Valleys Of Peru Research Articles

Forming Techniques of Ychsma Cephalomorphic Bottles and Cara-Golletes from Pachacamac, Peru

Ychsma was a hierarchical society centered on the Lurín and Rímac valleys of Peru’s central coast during the Late Intermediate Period (1000–1470 CE). During the Late Horizon (1470–1532 CE), it was the subject of intense investment and transformation by the Inka, most notably in the administrative and pilgrimage center of Pachacamac. Using X-radiography to evaluate forming methods and techniques, we compare two similar Ychsma forms of pottery: cephalomorphic bottles, dating to earlier Ychsma periods, and cara-golletes, dating to later Inka periods. We find that these forms, though similar in shape and appearance, were formed using very different methods.

Geographic distribution, conservation status and lectotypification of Pedersenia weberbaueri (Suess.) Holub (Amaranthaceae), an endemic and highly threatened shrub from the Marañón valley of Peru

The present study analyses the geographical distribution, conservation status, and nomenclature of Peruvian endemic Pedersenia weberbaueri. The species distribution was modelled using MaxEnt based on occurrence data and bioclimatic variables. The conservation status of the species was assessed against the categories and criteria of the IUCN Red List, and nomenclatural and typification issues were resolved. The potential distribution map of P. weberbaueri shows that the species is restricted to the seasonally dry tropical forests of the Marañón valley within a narrow latitudinal, longitudinal, and elevational range. Consequently, we propose to categorise the species as Endangered (EN) and provide the necessary information for its inclusion in the IUCN Red List. Finally, we resolve nomenclatural issues and designate a lectotype. The results contribute to the biological knowledge of P. weberbaueri and support subsequent conservation management plans.

Phylogeny and biogeography of Ceiba Mill. (Malvaceae, Bombacoideae)

The Neotropics is the most species-rich area in the world, and the mechanisms that generated and maintain its biodiversity are still debated. This paper contributes to the debate by investigating the evolutionary and biogeographic history of the genus Ceiba Mill. (Malvaceae, Bombacoideae). Ceiba comprises 18 mostly Neotropical species, largely endemic to two major biomes, seasonally dry tropical forests (SDTFs) and rain forests. Its species are among the most characteristic elements of Neotropical SDTF, one of the most threatened biomes in the tropics. Phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequence data (from the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacers [nrITS] for 30 accessions representing 14 species of Ceiba) recovered the genus as monophyletic. The phylogeny showed geographic and ecological structure in three main clades: (i) a rain forest lineage of nine accessions of C. pentandra sister to the remaining species; (ii) a highly supported clade composed of C. schottii and C. aesculifolia from Central American and Mexican SDTF, plus two accessions of C. samauma from semi-humid, inter Andean valleys in Peru; and (iii) a highly supported South American SDTF clade including 10 species showing little sequence variation. Within this South American SDTF clade, no species represented by multiple accessions were resolved as monophyletic. We demonstrate that the patterns of species age, monophyly, and geographic structure previously reported for SDTF species within the Leguminosae family are not shared by Ceiba, suggesting that further phylogenetic studies of unrelated groups are required to understand general patterns.

When the Rainbows Bring the Crawfish

In this article I present the social life of camarones, a Peruvian river crustacean used in some of the region’s favorite dishes, and the liminal space they occupy in the geography, minds, and ecosystem of Peru and its people. I situate the relationship between these crawfish and the folks who capture them, known as camaroneros, within insights of environmental anthropologists and food scholars who also explore the connections between cultural and biological diversity and the entangled socio-ecological histories that inform the manner in which nature is mediated and understood by local societies. In this article, however, I expand this understanding to reveal unexpected spaces of engagement, especially those that emerge while eating, which tend to be overlooked by bounded notions of culture and nature and limit the ways we can imagine human-nature relationships. Via the story of camarones and camaroneros of one river valley of Peru, I argue that eating is a socio-ecological act that is imbued with profound cultural meanings involving a wide range of participants—not just farmers or producers—each with their own ecological identities yet still implicitly linked to one another through the process of producing, preparing, and consuming food.

