Valuable Inventions Research Articles

Research on the Application of Computer Network Remote Control System

In this era of accelerated pace of life, high efficiency and superior quality has undoubtedly become the focus of attention. In this context, the computer has been the core component of our daily production, life and entertainment. In fact, the vast majority of modern areas cannot be separated from the computer, if separated from the computer, these areas are likely to be subject to enormous challenges and threats, so people and computer dependence are increasing. With the advent of the Internet era, the network and the economic, trade, cultural exchanges and other activities related to the increasingly problematic. The computer network remote control system is a new kind of multimedia network control system Network platform to carry out related construction. In this paper, the application of computer network remote control system as the core of the study, hoping to provide help for the majority of technical staff. With the rapid development of information technology in recent years, the domestic computer technology has been applied to our life and production aspects, can be said that the progress of the computer and to the mature development of modern society provides unlimited power. The computer is one of the most amazing and valuable inventions in the modern era, which provides an open and convenient network platform. However, due to the gradual progress of the times and the progress of society, the computer has a higher standard and requirements. In this context, the computer network technology continues to develop and improve, not only in the data and resource sharing are very widely used, but also the use of modern multimedia computer network system to achieve remote control, which makes the application of computer network for further expansion. The remote control system of the computer network not only overcomes the defects of computer users due to regional differences are not the sharing of information, but also can achieve the sharing of multimedia facilities, is a milepost development of modern computer network.

A Biotechnology Dilemma: Patent Your Inventions (if you can) or Keep Them Secret

Biotechnology companies rely on patents to protect their most valuable inventions. Patent protection helps support billions of dollars in research and development of life-saving drugs and treatments. Protecting biotechnology inventions has become more difficult in the last few years, however, because legal trends have created uncertainty regarding what subject matter is eligible for patent protection. Specifically, courts have narrowed the scope of what is patentable and have increasingly invalidated patents because they claim abstract ideas or laws of nature. As biotechnology companies wait for more clarity on the scope of patentable subject matter, they face a dilemma of whether to patent their inventions or keep them secret. Keeping inventions secret offers some benefits to companies, but may not be sufficient to protect the significant investment made in research and development. The biotechnology industry will continue to grapple with this dilemma until the courts, the Patent Office or new legislation clarifies the boundaries of what subject matter is patentable.

Community and Capital in Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth

We argue that social integration—in the sense of within-community interconnectedness—and venture capital have a complementary relationship in fostering innovation, entrepreneurship, and economic growth. Using panel data on metropolitan areas in the United States from 1993 to 2002, our analyses reveal that racial integration—in the microgeography of residential patterns—moderates the effect of venture capital, with more ethnically-integrated places benefiting more from venture capital. We provide evidence for the underlying mechanisms by demonstrating that communities with higher levels of racial integration foster the discovery of more novel and more valuable inventions and the emergence of more ethnically-diverse entrepreneurial groups.

GEBRAUCHSMUSTERSCHUTZ- EIN TERMINOLOGISCHER VERGLEICH DEUTSCH-POLNISCH-INDONESISCH

Industrial era requires legal protection of intellectual property. Idea and innovation become valuable inventions that must be protected from unauthorized use by unauthorized persons. For this purpose a reliable description of an invention is very important. Terminology must be specified enough to describe protected product in detail. In the globalized world of industry, properly translated terminology is necessary for translation of patents into another language. In this paper the author presents comparative studies on the technical terminology of a intellectual property right, called protection of the utility model, in German, Polish and Indonesian.

Combining valuable inventions: exploring the impact of prior invention value on the performance of subsequent inventions

Innovation research widely acknowledges that most inventions are recombinations of existing ideas and technologies. Following this stream of research, this study analyses how the values of prior inventions used to develop a subsequent invention influence the value of the new invention. Building on evolutionary theory and research on technological search and technological paradigms, this article proposes a positive relationship between prior inventions’ value and subsequent invention value. The analysis of a large-scale patent data set of pharmaceutical and semiconductor firms largely confirms this notion; however, it also shows that the effect weakens when prior inventions are of “higher” value. Valuable prior inventions are also positively related to the likelihood that subsequent inventions are “breakthroughs”; however, while this effect also decreases when prior inventions hold higher values, the decreasing effect occurs only at particularly high levels of prior invention value. In contrast, combining valuable inventions limits the likelihood of generating poor invention outcomes value. In summary, while the results lend support to theories of evolutionary and cumulative technological progress, they also show that despite the recombination potential of technical knowledge, there are practical limits to the benefits of valuable inputs.

