutions in the process of organizing and conducting customs examinations, it is important to take into account the peculiarities of questioning when appointing examinations and to comply with the rules for asking questions to the expert.

RAISING QUESTIONS ABOUT THE APPOINTMENT OF CUSTOMS EXPERTISE IN ORDER TO CONTROL THE CORRECT CLASSIFICATION OF GOODS UNDER HS

The article considers the importance of the quality of questioning when appointing a customs examination, the procedure and rules for posing such questions, assessing their correctness, shows the algorithm for the correct formulation of the question regarding the appointment of a customs examination. The necessity of updating the methodological recommendations for posing questions to the expert is emphasized, since even the best methodological recommendations are useless if they are not applied in practice. Based on this, the expediency of introducing an appropriate training course and training for customs officials authorized to appoint commodity customs examinations and studies, in particular in the field of valuation of intellectual property, is shown. It is shown that when appointing a customs examination by a customs official, the expert should be assigned a specific task and set the range and content of issues on which the examination should be carried out. At the same time, it is not allowed to raise questions: that go beyond the competence of the expert (this may be grounds for refusal to conduct an examination); for the explanation of which no special expert knowledge is required; are of a legal nature; which may relate to the object of study due to its properties. The algorithm and the sequence of raising the question regarding the appointment of a customs examination, which allows to assess its correctness in accordance with the criteria established by law, which contain a prohibition on the absence of a certain (clear) semantic content in the question, or possible ambiguity (the possibility of interpretation) of the essence of the question, are analyzed. The necessity of formulating qualitative questions in compliance with the theory of their formulation and taking into account the specifics of the questions, taking into account the grounds for their occurrence, as well as the nature of the information the absence of which is indicated by the question (the so-called “whether-question” and “what-question”) is proved. The conclusion is made that in order to prevent problems in the interaction of customs authorities and expert institutions in the process of organizing and conducting customs examinations, it is important to take into account the peculiarities of questioning when appointing examinations and to comply with the rules for asking questions to the expert.

ОЦЕНКА СТОИМОСТИ КОММЕРЧЕСКОЙ НЕДВИЖИМОСТИ НА ОСНОВЕ МОДЕЛЕЙ МАШИННОГО ОБУЧЕНИЯ

Based on the interests of users and compliance with the legislation in the field of valuation, the authors propose the use of machine learning methods in valuation practice for the valuation of commercial real estate. Five regression methods were chosen as the algorithms on which the model works. The proposed machine learning model can be trained and improved based on its own experience in an automatic mode without explicit human participation. The target indicator of the model is the “price per sq. m” and “rental rate” of commercial real estate.

Definition of royalties in license agreements: criteria, approaches and data sources

In the article, the author examines the problems associated with the justification of the cost of the license agreement, which provides for royalty payments. The solution to this problem is aimed at improving the management of intellectual property in Russian high-tech companies to ensure the technological sovereignty of the country. The purpose of the study is to determine criteria, approaches and data sources for calculating royalties for subsequent use when concluding license agreements for the disposal of rights to the results of intellectual activity of the company. Methods used in writing the article: methods of empirical research (comparison, collection and study of data from various sources), comparative and statistical analysis, synthesis of theory and practice in the field of intellectual property valuation. The author has identified the following criteria for the accrual of royalties: (1) scientific and practical orientation of the approaches and methods used; (2) relevance and availability of information when calculating royalties; (3) simplicity of procedures and objectivity of the results obtained. The following approaches to determining royalty rates are considered in detail: (1) the approach of "industry standards" (the method of standard royalty rates), based on the search for published ranges of royalty rates obtained by statistical methods; (2) the market approach (the method of analogues), based on the search and analysis of similar contracts, information on which is available; (3) the calculation approach (the Novoseltsev method), involving the derivation of royalty rates based on the licensor's share of the licensee's profit and the profitability of production and sale of products under the license. The main sources of information used in valuation practice to determine the range of royalty rates are analyzed, their advantages and disadvantages are given. The results obtained will allow companies to make informed decisions when concluding license agreements in terms of determining the amount of royalties, the accrual base and royalty rates, taking into account the specifics of the result of intellectual activity.