El Algarrobal De Moro: A Lower-level Administrative Center in the Jequetepeque Valley on Peru’s North Coast

El Algarrobal de Moro is a lower-level Chimú administrative center located within the larger archaeological complex of San Jose de Moro in the Jequetepeque Valley of Peru’s north coast. El Algarrobal was an intrusive center constructed ca. A.D. 1400 some 100 years after the Chimú conquest of the valley. This research contrasts El Algarrobal with known Chimú lower-level centers in the Moche and Chicama Valleys and although similarities exist, the results show that there are significant functional differences in the Jequetepeque center. El Algarrobal was later occupied by the Inca and their subsequent modification and use highlights the importance of lower-level centers and the political strategy of each empire.

Conservative plumage masks extraordinary phylogenetic diversity in the Grallaria rufula (Rufous Antpitta) complex of the humid Andes

AbstractThe Grallaria rufula complex is currently considered to consist of 2 species, G. rufula (Rufous Antpitta) and G. blakei (Chestnut Antpitta). However, it has been suggested that the complex, populations of which occur in humid montane forests from Venezuela to Bolivia, comprises a suite of vocally distinct yet morphologically cryptic species. We sequenced nuclear and mitochondrial DNA for 80 individuals from across the distribution of the complex to determine the extent of genetic variation between and within described taxa. Our results revealed 18 geographically coherent clades separated by substantial genetic divergence: 14 within rufula, 3 within blakei, and 1 corresponding to G. rufocinerea (Bicolored Antpitta), a species with distinctive plumage found to be nested within the complex. Neither G. rufula nor G. blakei as presently defined was monophyletic. Although 6 of the 7 recognized subspecies of G. rufula were monophyletic, several subspecies contained substantial genetic differentiation. Genetic variation was largely partitioned across recognized geographic barriers, especially across deep river valleys in Peru and Colombia. Coalescent modeling identified 17 of the 18 clades as significantly differentiated lineages, whereas analyses of vocalizations delineated 16 biological species within the complex. The G. rufula complex seems unusually diverse even among birds of the humid Andes, a prime location for cryptic speciation; however, the extent to which other dispersal-limited Andean species groups exhibit similar degrees of cryptic differentiation awaits further study.

Contribution of Isotopic Techniques in the Hydrological Study of the Aquifers of Ica, Villacuri and Lanchas

Ica Aquifer located at the coastal zone of Ica River Valley, supplies 40% of the water to a number of farms of Ica Region which is one of the most productive valley of Peru that covers an area of 30,000 hectares of area, in which a diverse agricultural product are grown for local and external market. In the last 15 years, water-table of the aquifer was lowering at an elevated rate that concerned to farmers and authorities of the Peruvian Government, so a number of studies was carried out to increase the water supply to the agriculture areas.The main purpose of the study using isotope techniques, was to have a first insight of the hydrodynamics of Ica, Villacuri and Lanchas Aquifers and the possible interconnection between them and with Pisco River. For such purpose, 31 wells, lakes, rivers and springs of Ica and Pisco Basin where sampled during the years 2014 to 2016 both in rain and dry seasons, getting 189 samples for isotope and chemical analysis. The sampling schedule didn’t include rain sampling, instead of it, selected springs were sampled and nearby basin rain data was used.18O,2H and 13C stable isotopes and 3H, 14C radioactive isotopes of the water samples were analyzed in the laboratory of “Isotope Tracer Technologies INC”; the results of the stable isotope analysis confirm the hydraulic interconnection of the three aquifers mentioned above; it also was confirmed that the main source of recharge was provided by Ica River and evidences were found about the contribution of Pisco River in the recharge of Villacuri and Lanchas Aquifers.Analysis of 14C reveals that some wells are overexploited. All the results of 3H analysis were out of range, so it was not useful for the conclusions of the study, and a new sampling of water is required; the reason of this out of range result should be the possible contamination of the samples with no environmental Tritium.