ISLAMIC GROUP LENDING MODEL (GLM) AND FINANCIAL INCLUSION

The lack of capital access from poor society to Indonesia banking is greater. These all are caused by poor society don�t have enough collateral which is requested by bank officer to get loan. Non-bank financial institution is one of micro-financial institution which has covered all of poor society and also maximizing the existency of UMKM, include social model credit capital (GLM). The aim of this study to see the form of Group Lending Model (GLM) and its� impact to their members social structure. This research also tries to give the� solutions such as the first GLM development strategy in other to be more effective and efficient. The methods used are Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) and Interpretaive Structural Modeling (ISM). Based on the measurement of some indicators there are the participation indext of society, society development, good repayment rate, good cross reporting, and penalty implications appropriate with the regulations. The results show that GLM programme, the society feel the� differenciation from the economic and social condition between before and after following this programme. This is valuable invention for economic studies. GLM development strategy are devided into 7 levels with its important elements are : the needy of similiarity fund access for all of financial institution. The needy of human resource quality development as the pioneer of group lending model, and the importance of inclusive financial to all financial system.

The organizational advantage in early inventing and patenting: Empirical evidence from interference proceedings

Recent research suggests that individual inventors produce less valuable inventions than those operating within organizational boundaries. The current study demonstrates that organizations invent and file for patents earlier than individuals. Analyses of priority contests between competing agents reveal that public and private corporations invent faster than individual inventors, whereas public and private corporations, universities, and research institutes patent their inventions earlier than do individuals. We examine the outcomes of patent interference proceedings involving about 650 U.S. patents and patent applications occurring between 2005 and 2013. We theorize that individual inventors lack resources as well as functional and integrative capabilities needed to invent and patent as quickly as organizations. The paper offers policy-making insights and contributes quantitative-based grounds for further research into more efficient and effective intellectual property regimes.

Regional R&D Decentralization and Breakthrough Inventions: A Tale of Two Mechanisms

This study explores the relationship between regional R&D decentralization—i.e. the extent to which R&D activity is distributed among distinct firms collocated in the same geographic area and operating in the same technological domain—and the generation of breakthrough inventions. R&D decentralization might affect the chance of generating breakthrough inventions in two distinct ways. On the one hand, firms might just search in parallel along diverse technological paths, which augments the probability that at least some trajectories will lead to extremely valuable inventions. On the other hand, firms pursuing diverse paths might also exchange knowledge with each other, for instance through inventors' mobility, and such recombination possibly leads to a higher likelihood of producing breakthroughs. By assessing (a) the impact of R&D decentralization on the share of breakthrough inventions and (b) how this impact changes according to the rate of inventors' mobility in regions, this paper aims at understanding which mechanism, if any, actually operates.

Changes in firm knowledge couplings and firm innovation performance: The moderating role of technological complexity

We investigate the effect of changes in a firm's knowledge couplings on its innovation performance. We develop arguments to explain how changes in couplings among existing knowledge domains and those between new and existing knowledge domains affect the generation of valuable inventions. We also examine how observed domain complexity, an indicator of the inherent interdependencies among knowledge domains, moderates the effects of changes in a firm's knowledge couplings on innovation performance. Our results suggest that a change in couplings among existing knowledge domains hurts innovation outcomes, but not when the degree of domain complexity is high, whereas coupling new and existing knowledge domains leads to improved outcomes, but not when the degree of domain complexity is high. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

"Spanning the Home/Work Creative Space: Leisure Time, Hobbies and Organizational Creativity"

This paper explores the link between employee leisure time activities and the value of their creative output. We argue that leisure time activities – both in general, and specifically with regard to the employee’s choice of hobbies – both illuminate and shape the attitudes and attributes the employee brings to work. Based on Woodman et al.’s (1993) “interactionist perspective” on organizational creativity, supplemented by literature on search and knowledge re/combination, we explore whether and how leisure time activities can span the creative space between the employee’s home and workplace – given the range of multi-level inputs that may also contribute to workplace creativity. We use original survey data comprising 4,138 inventions from 21 European countries, the United States and Japan, in all major industries. Organizational creativity is measured by the asset value of the patent on the associated invention, and the degree of radicalness of the invention. We find that employees who continue to think about their workplace research while away from work produce more valuable inventions. Diversity of hobbies, more socially oriented hobbies, and more focused hobbies are also positively related to invention value.