The contribution of statistical models in the field of real estate valuation

Abstract Testing a model in property evaluation can be a difficult task due to the large variety of these models. The most popular models used in valuation are regression and neural networks. This paper applied a systematic review study and presents 11 types of regression models and 9 types of neural network models applied in real estate valuation. Our aim is to provide a tool for model selection applied in real estate valuation. The selection criteria were based on their applicability, user preferences and price estimation performance. The findings were slightly different from our expectations. Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) and Multiple Linear Regression (GLM) are the most applied and popular models in valuation.

Duality for local fields and sheaves on the category of fields

Duality for complete discrete valuation fields with perfect residue field with coefficients in (possibly p-torsion) finite flat group schemes was obtained by Begueri, Bester and Kato. In this paper, we give another formulation and proof of this result. We use the category of fields and a Grothendieck topology on it. This simplifies the formulation and proof and reduces the duality to classical results on Galois cohomology. A key point is that the resulting site correctly captures extension groups between algebraic groups.

SISTEM INFORMASI PENGELOLAHAN ARSIP BERBASIS WEB PADA KANTOR JASA PENILAI PUBLIK MBPRU

Archives are a source of information that has an important function to support the administrative and management activities of an agency. The archive can be in the form of letters, both incoming and outgoing letters. Management of letter archives at the Muttaqin Bambang Purwanto Rozak Usawatun Public Appraiser Services Office (MBPRU) is still done manually. Seeing the very important role played by MBPRU in the field of property valuation, machine appraisal, factory appraisal, feasibility studies, heavy equipment valuation and land acquisition appraisal required by stakeholders. So it is better if this archive processing is developed digital management. This development was carried out in the form of research on the design of a Web-Based Records Management Information System software that MBPRU could later use for services to their customers. Researchers went directly to the field to get the necessary data. The programming language used is PHP and MySQL for database processing. The results of this study are in the form of a programming application in the form of outgoing mail report data input, and disposition data input. yearly, outgoing letter reports from year to year as well as letter disposition reports using this system, the process of recording incoming and outgoing archives can be properly organized when searching archives and retrieving archives. It is hoped that this archive processing application can be further developed by further researchers to complement what researchers have developed, as a system that is connected to one another.

Calculating a life: classification, valuation and compensation in the British abolition of slavery

PurposeThis paper examines the calculative practices used by the Slave Compensation Commission to value a slave for the purposes of compensating slave owners on the abolishment of slavery across the British colonies in 1833. It contributes to accounting research in the field of valuation, particularly to understanding the practices of valuing human life.Design/methodology/approachThe methodology is primarily archival and draws on the records of the Slave Compensation Commission held at the British National Archives (Kew).FindingsThe paper makes two contributions to the literature. Firstly, it contributes to the valuation studies literature by suggesting the significance of understanding the practice of valuation as a product of the dynamics of strategic action fields (Fligstein and McAdam, 2012). Secondly, it contributes to the theory of strategic action fields by revealing the role of calculative technologies in supporting the organizational apparatus of valuation within the Slave Compensation Commission, and therefore suggests the powerful role of accounting in stabilizing a strategic action field.Originality/valueThe paper provides novel insights into the monetary commensuration of life and the role of calculative technologies in that valuation process.

Real Options Valuation under Different Dynamics of the Underlying Asset

The present study is designed to demonstrate the application of the option valuation technique in the field of real assets valuation and in particular – valuation of entire enterprises. The main postulates and assumptions underlying the valuation of options are presented, and in order to derive the most plausible valuation methodology, a key emphasis is placed on the dynamics of the underlying asset. The main probabilistic processes modeling the behavior of asset prices cited in the scientific literature and used in practice are analyzed. In the practical part, the option technique is applied for valuation of an enterprise operating in the field of oil production, distribution and sale, as two parallel comparative estimates of the enterprise value are made depending on the assumptions for the dynamics of uncertainty of the underlying asset.

Internal indecomposability of profinite groups

It is well-known that various profinite groups appearing in anabelian geometry — e.g., the absolute Galois groups of p-adic local fields or number fields — satisfy distinctive group-theoretic properties such as slimness [i.e., the property that every open subgroup is center-free] and strong indecomposability [i.e., the property that every open subgroup has no nontrivial product decomposition]. In the present paper, we consider another group-theoretic property on profinite groups, which we shall refer to as strong internal indecomposability. This is a stronger property than both slimness and strong indecomposability. In the present paper, we examine basic properties of strong internal indecomposability and prove that the absolute Galois groups of Henselian discrete valuation fields with positive characteristic residue fields or Hilbertian fields [which may be regarded as generalizations of p-adic local fields or number fields] satisfy strong internal indecomposability.

