Valuable Tree Research Articles

Generative and vegetative reproduction of Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco in the Central Chernozem Region

The demand for wood products grows every year. There is an urgent need of fast-growing and economically valuable tree species. One of such species undoubtedly is Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco, the fastest growing coniferous species with valuable wood. It was introduced in Russia a century ago but there is still virtually no research proving its efficiency and suitability for the Central Chernozem Region of Russia. Moreover, mass reproduction of Pseudotsuga menziesii in Russia has been held back by lack of parent trees and effective scientifically-based cultivation techniques. In this study we analyze the effectiveness of both generative and vegetative reproduction of the species in the studied region. Our findings show that the germination capacity of Pseudotsuga menziesii seeds ranges from 63 to 95% depending on the age of parent trees and growing conditions. Cold stratification is proved to be the optimal method of pre-sowing seed treatment for the species. Grafting can be used to introduce rare and decorative subvarieties of the genus. And on the whole, Pseudotsuga menziesii can be considered promising for forestry practice and green building of the region.

Algorithm of electrokinetic dehydration and final drying of valuable tree

The paper considers the issues of wood drying followed by huge energy consumption rates. It analyzes current traditional technologies of wood drying in order to identify the main disadvantages. The key idea of the study is the phenomenon of electric osmosis that makes it possible to extract liquid from the massif of wood. The technology shall significantly increase energy efficiency of wood drying due to energy saving thus reducing the costs of wood drying.

Red oak acorn yields in green‐tree reservoirs and nonimpounded forests in Mississippi

ABSTRACTAlthough bottomland hardwood forests in southeastern United States are among the most productive ecosystems in North America, indigenous flora, wildlife, and system dynamics have been altered and affected by natural and anthropogenic effects. Historic spatio‐temporal dynamic flooding in hardwood bottomlands caused managers to create green‐tree reservoirs (GTR; i.e., impounded forested tracts) to enhance predictability of seasonal inundation chiefly for waterfowl habitat and hunting. Bottomland red oaks (Quercus spp.) are valuable trees for wildlife that consume acorns they produce. There was inconsistent evidence in the scientific literature, so we tested the null hypotheses of no differences in annual yield, percentage of sound acorns, and proportion of ‘high‐yielding’ red oaks in GTRs and nonimpounded naturally flooded forests (NFF) in western and east‐central Mississippi, USA, during autumn–winter, 2008–2012. Mean annual yields of sound acorns from GTRs and NFFs at Noxubee National Wildlife Refuge and Delta National Forest had overlapping confidence intervals in all years of our study; however, percentages of sound acorns were greater in GTRs in 3 of 8 site‐year comparisons. We also found conflicting results between study sites regarding which flood regime had the greatest proportion of high‐yielding oaks. Our results demonstrate differences in total acorn yield by red oaks may be neither statistically nor biologically different between GTRs and NFFs in Mississippi; however, the proportion of sound acorns may be greater in GTRs relative to NFFs in some years. Future research may determine whether these phenomena are related to surviving trees producing increased seed propagules in response to long‐term flooding stress in GTRs or residual trees possessing traits for increased acorn production in some years. Nonetheless, deleterious effects from persistent or prolonged within‐ and among‐year flooding of GTRs are well‐documented, suggesting managers should consider these possible consequences in sustaining and regenerating lowland red oak populations. © 2019 The Wildlife Society.

Confronto tra differenti schemi e densità d’impianto in piantagioni a prevalenza di rovere (Quercus petraea [Matt.] Liebel.): un caso di studio in Umbria

Abstract: The results of tree farming plantation, aged 20 years, characterized by three different planting designs are reported. The plantation designs differ in planting densities and by the presence/absence of N-fixing nurse trees and shrubs. The plantations intercropped with N-fixing trees and shrubs (B 33% and C 66%) showed superior increment in dbh and height. The plantation C characterized by valuable tree planted at definitive distances (8 m), lower tree density and higher percentage of N-fixing trees and shrubs (C) showed the best growth performance and no thinning need, but showed the worst stems quality. In plantation (C) the vigorous development of shrubs and brambles hindered the management, making the plantation not suitable for tourist and recreational activities, though more attractive for local wildlife. The plantation with high tree density characterized mainly by sessile oak (A) was more sensitive to insect attacks and needed to be early thinned, thus it is more suitable for tourist and recreational activities. The plantation B with high tree density and intercropped with N-fixing nurse shrubs showed higher growth, needed to be tinned and can be used for tourist and recreational activities too.

