Valuable Characteristics Research Articles

Molecular, micromorphological and anatomical study of rangeland species of Atriplex (Chenopodiaceae) in Iran

Atriplex, as the largest genus of the Chenopodiaceae, is well known for its taxonomic complexity resulting from overlapping morphological characters. This halophytic perennial is distributed in salty and dry soils of Eurasia, America and Australia. Atriplex is one of the most widely cultivated rangeland species in Iran, which improves and revitalizes the rangelands. These unique characteristics of Atriplex make it a valuable plant. The present study is the first micromorphological investigation of this genus in Iran. In this study, the molecular evidence, micromorphological and anatomical structure of four species of Atriplex have been considered to evaluate their relationships. The basic shape of the pollen grains in most taxa is subprolate, however prolate and spheroidal pollen grains were recorded for A. lentiformis and A. canescens. One type of trichome (glandular) is described. Here, among the glandular trichomes, density and size of trichomes are considered as valuable characteristics. Micromorphology of epidermis illustrated three types of epidermal cells including puzzle-shaped, polygonal and irregular. Stem cross sections showed rounded shape, but the margins are diff erent between four species. Using nuclear and plastid markers (nrDNA ITS and rpl32-trnL(UAG)), we reconstructed phylogenetic relationships within four species of Atriplex. This data set was analyzed by phylogenetic methods including Bayesian inference, maximum likelihood and maximum parsimony. In phylogenetic analyses, all members of four species formed a well-supported clade (PP = 1; ML/BS = 100/100), divided into three major subclades (I, II and III). The results of the present study showed the usefulness of micromorphological, anatomical and molecular characteristics in taxon delimitation at specific levels.

Molecular, micromorphological and anatomical study of rangeland species of Atriplex (Chenopodiaceae) in Iran

Atriplex, as the largest genus of the Chenopodiaceae, is well known for its taxonomic complexity resulting from overlapping morphological characters. This halophytic perennial is distributed in salty and dry soils of Eurasia, America and Australia. Atriplex is one of the most widely cultivated rangeland species in Iran, which improves and revitalizes the rangelands. These unique characteristics of Atriplex make it a valuable plant. The present study is the first micromorphological investigation of this genus in Iran. In this study, the molecular evidence, micromorphological and anatomical structure of four species of Atriplex have been considered to evaluate their relationships. The basic shape of the pollen grains in most taxa is subprolate, however prolate and spheroidal pollen grains were recorded for A. lentiformis and A. canescens. One type of trichome (glandular) is described. Here, among the glandular trichomes, density and size of trichomes are considered as valuable characteristics. Micromorphology of epidermis illustrated three types of epidermal cells including puzzle-shaped, polygonal and irregular. Stem cross sections showed rounded shape, but the margins are diff erent between four species. Using nuclear and plastid markers (nrDNA ITS and rpl32-trnL(UAG)), we reconstructed phylogenetic relationships within four species of Atriplex. This data set was analyzed by phylogenetic methods including Bayesian inference, maximum likelihood and maximum parsimony. In phylogenetic analyses, all members of four species formed a well-supported clade (PP = 1; ML/BS = 100/100), divided into three major subclades (I, II and III). The results of the present study showed the usefulness of micromorphological, anatomical and molecular characteristics in taxon delimitation at specific levels.

The skyline as a subject of protection of a historical settlement (on the example of St. Petersburg)

The object of this study is the silhouette structure of the historical core of St. Petersburg, formed by the mid-1950s. The subject of the study is methods of protecting the silhouette of buildings in the system of protection of urban heritage. The study was conducted in order to develop an integrated approach to the protection of the silhouette of historical buildings, ensuring the preservation, maintenance and continuous development of the value features and parameters of the silhouette. Based on the analysis of the tools for the protection of cultural heritage, the most promising tool for the protection of a silhouette organization has been identified – the status of "historical settlement", the subject of protection of which is, among other things, the silhouette and composition of the building. According to the results of the study, an algorithm is proposed for identifying the most significant silhouette compositions of buildings recommended for inclusion in the subject of protection "composition and silhouette of buildings" of a historical settlement, and a silhouette protection mechanism has been developed, including the definition of the boundaries of the silhouette preservation zones and the introduction of restrictions on urban development within the boundaries of these zones, aimed at the preservation and continuous development of the silhouette of historical buildings cities. In order to identify isolated silhouette compositions of particular importance for the preservation of the historical environment, evaluation criteria correlated with the methods of assessing the historical urban landscape are proposed. The theoretical significance of the research lies in the systematization of approaches to the protection of the silhouette in the normative legal documents on the protection of urban heritage, the development of a system of criteria assessment and graph-analytical method, providing identification of the most significant silhouette compositions, their value features and parameters. The practical significance is determined by the possibility of applying the results of the study to supplement the regulatory framework for the protection of architectural and urban heritage. The system of criteria for assessing the silhouette of historical buildings can be used to identify valuable silhouette compositions and characteristics of the silhouette of buildings that are subject to preservation as a subject of protection of territorial heritage sites (historical settlement, landmark) in other regions of the Russian Federation.