The Organizational Advantage in Early Inventing and Patent Filing: Empirical Evidence from Interference Proceedings

Recent research suggests that individual inventors produce less valuable inventions than those operating within organizational boundaries. The current study demonstrates that organizations invent and file for patents earlier than individuals. Analyses of priority contests between competing agents reveal that public and private corporations invent faster than individual inventors, whereas public and private corporations, universities, and research institutes patent their inventions speedier than do individuals. We examine the outcomes of patent interference proceedings involving about 650 U.S. patents and patent applications occurring between 2005 and 2013. We theorize that individual inventors lack resources as well as functional and integrative capabilities needed to invent and patent as quickly as organizations. The paper offers policy-making insights and contributes quantitative-based grounds for further research into more efficient and effective intellectual property regimes.

The Organizational Advantage in Inventing and Patenting Speeds

Recent research suggests individual inventors produce less valuable inventions than those operating within organizational boundaries. This study demonstrates that organizations also have the advant...

The Case for Tailoring Patent Awards Based on the Time-to-Market of Inventions

One of the hallmarks of our patent system is that it provides a one-size-fits-all reward for innovation. The uniform patent laws offer insufficient incentives to develop some socially valuable inventions, and offer excessive rewards for other inventions that impose an unnecessary tax on consumers and subsequent innovators. If the government could adequately tailor patent awards to account for differences in inventions’ need for protection and the likelihood that patents will stifle subsequent innovation, it could spur additional innovation while avoiding the social costs of excessive patent protection. However, although we may know which economic determinants are relevant to a socially optimal patent strength, we lack a reliable way to directly measure and synthesize this information into a usable framework. Absent a principled and administrable system to determine which inventions need more protection than others, the uniform patent system is our best option. This Article identifies a readily observable, cross-industry indication of optimal patent strength for different technologies — inventions’ time-to-market. Some inventions take much longer to develop than others, and there is tremendous variation in the average time-to-market across industries. This Article first shows that there is a strong, positive correlation between the amount of time needed to complete an R&D project and the amount of patent protection (if any) necessary to motivate investment in that R&D project. A longer time-to-market for inventions is associated with higher out-of-pocket R&D costs, greater risk of failure, increased opportunity costs of R&D investments, and diminished value of future revenue streams from the developed invention because of discounting. Moreover, because imitators frequently avoid much of the increased R&D costs and uncertainty associated with a longer time-to-market, lengthier R&D times also usually correspond to a greater vulnerability to free riding. Second, this Article shows that a longer time-to-market is associated with a reduced likelihood of patents stifling subsequent innovation. Inventions with a longer time-to-market usually have longer commercial lifespans (product life cycles) because the inventions that ultimately replace them in the market also generally take longer to develop. The slower rate of product turnover in these markets reduces the need for patent licensing between early and later innovators, and offers more time to negotiate licenses, which diminishes the likelihood that patents granted on earlier inventions will stifle later improvements to those technologies. Similarly, because inventions with a lengthy time-to-market have higher total R&D costs, fields in which inventions typically have a lengthy time-to-market have higher entry costs. Those higher costs diminish the number of entrants in these markets, and encourage later innovators to develop inventions that are more differentiated from earlier inventions. The reduced entry and greater product differentiation once again decreases the need for patent licensing, thereby lessening the potential harm from patents stifling subsequent innovation.Since a longer time-to-market is indicative of a greater need for patent protection and a lower risk of patents stifling subsequent innovation, time-to-market is likely a uniquely powerful indicator of the optimal patent strength for different types of inventions. Moreover, because time-to-market is relatively observable, it can be used to create a framework for a principled and administrable system of tailored patent awards. Such a system would enable the government to strike a better balance between the benefits of promoting innovation with temporary monopoly rights and the social costs of restricting access to inventions.

Must the Factual Basis for Sound Prediction Be Disclosed in the Patent?

It has been accepted at least since the Supreme Court decision in Consolboard v. MacMillam Bloedel that the evidence supporting utility need not be disclosed in the patent itself. However, in its 2009 decision in Lilly/raloxifene, the Federal Court of Appeal held that when utility is based on sound prediction, the supporting evidence must be disclosed in the specification. Since that time, the raloxifene doctrine has been determinative of invalidity in three important pharmaceutical cases, including, most recently, the blockbuster blood-thinner, PLAVIX. This article argues that the raloxifene doctrine is unsound. There is no basis in the text of the Patent Act, in legal principle, or in practice, for a distinction between demonstrated utility and utility based on sound prediction. The raloxifene doctrine is not supported by the case law; there is no leading case affirming the validity of a patent on the basis of sound prediction in which the factual basis for the sound prediction was disclosed in the patent. Neither US nor European law has any such requirement. The raloxifene doctrine is unsound in principle, as neither the disclosure requirement, nor the utility requirement, purposively understood, mandates disclosure of the evidence supporting utility. Introducing such a requirement engenders technical attacks on patents for valuable inventions, without providing any offsetting benefit to the public. In short, the raloxifene doctrine is an ill-advised departure from well-established legal principles which threatens to undermine the crucial incentives to innovation in the pharmaceutical industry that are provided by the international patent system. It should be abandoned at the earliest possible opportunity.