Cultural aspects that influence the associative work of agricultural production chains in the Mantaro Valley of Peru

Cultural aspects that influence the associative work of agricultural production chains in the Mantaro Valley of Peru

Irrigation-triggered landslides in a Peruvian desert caused by modern intensive farming

Intensification of agriculture leads to stress on the environment and subsequently can have strong societal and ecological impacts. In deserts, areas of very high sensitivity to land-use changes, these local-scale impacts are not well documented. On the arid southwestern coast of Peru, several vast irrigation programmes were developed in the 1950s on the flat detritic plateau surrounding narrow valleys to supply new farming areas. We document the long-term effects of irrigation on the erosion of arid deserts in the Vitor and Siguas valleys, south Peru, using 40 yr of satellite data. We demonstrate that irrigation initiated very large slow-moving landslides, affecting one-third of the valleys. Their kinematics present periods of quiescence and short periods of rapid activity, corresponding to landslide destabilization by their headscarp retrogression. This analysis suggests that the landslide motion continues long after their initiation by irrigations. Those landslides affect the fertile valley floors, leading to the destruction of villages and agricultural areas. We conclude that modern intensive farming can strongly impact traditional agriculture in desert areas where water management is particularly critical. Slow-moving landslides in two valleys in Peru were initiated by irrigation programmes in the region, suggest analyses of 40 years of satellite data.

Biological and Molecular Properties of Wild potato mosaic virus Isolates from Pepino (Solanum muricatum).

In 1976, a virus with flexuous, filamentous virions typical of the family Potyviridae was isolated from symptomatic pepino (Solanum muricatum) plants growing in two valleys in Peru's coastal desert region. In 2014, a virus with similar-shaped virions was isolated from asymptomatic fruits obtained from pepino plants growing in six coastal valleys and a valley in Peru's Andean highlands. Both were identified subsequently as Wild potato mosaic virus (WPMV) by serology or high-throughput sequencing (HTS). The symptoms caused by two old and seven new isolates from pepino were examined in indicator plants. Infected solanaceous hosts varied considerably in their sensitivities to infection and individual isolates varied greatly in virulence. All seven new isolates caused quick death of infected Nicotiana benthamiana plants and more than half of them killed infected plants of Physalis floridana and S. chancayense. These three species were the most sensitive to infection. The most virulent isolate was found to be BA because it killed five of eight solanaceous host species whereas CA was the least severe because it only killed N. benthamiana. Using HTS, complete genomic sequences of six isolates were obtained, with one isolate (FE) showing evidence of recombination. The distances between individual WPMV isolates in phylogenetic trees and the geographical distances between their collection sites were found to be unrelated. The individual WPMV isolates displayed nucleotide sequence identities of 80.9-99.8%, whereas the most closely related virus, Potato virus V (PVV), was around 75% identical to WPMV. WPMV, PVV, and Peru tomato virus formed clusters of similar phylogenetic diversity, and were found to be distinct but related viruses within the overall Potato virus Y lineage. WPMV infection seems widespread and of likely economic significance to pepino producers in Peru's coastal valleys. Because it constitutes the fifth virus found infecting pepino and this crop is entirely vegetatively propagated, development of healthy pepino stock programs is advocated.