Micelles based on polyvinylpyrrolidone VA64: A potential nanoplatform for the ocular delivery of apocynin

Purpose of this work was to determine the feasibility of a nano-ophthalmic solution consisting of the nanocarrier polyvinylpyrrolidone VA64 (VA64) and encapsulated apocynin (APO) as treatment for ocular inflammatory diseases. Results showed the solution, termed APO-VA64 ophthalmic solution, could be fabricated via a simple process. This solution was clear, colorless, and possessed valuable characteristics, such as small micelle size (14.12 ± 1.24 nm), narrow micelle size distribution, and high APO encapsulation efficiency. Encapsulated APO was also found to have high aqueous solubility and in vitro release and antioxidant activities. APO-VA64 ophthalmic solution showed good ocular tolerance and demonstrated improved corneal permeation ability in mouse eyes. In an in vivo mice model, topically administered APO-VA64 ophthalmic solution was found to be significantly more effective against benzalkonium chloride-induced ocular damage than APO, VA64, and a mix of APO and VA64. Blockage of high mobility group box 1 signaling and its related proinflammatory cytokines were involved in this therapeutic effect. In conclusion, these in vitro and in vivo findings demonstrate that VA64 micelles are a potential nanoplatform for ocular drug delivery, and that the nanoformulation APO-VA64 ophthalmic solution may be a promising candidate for the efficacious treatment of ocular inflammatory diseases.

Effects of different carriers on physicochemical and antioxidant properties of freeze‐dried mulberry powder

The effects of three types of polysaccharides (dextrin, β-cyclodextrin, and maltodextrin) used as carriers at various levels (1%, 3%, and 5%) on the physicochemical and antioxidant properties of freeze-dried mulberry powders (MP) were investigated. The types and levels of carriers influenced moisture, solubility, total anthocyanin contents, and color profiles of MP. The MP produced with 5% of β-cyclodextrin (MP-C) and 5% of maltodextrin (MP-M) were found to have the highest solubility, retention ratio of anthocyanins, and color values among all the MP samples. The addition of β-cyclodextrin and maltodextrin decreased the particle size due to the increase of the spherical shape and the smooth surface. The MP-C and MP-M were found to show positive scavenging capacities on ABTS+ and DPPH radicals. Our results indicated that β-cyclodextrin and maltodextrin had the potential to be used as a carrier agent to produce freeze-dried mulberry powders. Novelty impact statement The types and levels of polysaccharide carriers influenced the physicochemical properties of mulberry powders. Mulberry powders produced with β-cyclodextrin and maltodextrin showed valuable physicochemical characteristics. Mulberry powders had potential scavenging activities on ABTS+ and DPPH radicals.