A Kleene theorem for weighted tree automata over tree valuation monoids

We investigate weighted tree automata over Cauchy tree valuation monoids, a new type of weight structure which includes all commutative semirings and, in addition, average and discounted computations of weights for trees. We define rational tree series over these weight structures, and we prove Kleene's classical theorem for this setting: a tree series over a Cauchy tree valuation monoid is recognizable by a weighted tree automaton if and only if it is rational. The proof works via direct automata-theoretic constructions. Along the way, our results yield a new characterization of weighted tree automata over commutative semirings by rational expressions.

A Geo-Environmental study of Floral Diversity and its associated Issues in the Dibrugarh University Campus, Dibrugarh, Assam

Species diversity is the number of different species found in a particular area. However, conservation biologist often uses the term species diversity even when they are actually referring to species richness, i.e. to number of present species (Harrison et al., 2004). Dibrugarh district located in the upper Assam is well known for its biological richness. Similarly, the study area i.e., the Dibrugarh University campus is also having a good number of species diversity. The biological diversity found in the study area is often related to its vegetation cover, which is categorized into evergreen, semi-evergreen, deciduous, semi-deciduous and coniferous/alpine/others. The Botanical garden inside the campus has been considered as one of the protected area covering an area of 4.63 hectares. It is famous for rare, valuable trees, fruits, medicinal herbs etc. Apart from that the north eastern part corner of the campus also having some forest covers including a tea garden. The present study involves identification and mapping of species diversity of prominent tree, grass and herbs in selected quadrants available in the study area. Plant communities are classified according to structure of canopy or type (tree, shrub or herbaceous) and dominance of taxa. The study is mainly based on primary data collected for the field study. For density analysis of species, 15 major species are taken for study and area is divided into 200m X 200m grids. The herbaceous plants are identified and analysis through quadrant method. The major 5 selective site are taken for study includes both grazing and non-grazing. Out of 103 herbaceous species there are 35 major species are identified which prominent inside the study area. These species are again classified into two broad i.e. Annual and Perennial. For canopy cover analysis of trees there are major 100 species are taken and average canopy area was measured.

Propagation from root cuttings for black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) improvement in Hungary: a review

Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) is a valuable stand-forming tree species introduced to Europe approximately 400 years ago from North America. Today it is widely planted throughout the world, first of all for wood production. In Hungary, where black locust has great importance in the forest management, it is mainly propagated by seeds. But since the seed-raised plants present a great genetic variation, this type of propagation can not be used for Robinia’s improved cultivars. In the Hungarian black locust clonal forestry, propagation from root cuttings can be used for reproduction of superior individuals or cultivars in large quantities. However, this method demands more care than raising seedlings from seeds and can be applied with success in well-equipped nurseries.

IOT Based Anti-Poaching Sensor System for Trees in Forest

Presently a-days there are numerous episodes about carrying of trees like Sandal, Sagwan and so forth. Poaching of monetarily valuable trees has turned into a noteworthy dangerous to the estate of these trees, making an ecological irregularity and hazard the common assets. Distinctive activities have been taken world broadly including foundation of International Anti-Poaching establishment (IAPF). To confine their pirating and to spare woodlands around the world some preventive estimates should be made. We have built up a framework which can be utilized to confine smuggling. This task shows a framework for observing woodland and its region depends on IoT based remote sensor organize innovation. This paper proposes a microcontroller essentially based enemy of poaching framework utilizing WSN innovation. The fundamental thought displayed in this paper include utilizing a cutting edge and a modern innovation in which poachers will be deserted and being gotten effectively there by disposing of Poaching exercises. The framework propose three unique activities of reactions, right off the bat: passages constantly get information about trees area utilizing sensor. The second activity can be called perception where by various picture preparing methods of the got pictures encompassing a trees and in this manner give a sufficient help with understanding what makes sudden development of the trees. The last activity is to send messages to the officer's PDAs about the trees and the area through sensor. Backwoods authorities are told when any occasion happens so fitting move can be made. Remote sensor organize innovation can help build up a vitality effective framework for checking the poaching of trees.