TECHNOLOGY AND INVENTION.

TECHNOLOGY AND INVENTION.

Skill Acquisition of the Prior Art Search for Intellectual Property Special Talented People

The comparative analysis of the prior art search was made using the training program which National Center for Industrial Property Information and Training performs. The correct answer rate was high when longer years of experience, experiences such as search/retrieval in charge or database. Depending on a technical field, there was the feature according to consideration of search/retrieval or timing of doing prior art search. The improvement in skill of the prior art search according to a technical field and the personnel training for it are important as a premise for protecting valuable invention and performing the practical use. The comparative analysis beyond technical fields is needed.

Funding of university spin‐off companies: a conceptual approach to financing challenges

PurposeDuring the last decade, there has been an increasing focus on commercialization of knowledge and technology from universities. However, universities report financing as being the main impediment to successful university spin‐off companies (USOs) creation, leaving valuable inventions un‐commercialized. The purpose of this paper is to develop a conceptual model in order to explain financing challenges experienced by USOs.Design/methodology/approachThis paper presents a conceptual model illustrating financing challenges met by USOs, and provides an explanation why TTOs report that obtaining financing is their biggest impediment to spin‐off creation. Two different theoretical perspectives back this conceptual development: Knightian uncertainty and agency theory.FindingsThis theoretical examination suggests that increasing levels of uncertainty affect the investor's willingness to fund new companies in a negative way. Through the literature review, clear indications were also found for the increased uncertainty with which USOs are faced. It is therefore natural to conclude that investors are more reluctant to invest in USOs because of the level of uncertainty compared with other entrepreneurial companies.Research limitations/implicationsThis study made a generalization of USOs as a homogeneous group of companies, which is an oversimplification. Further research should address how different business models, types of resources and their institutional link affect USOs' capital requirements and their problems in raising the required capital.Originality/valueThe main contribution from this paper is the combination of theoretical insights from the concepts of Knightian uncertainty and agency theory. These combined with insights from previous empirical studies explain why USOs face specific challenges in order to raise risk capital.

The Contingent Effect of Absorptive Capacity: An Open Innovation Analysis

Technological advancement and innovation requires the integration of both external knowledge and internal inventiveness. In this paper, we unpack the concept of absorptive capacity and separately explore the effect of different types of prior experience on the capacity to adopt external knowledge and make internal inventions. We also measure how absorptive capacity is influenced by changes in design “paths”. We investigate nine open source programming contests in which 875 software programmers submit over 4.7 million lines of code. We conduct our analysis at the individual level and identify how programmers gain the ability to adopt and invent valuable code. Our evidence both confirms the theory of absorptive capacity and suggests refinements to it. We find that prior experience with both adoption and invention can indeed improve the capacity to adopt and invent valuable code, but we find that experience with adoption has the largest effect on invention capacity. We also find that major changes in the design “path” both advance and impede absorptive capacity. Changes in path allow rapid experience with alternative ideas, and this eventually aids adoption and invention capacity. However, these changes temporarily harm the ability of programmers to create valuable inventions. We discuss the implications of our findings for the literature on absorptive capacity and open and distributed innovation. Version Date: April 3, 2011

Building a strategy for maximizing intellectual property value

Without a strategy to guide the development of their IP portfolios, companies may waste valuable resources and miss opportunities to protect valuable inventions.

What Does the Public Get? Experimental Use and the Patent Bargain

This article deals with the increasing tension between the tradition of protecting commercially valuable inventions through patenting and the need for a robust public domain of freely available technical information as a springboard for further research. The experimental use exemption, permitting some unauthorized research uses of patented inventions, might be used to relieve some of this tension. However, the scope of the research exemption has been shrunk so far by recent Federal Circuit opinions that even basic university research is not excused from infringement liability. This article returns to the first principles of patent law - the incentives to invent and to disclose - and argues that the current narrow exemption is not giving the public the benefit of its patent bargain. In this article, I analyze the effects of disclosure and the incentive to invent on different types of inventions. The article concludes that, partly because of distinctions between types of inventions that I dub self-disclosing and non-self-disclosing, it is possible to design an experimental use exception that promotes the progress of the useful arts more effectively than the current restrictive doctrine.