DIVERSITY OF THINKING WHEN MAKING MANAGEMENT DECISIONS

Thinking is one of the most important characteristics of a person bearing great importance in their activities. Thinking is an active process of reflecting reality in human consciousness, which relies on knowledge, intuition, habits and skills and determines human behaviour in a particular situation. Thinking is not only a source of knowledge, but also a more complex characteristic of a person. It determines the success of their activities, no matter what the person is busy with. A manager's job is to interact with people, make managerial decisions. The quality of decisions depends on the nature and type of thinking of the manager. A manager shall work not only with people, but also take care of the development of their own qualities, which is especially important in the context of the development of his thinking. Systemic thinking is considered one of the most valuable characteristics of a researcher, since, in the course of assessment and analysis it helps to cover the entire event, to consider the various connections between its components, properties and characteristics, to find the main system-forming factor, to notice the invisible aspects of the problem and predict the behaviour of elements. In the practice of conducting a research, it also happens that the researcher becomes obsessed with any detail that leads him in another direction, it becomes a leading idea and, over time, loses focus on the essence. The conceptual type of thinking is a certain type of modification of the systemic type, its “amplifier” and “stabiliser”. A concept is a set of key provisions or a set of shapes enabling the maintenance of the domain of the research. This is a kind of compass in the movement of a thought. In the area of management, such provisions for the research may be the following: Management is diverse and multi-optional, that is why it cannot be minimized to one of its options, no matter how perfect it may seem. Management is based on striving towards harmony (agreement, organisation, coordination, etc.), that is, harmony of balance, resistance and combinations. The concept reflects the unique ability of a person to combine in research their knowledge with predictions, existing understanding of certain events, beliefs and assumptions about the essence of the first and second order. Theoretical thinking is characterised by striving towards abstract generalisation, the search for patterns, the formation of a theory, general signs of objectivity, the definition of certain conclusions and results of the research, the universality of provisions and formulations. Theoretical thinking being far from reality is dangerous, with such an abstraction that leads to the loss of the features of the essence of the event, theoretical over-simplification or unjustified globalism. Empirical thinking is also important, prioritising experience, generalisation, limitation by experience and relies solely on the results of experience in assessing. The existence of experience is seen as the highest form of proof and argumentation. The factorial type of thinking is manifested in the systematisation of facts and assessments, in the construction of a whole logical chain of research and conclusions on specific facts. Sometimes such thinking is accompanied by artificial exaggeration of certain facts due to insufficiently in-depth understanding of the role of a fact in determining the essence of the event. In this case, there is a threat that scientific explanation will be replaced by factorial one, which is usually limited to existing facts, however it does not always facilitate to fact-finding, identification and in-depth understanding. The thinking of any researcher can be assessed in the context of a mechanism, i.e. in the context of a set of tools used in the thinking process, thanks to which ideas are born, conclusions, thoughts, and hypotheses are generated, arguments are sought and the acquired knowledge is implemented.

Features of corn accessions from the collection of Ustymivka experimental station of plant production for antioxidant properties and valuable economic characteristics

Aim – to evaluate corn accessions for antioxidant activity using a test based on the stable DPPH radical and to identify sources of valuable economic characteristics and high antioxidant activity in kernels for heterosis breeding. Results and Discussion. The article covers the results of studying antioxidant activity (AOA) in 178 accessions belonging to seven corn subspecies in 2017-2019. The accessions come from 14 countries, including 120 from Ukraine, and have various pigmentation of kernels. It was found that the antioxidant activity of kernels varied within 22.6-82.7%; the chlorogenic acid equivalent (CGAE) varied within 0.97-2.41 µg/g. Antioxidant activity depends on different factors, including growing conditions, origin, subspecies and grain color. Valuable starting material was selected to create lines and hybrids combining elevated AOA with valuable economic characteristics: high grain yield (SS 390, SS 356, MS 11, SE 406, SE 409, SE 416, RK 540-1 KTs 207-1, KTs 42-3, UP 229, Blondynka (UKR), Blu Corn (MEX)); high weight of 1000 kernels (KTs 807-5, KTs 42-3, KTsS 814-2, KTs 602-2, VN 1 (UKR), Freed White, Z 03-004 (USA)); high kernel number per cob (SS 308, MS 233, KTs 27-5, KTs 11, SE 414, SE 397, UP 208 (UKR)); long cobs (Blu Hopi (MEX)); high cob number per plant (VN 1, KTs 502-1 (Ukraine), Butter and Sugar Corn (USA), TAIL P1 (MEX)). The studied accessions are in the collections of Ustymivka Experimental Station and the National Center for Plant Genetic Resources and can be used by breeders and other consumers in theoretical and practical studies. Conclusions. The presented characteristics of 178 corn accessions in terms of total antioxidant activity revealed variability across accessions belonging to different subspecies from 20% to 82%. AOA depends on different factors, including weather conditions during cultivation, subspecies, and grain color. We selected corn accessions combining high antioxidant activity with high grain productivity, 1000-kernel weight, high kernel number per cob, long cobs, and high cob number per plant. It is expedient to involve corn lines originated from these accessions in the breeding of heterotic hybrids, which will become potential sources of antioxidants in foods.