Small mammal tree seed selection in mixed forests of the Eastern United States

Small mammals play a critical role in forest ecosystems as both seed predators and dispersers; they have been shown to affect tree species composition within forests and may significantly reduce recruitment rates of certain tree species, many of which are commercially valuable. Thus, understanding small mammal seed preference is essential for both animal ecologists and foresters. Although extensive research on small mammal seed choice has been conducted both in North America and Europe, limited knowledge is available on: (1) the effects of silvicultural practices on seed choice; (2) seed selection – as most studies focus on seed use; and (3) certain understudied seed-small mammals interactions – e.g. few studies have concurrently examined both coniferous and deciduous seeds from North American mixed forests, and the seed selection of some small mammal species is not well-known (e.g. Napaeozapus). To contribute to filling these gaps, our study focused on the following objectives: (1) to quantify seed selection of seven forest seed species by small mammal species within the mixed forests of the eastern US; (2) to evaluate the influence of silvicultural practices on seed choice; (3) to explore relationships between seed choice and environmental factors such as weather and microhabitat.We conducted a series of cafeteria-style experiments in the field and in the laboratory; 2459 seed choice events, mostly by four small mammal species (Peromyscus maniculatus, Myodes gapperi, Napaeozapus insignis, and Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) were analyzed using multinomial mixed-effect models, allowing us to determine the probability of selection for each seed species. We identified a consistently high-preference seed (Pinus strobus) and one low-preference seed (Betula papyrifera). All other species (Acer rubrum, Picea rubens, Tsuga canadensis, Quercus rubra, and to some extent, Abies balsamea) had intermediate preference levels. Indeed, selection varied also by small mammal species (e.g. Acer rubrum was the top choice for Myodes gapperi in the field).Further, we found that the silvicultural practices examined here (even-aged management, two-stage shelterwood, and unmanaged) did not directly influence seed choice, whereas illumination (night- and day-time light levels), rain, and temperature did, and the magnitude of the effects varied by small mammal species. Our results show that in mixed forests, small mammals may impact seeds of economically valuable trees (e.g. Pinus strobus and Acer rubrum), whereas they may ignore seeds of less valuable trees (e.g. Betula papyrifera and Abies balsamea). We recommend that forest managers consider small mammal communities when developing forest regeneration plans.

The chloroplast genome of aromatic plants Cinnamomum burmanni (Lauraceae)

Cinnamomum burmanni (Nees et T. Nees) Blume is a valuable aromatic timber tree of the genus Cinnamomum Tree in the family Lauraceae. To better determine its phylogenetic location with respect to the other Cinnamomum species, the complete chloroplast genome of C. burmanni was sequenced. The total chloroplast genome size is 152,775 bp, consisting of a pair of inverted repeats (IRa/b) with a length of 20,092 bp separated by a large single-copy region (LSC) and a small single-copy region (SSC) which are 93,687 and 18,903 bp, respectively. The overall GC content of the cp genome is 39.1%. Further, maximum-likelihood phylogenetic analysis with K3Pu + F+I model was performed using eleven complete plastomes of the Lauraceae, which revealed that C. burmanni is closely related to C. verum.

Occurrence of leaf spot disease caused by Neopestalotiopsis clavispora on Taxus chinensis in China

AbstractTaxus chinensis is a valuable tree with uses for timber, medicinal, ornamental and landscape purposes. Most importantly, it is a source of the anti‐cancer drug paclitaxel. In 2016, needle spot disease was observed on T. chinensis in Fujian Province of China. Five isolates of similar morphology were isolated from diseased samples. The pathogen was identified as Neopestalotiopsis clavispora based on morphological and cultural characteristics and confirmed by sequence analysis of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) and the large subunit ribosomal RNA gene (LSU). The pathogenicity of the isolates was confirmed by fulfilling Koch's postulates. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to indicate that the causal agent of needle spot disease on Chinese yew in China is N. clavispora.