Recognizing, normalizing and articulating: An approach to highlight plural values of water ecosystem services in Colombia

The dialectical relationship between ecosystems and society is complex; therefore, holistic approaches are required to address this complexity. This view also stands out in the ecosystem services valuation field, where different scholars and global platforms have drawn attention to the need to incorporate plural valuation initiatives at decision-making. In this sense, through a comprehensive design, we conducted a multi-layered valuation of ecosystem services, and we highlighted multiple values in two areas of the province of Caldas, Colombia. We proposed a three-phase valuation process called Recognizing, Normalizing and Articulating values. Then, in cooperation with the regional environmental authority, we obtained different water-related ecosystem services values. Our results showed some warnings: first, we found mismatches between ecosystem services values; second, people assigned high values to ecosystems but the actual capacity of ecosystems to support ES is low. Finally, monetary values were marginal compared to social and ecological values. We conclude by saying that the more strata are assessed, the more values appear in the valuation scenarios, and those values could be conflicting. Our results have political implications, since they highlight the need to incorporate plural values as a fundamental tool for planning and land use in real scenarios where conflicts of interest and values are evident.

Regularity of certain commutative Banach rings

Let (A,‖⋅‖) be a commutative unital Banach ring. Let M(A) be the Berkovich spectrum of A, i.e., the set of all bounded multiplicative non-zero semi-norms defined on A which is endowed with the pointwise convergence topology. As in the case of complex Banach algebras, we introduce the notions of the hull-kernel topology on M(A) and the regularity of a commutative unital Banach ring. We show that the Banach algebra of all bounded continuous k-valued functions defined on a zero-dimensional topological space is regular, where k is a complete valuation field. Hence, we see that the Berkovich spectrum of this algebra is a Hausdorff space in the hull-kernel topology. Next, we use the tool of Gelfand transform to characterize a Banach ring of finite Berkovich spectrum. From this, we see that if A is uniform, i.e., ‖f2‖=‖f‖2 for all f in A, and has finite Berkovich spectrum, then it is regular.

Kurihara Invariants and Elimination of Wild Ramification

The paper continues a series of papers devoted to study of the connection between two approaches to classification of complete discrete valuation fields with imperfect residue fields and, in particular, 2-dimensional local fields in the case of mixed characteristic. One of these approaches was introduced by Masato Kurihara (1987) in terms of the module of differentials. Another one is based on Epp’s theory of elimination of wild ramification. A lower bound for the degree of a constant field extension that makes a given field into an almost standard one is established. This bound is expressed in terms of the invariant introduced in Kurihara’s paper.

Anabelian group-theoretic properties of the absolute Galois groups of discrete valuation fields

Let K be a field. Write GK for the absolute Galois group of K. In the present paper, we discuss the slimness [i.e., the property that every open subgroup is center-free] and the elasticity [i.e., the property that every nontrivial topologically finitely generated normal closed subgroup of an open subgroup is open] of GK. These two group-theoretic properties are closely related to [various versions of] the Grothendieck Conjecture in anabelian geometry. For instance, with regard to the slimness, Mochizuki proved that GK is slim if K is a subfield of a finitely generated extension of the field of fractions of the Witt ring W(F‾p) as a consequence of a [highly nontrivial] Grothendieck Conjecture-type result. In the present paper, we generalize this result to the case where K is a subfield of the field of fractions of an arbitrary mixed characteristic Noetherian local domain. Our proof is based on elementary field theories such as Kummer theory. On the other hand, with regard to the elasticity, Mochizuki proved that GK is elastic if K is a finite extension of the field of p-adic numbers. In the present paper, we generalize this result to the case where K is an arbitrary mixed characteristic Henselian discrete valuation field. As a corollary of this generalization, we prove the semi-absoluteness of isomorphisms between the étale fundamental groups of smooth varieties over mixed characteristic Henselian discrete valuation fields. Moreover, we also prove the weak version of the Grothendieck Conjecture for hyperbolic curves of genus 0 over subfields of finitely generated extensions of mixed characteristic higher local fields.