Water-soluble and dispersible porous organic polymers: preparation, functions and applications.

Porous organic polymers (POPs) have attracted increasing attention and emerged as a new research area in polymer chemistry. During the past decade, the intense desirability for application in aqueous scenarios has spawned the development of a specific class of POPs, i.e., water-soluble or dispersible porous organic polymers (WS-POPs) that can allow the implementation of porosity-based functions in aqueous media. In this Tutorial Review, aiming at providing a practical guide to this area, we will discuss recent advances in the preparation of WS-POPs through covalent/dynamic covalent, coordination and supramolecular approaches. As a result of their intrinsic and well-defined porosity, diverse topological architectures as well as unique water-processable features, many water-soluble/dispersible POPs have been demonstrated to exhibit potential for various applications, which include drug, DNA and protein delivery, bioimaging, photocatalysis, explosive detection and membrane separation. We will also highlight the related function of the representative structures. Finally, we provide our perspective for the future research, with a focus on the development of new structures and biofunctions.

Debiasing Android Malware Datasets: How Can I Trust Your Results If Your Dataset Is Biased?

Android security has received a lot of attention over the last decade, especially malware investigation. Researchers attempt to highlight applications’ security-relevant characteristics to better understand malware and effectively distinguish malware from benign applications. The accuracy and the completeness of their proposals are evaluated experimentally on malware and goodware datasets. Thus, the quality of these datasets is of critical importance: if the datasets are outdated or not representative of the studied population, the conclusions may be flawed. We specify different types of experimental scenarios. Some of them require unlabeled but representative datasets of the entire population. Others require datasets labeled with valuable characteristics that may be difficult to compute, such as malware datasets. We discuss the irregularities of datasets used in experiments, questioning the validity of the performances reported in the literature. This article focuses on providing guidelines for designing debiased datasets. First, we propose guidelines for building representative datasets from unlabeled ones. Second, we propose and experiment a debiasing algorithm that, given a biased labeled dataset and a target representative dataset, builds a representative and labeled dataset. Finally, from the previous debiased datasets, we produce datasets for experiments on Android malware detection or classification with machine learning algorithms. Experiments show that debiased datasets perfom better when classifying with machine learning algorithms.

Процесс яровизации как фактор повышения урожайности картофеля в условиях Магаданской области

The article substantiates the need for the development of effective potato growing based on seed production of zoned potato varieties. The analysis of the state of the industry on the territory of the region was carried out, as a result of which the trends of its development were determined. Thus, production volumes make it possible to meet the needs of the population by only 62.3%, which is clearly not enough in the context of a policy of accelerated import substitution. Potato sown areas are decreasing every year; over the past 5 years, the decline was 12.2%. In 2020, potato crops occupied 657 hectares, which is 82.6% of the total area under food crops. The yield of potatoes from year to year has unstable dynamics and amounts to 118.6 c/ha, which is almost 28% higher than in 2019, but 9% lower than in 2018. The relevance and practical significance of research is determined, which consists in finding additional reserves to increase the efficiency of potato production in the conditions of the Magadan region. An assessment is given of economically valuable and varietal characteristics of varieties of local selection. The process of pre-planting preparation of potato tubers is considered as an affordable, low-cost way to increase productivity. The recommended vernalization measures (warming, gardening and germination) contribute to the rapid emergence of shoots that appear after 10-14 days or (240-336 hours) after planting, and the formation of tubers occurs half a month earlier than for tubers not subject to the process. In addition, as a result of experimental studies, it was found that the vernalization process contributes to an increase in potato yield by 25–40%. In the advisory part of the work, methods for pre-planting treatment of tubers using local biological resources are proposed based on a review of the material on this issue.

НЕКОТОРЫЕ ПУТИ СОХРАНЕНИЯ И СОВЕРШЕНСТВОВАНИЯ ПЛЕМЕННЫХ РЕСУРСОВ В ОТЕЧЕСТВЕННОМ ОВЦЕВОДСТВЕ

The article notes insignificant differences in the complex of valuable economic and useful characteristics between animals of various categories of breeding and other farms, which does not allow to increase the productivity of sheep on a national scale. One of the reasons for this is that practically in most breeding farms of all categories, different types of crosses are used, and the breeding advantages of crossbreeds are known to be low.