Root pruning negatively affects tree value: A comparison of tree appraisal methods

Tree value is sometimes appraised to account for losses linked to insurance claims or legal disputes. In many of the appraisal methods used, tree value is influenced by vitality, size, and lifespan. These three factors can all be negatively impacted by nearby construction activities – ultimately impacting the monetary value of urban trees and the greater urban forest. The objectives of this study were to determine whether tree value was affected by root pruning, and to compare the effectiveness of four common, parametric tree appraisal methods for this purpose. Data from three individual root pruning studies (with varying levels of root pruning) were used. Four different tree valuation methods (CTLA Trunk Formula Method 9th Edition (CTLA), the Revised Burnley Method (Burnley), the Helliwell Method (Helliwell), and the Standard Tree Evaluation Method (STEM)) were used to assess the value of trees prior to and one growing season after root removal, as well as the average of all four methods. By examining the effects of root removal (reduced growth and vitality) over the course of a growing season, the results show that appraised tree value was negatively affected (Δ value (%)) by root pruning. A general trend towards greater loss in value with increasing root removal intensity was observed for all methods for one or more treatment type (p < 0.01) when compared to control (non-root pruned) trees. The values appraised using the CTLA and Burnley methods changed incrementally across treatments given the fine resolution of the scales in the awarding criteria. STEM and Helliwell were generally insensitive to root removal treatments. Linear mixed model analyses using four independent variables (maximum severed root diameter, % tree protection zone removed, total number of severed roots, and an allometric variable (Ar(GL)) defined as the total cross-sectional area of severed roots as a proportion of trunk cross-sectional area at ground level) revealed that % tree protection zone removal was the best performing tool for predicting percentage loss in value following root removal. Our results may be useful to those seeking compensation when tree damage has occurred due to construction-related activities.

Growth Ring Measurements of Shorea robusta Reveal Responses to Climatic Variation

Many tropical species are not yet explored by dendrochronologists. Sal (Shorea robusta Gaertn.) is an ecologically important and economically valuable tree species which grows in the southern plains and mid-hills of Nepalese Central Himalayas. Detailed knowledge of growth response of this species provides key information for the forest management. This paper aims to assess the dendroclimatic potential of Shorea robusta and to understand climatic effects on its growth. A growth analysis was done by taking 60 stem disc samples that were cut 0.3 m above ground and represented different diameter classes (&gt;10 cm to 50 cm). Samples were collected and analysed following standard dendrochronological procedures. The detailed wood anatomical analysis showed that the wood was diffuse-porous, with the distribution of vessels in the entire ring and growth rings mostly marked with gradual structural changes. The basal area increment (BAI) chronology suggested that the species shows a long-term positive growth trend, possibly favoured by the increasing temperature in the region. The growth-climate relationship indicated that a moist year, with high precipitation in spring (March–May, MAM) and summer (June–September, JJAS), as well as high temperature during winter (November–February) was beneficial for the growth of the species, especially in a young stand. A significant positive relationship was observed between the radial trees increment and the total rainfall in April and the average total rainfall from March to September. Similarly, a significant positive relationship between radial growth and an average temperature in winter (November–January) was noted.

Uses, cultural significance, and management of peatlands in the Peruvian Amazon: Implications for conservation

Tropical peatlands play an important role in the global carbon cycle by acting as significant carbon stores. South America's largest peatland complex is located in the Loreto Region of the Peruvian Amazon. Here we present the first study of human relations with these peatlands, including their uses, cultural significance and current management, as well as implications for conservation, based on qualitative research with people living in two riverine rural communities. Our results indicate that peatlands are culturally ambiguous spaces, used mainly for hunting, palm fruit harvesting, and timber, but feared due to the dangers of getting lost, sinking into the ‘sucking’ ground, and being attacked by anacondas and/or mythical creatures. While the difficult terrain and remoteness of peatlands have thus far acted as natural barriers to their destruction through conversion to different land uses, overuse of natural resources is nevertheless a significant concern for people living in the peat-dominated landscape of the Peruvian Amazon, mixed with frustration about the lack of outside support to foster environmental conservation and economic opportunities. We explore how evaluations of the present situation differ across one indigenous and one mestizo community. We identify a range of nascent peatland conservation strategies, including seedling planting to regrow valuable (palm) trees, and the climbing of palm trees for harvesting fruit as opposed to felling them. We argue that peatland conservation could be combined with the development of sustainable management strategies, but that this would require sustained engagement by outside organisations with rapidly growing local communities in these areas.

Factors Relating to Dark Heart of Sugar Maple in Wisconsin

Sugar maple (Acer saccharum) is a valuable tree species in the commercial lumber market in the United States. Internal discoloration of the heartwood (or dark heart) in sugar maple causes a significant degradation in the quality of the wood. Although not necessarily harmful to the tree itself, stained maple boards sell for a significantly lower price in the lumber market than white wood. Foresters often grade standing trees by observing external defects and grade each tree based on the products they might produce. However, dark heart is considered an internal defect, which makes it difficult to observe the extent and impact it has on uncut trees. This project addresses this issue by examining external tree characteristics and site factors that might predict the size and shape of the discoloration in standing trees. In our project, 200 trees within 10 active logging sites across central Wisconsin were sampled, and measurements were taken before and after they were cut. Data from each site (soil chemistry, geology, and habitat type) were collected along with individual tree observations and measurements (diameter at breast height [4.5 ft.], height, age, form class, grade, and notable external defects). The heart size on each cut log was measured and classified based on shape and mean size. The proportion of dark heart was greater in trees with more external defects, larger diameters, and slower growth rates. The results demonstrate that smaller, faster-growing trees with fewer defects have lower proportions of dark heart, which is consistent with past studies.

Evaluation of sites for the reestablishment of the American chestnut (Castanea dentata) in northeast Georgia, USA

The American chestnut (Castanea dentata, hereafter called chestnut), a valuable tree species that was once common in the last century in the eastern USA, is currently nearly extinct due to blight. Many efforts have been made to develop blight-resilient seedlings of this species, and an associated challenge is to identify the most suitable sites for its restoration. Our objectives were to identify the suitable sites for planting blight-resistant chestnut seedlings and the environmental parameters associated with the suitability assessment. Furthermore, we considered land ownership due to practical planning and management implications. Our study area is located in northeast Georgia, USA. We used global sensitivity and uncertainty analysis to select four environmental factors, as criteria in multi-criteria decision analysis, to create suitability maps for chestnut reestablishment. The results indicate that chestnut is sensitive to elevation, precipitation during the driest month (PDM), normalized difference of water index (NDWI), ground slope, and topographic aspect. Soil attributes did not play a significant role in determining the site suitability. Deciduous forests were the most suitable sites for chestnut reestablishment, while over 99% of the suitable sites fall within the federal lands. The occurrence of chestnut may be expected to increase in areas with high elevations and steep slopes. This study identifies the most critical environmental variables in northern Georgia for assuring a successful reestablishment of chestnut with the new blight-resistant strains of this species. It also identifies silvicultural prescriptions that may help landowners with the reestablishment process and its success.

Identification of tree groups used by secondary cavity-nesting birds to simplify forest management in subtropical forests

In tropical and subtropical forest ecosystems, cavities formed by decay processes are a key but scarce resource for birds that nest and roost in them, which makes them a highly sensitive group to logging. The piedmont forest of northwestern Argentina is a complex ecosystem with 113 tree and 120 bird species. It has high logging pressure on the few, well-conserved forest remnants, complicating the delineation of sustainable management guidelines for each tree or bird species in a short time. Our objective was to reduce the complexity of subtropical forests by grouping tree species according to the characteristics used by secondary cavity-nesting birds (i.e. non excavators). In the piedmont forest, 50 plots of 0.25 ha were sampled to record cavity trees and cavity characteristics. These were then used in a cluster analysis to form tree groups. Additionally, cavities were searched to identify the bird species using the decay-formed cavities. A total of 187 cavity trees, comprising 23 tree species, were recorded, and these formed four tree groups or clusters. We recorded 86 cavities that were used by secondary cavity-nesting bird species. The four tree groups were unequally used by secondary cavity nesters. The tree group that included valuable timber species (Myroxylon peruiferum, Anadenanthera colubrina and Calycophyllum multiflorum) and had the greatest cavity availability represented 71% of total cavity use. Another tree group with valuable timber species (Cedrela balansae and Amburana cearensis), measured > 73 cm DBH and > 21 m tall, had cavity entrances > 0.10 cm2, and contributed 14% of all cavity use by birds. A third group had no highly economically valuable tree species, and included the snag category (i.e. standing dead trees) as well as a 15% of cavity use. The fourth tree group had a DBH < 0.40 cm, only one highly economically valuable tree species (Cordia trichotoma), and supported no cavity use. The clustering of subtropical trees can reduce the complexity of these forests, hence easing their management by focusing on those groups with tree species showing similar characteristics and providing suitable nesting sites for secondary cavity-nesting birds.

A Review on Turkish Hazel (Corylus colurna L.)