Diagnosis of obsessive-compulsive disorder via spatial similarity-aware learning and fused deep polynomial network.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a type of hereditary mental illness, which seriously affect the normal life of the patients. Sparse learning has been widely used in detecting brain diseases objectively by removing redundant information and retaining monitor valuable biological characteristics from the brain functional connectivity network (BFCN). However, most existing methods ignore the relationship between brain regions in each subject. To solve this problem, this paper proposes a spatial similarity-aware learning (SSL) model to build BFCNs. Specifically, we embrace the spatial relationship between adjacent or bilaterally symmetric brain regions via a smoothing regularization term in the model. We develop a novel fused deep polynomial network (FDPN) model to further learn the powerful information and attempt to solve the problem of curse of dimensionality using BFCN features. In the FDPN model, we stack a multi-layer deep polynomial network (DPN) and integrate the features from multiple output layers via the weighting mechanism. In this way, the FDPN method not only can identify the high-level informative features of BFCN but also can solve the problem of curse of dimensionality. A novel framework is proposed to detect OCD and unaffected first-degree relatives (UFDRs), which combines deep learning and traditional machine learning methods. We validate our algorithm in the resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) dataset collected by the local hospital and achieve promising performance.

Flowering features of rare fruit plants of the Rosaceae Juss. family

One of the ways to solve the problem of food security is to increase the proportion of non-traditional crops' fruits in the diet with valuable consumer characteristics and a wide range of application in fruit growing, selection, and greening. The seasonal development rhythm - especially the flowering phase - is important in the study of rare fruit plants introduced into culture as it determines the plants' resistance to adverse environmental factors and the ability to produce full-fledged fruits and seeds. The purpose of this research was to study the flowering characteristics of non-traditional fruit crops of the Rosaceae Juss. family to determine the prospects of their use in selection and greening. From 2012 to 2021, 16 species were studied in the arboretum of the Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding (VNIISPK, Orel, Russian Federation). The flowering calendar compiled on the basis of the conducted phenological observations shows various dates of the objects' flowering onset, which makes it possible to use them as ornamental plants when creating parks and gardens of continuous flowering. Chaenomeles Maulei, Malus niedzwetzkyana, Crataegus submollis and Padus virginiana have the most ornamental blossoming. Of these, Chaenomeles Maule has the longest flowering period (more than 20 days). A consistently high flowering degree (4.5-5.0 points) was observed in twelve objects, which determines the prospects of their application in the selection process as sources of certain economically valuable traits: early flowering (Malus prunifolia and Sorbus aria), long-term flowering (Chaenomeles Maulei, Malus prunifolia and Rosa canina), a high ornamental flowering degree (Chaenomeles Maulei, Malus niedzwetzkyana, Crataegus submollis and Padus virginiana).

Концепт ТВОРЧЕСТВО: опыт традиционной культуры саха

The idea of the creation reflects essential characteristics of cultural autoreflexion, but it is not subjected to a lingvoculturological analysis. Attitude to the creation is represented in the linguistic world image of modern and traditional society. In the context of cultural forms' “massification” and loss of ethnocultural identity rises the role of increased interest in activities that structures the formation of self-identity of modern ethnophore. The study is based on a culturological approach that allows studying the correlation of cognitive and linguistic structures in the context of traditional sakha culture. Analysis of the lexical-semantic field of the CREATION concept, partly THINKING, CREATION methods were used in the study. Also the method of a conceptual modeling, component and interpretive discourse were applied. The model of cultural and linguistic concept of the CREATIVITY was suggested. And the study determines the content minimum and main ways of expression in culture. It defines the structure, combinatorics of the proposed concept and associative connections of the CREATIVITY in culture. There were established general and specific valuable characteristics of the concept in traditional culture. We have suggested an experience of recombination of translation forms and reconstruction of the intellectual space of culture directed at increase of historical-cultural and religious allusions' importance in the production of cultural texts. Keywords: national world image, mythological cognition, intellection, cognitive structure, creation

The assessment of the raw material of potatoes on economically valuable characteristics (Kamchatka Krai)

The assessment of the raw material of potatoes on economically valuable characteristics (Kamchatka Krai)

THE LEVEL OF HETEROSIS AND THE DEGREE OF PHENOTYPIC DOMINANCE OF THE MAIN ECONOMICALLY VALUABLE CHARACTERISTICS IN F1 HYBRIDS OF THE SILKWORM (BOMBYX MORI L.)