Background and Purpose: Turkish hazel (Corylus colurna L.) has been overused because of its valuable wood. Recently, Turkish hazel has been found only in small isolated populations, and very small populations within its natural distribution area, so it has been protected under IUCN with the status "Least Concern (LC)". Therefore, the remaining Turkish hazel populations have a critical importance. Genetic conservation of this tree species plays a key role in sustainable forest development. There have been only a few studies of single populations, but an overview including all countries is still missing. The aim of this publication is to give an overview of ecological and economic importance of Turkish hazel, which is considered as a tolerant tree species to climate change, for dry and warm conditions in Central Europe. Materials and Methods: This review paper has been prepared based on the existing literature such as reports, theses, project documents and publications related to Turkish hazel. This paper applies a literature review of the concepts of: i) Distribution and threats of Turkish hazel, ii) Ecological and economic importance, iii) Regeneration, soil demand and shading tolerance, iv) Seed, seedling, plant production and planting, v) Competitiveness in forest communities, vi) Invasiveness and hybridization, and vii) Future stand mixtures. Results and Conclusions: This review paper should interest forest practitioners and scientists in all countries who work with this important and valuable tree species under climate change. At first, an inventory of all populations in each country is needed. For this purpose, research should focus on the cultivation of convenient provenances of Turkish hazel under climate change. Next, genetic differences should be determined in the laboratory using genetic markers. After the assessment of the phenotype and genotype of different provenances, it would be possible to recommend provenance for each ecological condition and assisted migration (AM). Main recommendations for each country are used for selecting and establishing gene conservation units (in-situ and ex-situ) and seed orchards that will ensure the survival of Turkish hazel, and for building the base for cultivation in the future. In addition, the results might be a basis for future provenance tests, plantations and possibilities of assisted migration attempts.

Marteloskope als Trainingstools zur Erhaltung und Förderung von Habitatbäumen im Wald

Marteloscopes as training tools for the retention and conservation of habitat trees in forests Recently several initiatives on the political and practical level have aimed at promoting forest biodiversity and at halting the loss of species in forest ecosystems. Nevertheless numerous species are still threatened. The main reason for this phenomenon is most likely the fact that habitat trees – i.e. trees providing microhabitats for various different species – are rare in managed forests. In the course of the projects Integrate and Integrate+ (carried out at the European Forest Institute between 2011 and 2017) we looked for methods on how to retain habitat trees within the scope of integrative forest management. It became more and more apparent that most foresters very successfully recognize economically valuable trees, but not habitat trees. For that reason we categorized habitat structures occurring on trees and developed a microhabitat catalogue to determine habitat values. Additionally we used marteloscopes as training tools for the retention of habitat trees within integrative forest management. Altogether we established 40 such marteloscopes with a biodiversity focus across Europe. Three of these are located in Switzerland. Using a mobile app on a tablet computer we analyzed effects of different tree selections with respect to habitat and economic value of a stand. Furthermore the marteloscopes are ideal tools to convince decision makers or conservationists that harvesting trees and promoting biodiversity can be achieved in the very same stand.

Using linear mixed models to evaluate stand level growth rates for dipterocarps and Macaranga species following two selective logging methods in Sabah, Borneo

To understand and predict the dynamics and productivity of the world’s tropical rainforests after logging is a major challenge for ecologists and forest managers. Realistic forest-dynamics models for this biome are largely lacking. Using linear mixed models, we analyse basal area development for the commercially valuable tree species of dipterocarps and the fast-growing pioneer Macaranga spp., following two selective logging methods; supervised logging (SL) and conventional logging (CL) combined with- or without pre-harvest climber cutting (SLC and SL, and CLC and CL, respectively). After logging there was an initial period of about five years before recovery started. During the 18-year study period, the average stand basal area growth rates of the dipterocarp group in the SLC treatment was double that in the CL treatment, revealing a faster recovery. Eighteen years after logging, SL and SLC treatments recovered 93% and 84%, respectively, of the initial standing dipterocarp basal area, compared to 73% and 72% recovery for the CL and CLC treatments. SLC treatments reduced the overall establishment of pioneer species (Macaranga spp.) by about 45% in contrast to CL and CLC treatments. Our study provides a framework for evaluating and comparing growth rates in tropical forests for different logging methods. The results suggest that a combination of directional felling, pre-aligned skid trails and pre-harvest climber cutting can improve future yields in tropical rainforests.