There were presented the results of heterosis level (hypothetical and true) and the degree of phenotypic dominance of the main economically valuable characteristics in hybrids of silkworm Bombyx Mori L. of the first generation. The crossing was conducted by full diallel scheme, including 16 variants (12 hybrids and 4 parental forms), 50 mg in triplicate replications. There were studied the types of heredity and the level of heterosis of the main economically valuable characteristics in F1 hybrids of silkworms. It was revealed that the heredity of caterpillars viability, average cocoon weight and male silkiness was mostly positive as regards to G2, G4, G6 and G7 lines, while the heredity of females was mostly depressed (negative superdominance). Determination of the effect of heterosis and the degree of phenotypic dominance made it possible to identify 7 best combinations in terms of caterpillar viability in comparison with parental forms, among them the best were hybrids G2×G6 and G6×G2 with high degree of phenotypic dominance (positive superdominance) -- 7.8 and 9.0, with hypothetical heterosis of 11.0% and 12.7% and true heterosis of 9.4% and 11.1% accordingly. The effect of heterosis (positive superdominance) was found in 8 hybrids according to cocoon weight out of 12 hybrid combinations, partial positive inheritance in 3 hybrids, and intermediate type of dominance in 1 hybrid. The hybrids G6×G4 (Ht=9.00 %, Hbt=8.30 %) and G6×G7 (Ht=1.68 %, Hbt=1.43 %), whose heredity was of the positive superdominance type, were distinguished by female silkiness with a high level of hypothetic and true heterosis (13, 92 and 6.80, accordingly), while hybrid depression was observed in 5 combinations, intermediate heredity in 3, and partial positive and negative dominance in one combination each. The 9 hybrids had positive overdominance type heredity for silkiness in males. Production of high-quality silkworm biomaterial contributes to extension of possibilities of its use in various spheres of human activity.

TOOLS FOR THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF PUBLIC URBAN SPACE

The middle of the 20th century it was observed sprawl cites to cause by the quick population growth, the development of the automotive industry and housing policies that were aimed at the spread to private home ownership. In such conditions, it was impossible to predict what type of building development would be, so it was need for looking for new ways to solve this problem. In the same way, there was a need for revise existing zoning documents and a new tool was needed to regulating building development. The Form Based Code principles are universal, and these principles adaptation will be allowed to save and to improve the urban environment in the modern cities. In an urban environment that is required renovation or it is had the ability to accommodate new buildings and structures, Form Based Code will be significantly speeded up the development process and project approval. In Europe countries have long developed clear and yet invisible rules that is created a comfortable and non-aggressive environment. In Ukrainian cities, building regulation is happened according to functional zoning, while a set of parameters is used that it isn’t allowed to get understandable and predictable buildings development what will be been to dissonance. The parameters are set to solve the characteristics in the urban environment, to solve problem that was identified at the stage of analysis, or vice versa, to save the valuable characteristics in the urban environment. Today attempts are being made to create a comfortable urban environment for city residents in Ukraine. The Design Сodes have been developed in Zhitomir, in Kiev. Despite Ukraine's lag behind developed countries in understanding the values of the urban environment, it need to use this approach to solve specific problem for the development regulation in the city. In article opportunities to improve the aesthetic appearance of the urban environment have been presented to base on Form Based Code which a completely different level of relationship is provided in the urban space. It has been shown comparative characteristic principles coding in comparison between traditional zoning. The main vector regulation of public spaces has been determined by the example of Kharkov in Ukraine.

ИСХОДНЫЙ МАТЕРИАЛ ДЛЯ СЕЛЕКЦИИ СОИ В НЕОРОШАЕМЫХ УСЛОВИЯХСАМАРСКОГОЗАВОЛЖЬЯ

This article presents the results of the evaluation of the raw material of soybeans by the main economically valuable characteristics for purposeful use in the breeding process. 112 soybean varieties of various ecological and geographical origin were studied on the basis of the Volga NIISS branch of the SamSC RAS in 2019-2021. Most of the collection was represented by samples that belong to the ripeness groups: precocious (91-100 days) -57.3%, from precocious to medium–ripe (101-110 days) -39.1%, the medium-ripe group was represented by 3.6% of samples. As a result of the research, the average positive relationship of branching with productivity was determined (r=0.57-0.67). In all the years of study ,si is installe.

Selection of parent pairs for the breeding process based on adaptive ability and environmental sustainability of spring barley varieties

Varietal diversity and study of the source material for the breeding process is an important condition when creating a new variety with the necessary economically valuable characteristics, considering the requirements of agricultural producers and the processing industry. The task of breeders at the first stage of cultivar creation is to select from a collection nursery set high-yielding varieties resistant to pests and diseases, able to withstand various climatic stresses, to determine the adaptive ability to identify the positive and negative sides of genotypes, and creatively apply them in the breeding process. During 2018-2021, 94 varieties of spring barley of various ecological and geographical origin were studied. As a result of scientific research and mathematical calculations of the adaptability indicators of varieties, genotypes with a positive combination of high yield and their resistance to biotic and abiotic environmental factors were selected. Depending on the tasks set before breeding, varieties with positive adaptive abilities should be used in crosses: Azov (Russia), Lun (Russia), Medicum 336 (Russia), Corona (Ukraine), Effect (Ukraine), Grace (Germany), Delphine (France), Leon (Germany), Desnina (Germany), Collil (UK).

Resistance of sunflower lines and hybrids to major pathogenes in the Northern Steppe of Ukraine

The purpose was to establish the manifestation peculiarities of sunflower diseases and their combination with valuable economic traits depending on the genotype, as well as to select the best lines and hybrids for further use in production. To complete this purpose, the following objectives were achieved: to create a stationary infectious background for sunflower; to investigate the manifestation of major diseases of sunflower depending on the year conditions; to assess lines and hybrids for valuable economic characteristics and resistance to several pathogens; to select the best lines and hybrids.
 Materials and methods. The phytopathological studies were conducted on a long-term (2005–2020) sunflower monocrop, against artificial field infectious backgrounds, for the creation of which we used parts of naturally infected plants and laboratory infectious material. We studied resistance of sunflower lines and hybrids to pathogens widespread in the Northern Steppe of Ukraine: downy mildew (Plasmopara helianthi Novot.), dry head rot (Rhizopus nigricans Ehrend) and embellisia blotch (Embellisia helianthi (Hansf.) Pidolp). The infectious background level was determined by calculating the percentage of sunflower plants affected by pathogens related to the total number of sown achenes of an accession. The valuable economic characteristics of the genotypes were determined in accordance with the competitive trial methods. A total of 60 accessions, sunflower lines and hybrids bred by IOC NAAS and PPP nd a V.Ya. Yuriev NAAS, were studied.
 results and discussion. The infectious background level, defined as the percentage of infected plants, fluctuated over the study years. The variability ranges were as follows: for downy mildew in 2005–2020 – 7.2–27.3%; for dry head rot in 2012–2020 – 47.1–82.2%; for embellisia blotch in 2012–2020 – 11.0–88.8%. A line – sterile analogue (ZL70A), a line – pollen fertility restorer (Kh 114 V) and hybrids (Khazar, Koliada, Pervistok and Pryz) with high (score 7 points) or very high (score 9 points) resistance to the three studied pathogens have been identified. High resistance to downy mildew and dry head rot was recorded in line Kh 720 V and simple sterile hybrid KhZ 1701 A. Lines Skh 1008 A, ZL72A, ZL42A, and ZL260V as well as hybrid Haichur were distinguished due to their high resistance to downy mildew.
 During the years of studying valuable economic characteristics (2017–2020), high levels of the infectious backgrounds of the major pathogens of sunflower were observed, which made it possible to identify the best accessions combining high resistance (resistance score 7 and 9 points) with high yield, high 1000-seed weight (up to 58.6 g), high oil content in seeds (up to 52.12%) and low huskness (£ 24.6%). The ‘germination – physiological ripeness’ period in the best resistant hybrids was 95–105 days and, in the lines, it lasted 85–105 days. Hybrid Koliada jointly bred by PPI nd a V.Ya. Yuriev NAAS and IOC NAAS was the best in terms of yield (3.61 t/ha). Since 2020, Koliada has been the State Register of Plant Varieties Suitable for Dissemination in Ukraine.
 Conclusions. A possibility of identifying genotypes (lines and hybrids) with group resistance to the major sunflower pathogens, which are common in the Northern Steppe of Ukraine, has been proven. Lines and their hybrids combining high resistance to the major pathogens with high levels of economic characteristics have been identified.