A New Species of Citharexylum (Verbenaceae) from the Andean foothills of Peru

A new species of Citharexylum from the foothills of inter-Andean dry valleys in Peru, Citharexylum peruvianum, is described and illustrated herein. It is distinguished from other closely related species with caulinar spines (C. andinum, C. flexuosum, C. herrerae, C. montevidense, and C. weberbaueri), by inflorescence morphology, leaf size, and pubescence. The newly defined taxon has 15–40 flowered racemes, rachis 7–12 cm long, and coriaceous leaves, with the leaf blade being 4–6(8) × 2–3 cm and densely hirsute on the abaxial surface. A brief discussion on closely related species is provided. Citharexylum peruvianum is known exclusively from northwestern Peru, from the departments of Cajamarca, Lambayeque, and La Libertad. The species grows in the Andean foothills at mid-elevations between 1400 and 3000 m a. s. l., in rocky soils and on steep slopes with thorny scrubland. It is occasionally found in moist areas. This species has a restricted distribution and limited numbers of individuals, which will likely result in threatened status following formal review.

Huerequeque: An inland outpost of the Initial Period Sechín Alto Polity in the Casma Valley of Peru

The Sechín Alto Polity effectively controlled the Casma Valley zone on the Peruvian north coast during the Initial Period (2100–1000 cal b.c.) through an inclusive administrative strategy whereby large inland centers and their component monumental architecture served specific, complementary functions within the polity. Smaller satellite sites established on the coast insured a supply of marine protein to the inland agricultural centers. The political strategy of the Sechín Alto Polity also included expansion inland to colonize the mid-sized site of Huerequeque at a key location in order to annex abundant agricultural land, to access a trade route to the highlands, and to extend and define the eastern Sechín Alto Polity boundary farther. Huerequeque is unique, however, because of its distinct cultural heritage, and excavations there have made it possible to examine the process through which the expanding polity established an administrative presence, imposed Sechín Alto Polity practices, and eventually abandoned the site. More broadly, elucidating this process is critical to a better understanding of the development and expansion of complex societies.

The tempo of trait divergence in geographic isolation: avian speciation across the Marañon Valley of Peru.

Geographic isolation is considered essential to most speciation events, but our understanding of what controls the pace and degree of phenotypic divergence among allopatric populations remains poor. Why do some taxa exhibit phenotypic differentiation across barriers to dispersal, whereas others do not? To test factors controlling phenotypic divergence in allopatry, we employed a comparative phylogeographic approach consisting of replicates of ecologically similar Andean bird species isolated across a major biogeographic barrier, the Marañon Valley of Peru. Our study design leverages variation among codistributed taxa in their degree of plumage, morphometric, and vocal differentiation across the Marañon to examine the tempo of phenotypic evolution. We found that substantial plumage differences between populations required roughly two million years to evolve. In contrast, morphometric trait evolution showed greater idiosyncrasy and stasis. Our results demonstrate that despite a large degree of idiosyncrasy in the relationship between genetic and phenotypic divergence across taxa and environments, comparative studies within regions may reveal predictability in the pace of phenotypic divergence. Our results also suggest that social selection is important for driving differentiation of populations found in similar environments.

THE DISTRIBUTION OF WOODY LEGUMES IN NEOTROPICAL DRY FORESTS: THE PLEISTOCENE ARC THEORY 20 YEARS ON*

The Pleistocene Arc Theory (PAT) suggests that present-day disjunct fragments of dry forests in central tropical South America give evidence of a previously more continuous distribution during the Pleistocene that has been disrupted by dry-cold vs. humid-warm climatic cycles. This Arc extends from NE Brazil to NE Argentina and eastern Paraguay, through the Chiquitanía to NW Argentina and SW Bolivia and into the dry inter-Andean valleys in Peru and Ecuador, with intrusions into the Great Chaco. Seasonally Dry Tropical Forests (SDTFs) are floristically and physiognomically dominated by woody legumes, mostly deciduous in the dry season. In the last two decades field collection and research on legume taxa has greatly increased, with a significant number of taxonomic revisions and molecular phylogenetic studies, together with some paleoclimatic modelling studies. The evidence accumulated in the last 23 years has confirmed the integrity of the Chaco and Caatingas phytogeographical provinces, with an impressive and increasing level of botanical endemism discovered. The PAT pattern has also been supported, specifically through the mapping of five selected woody Leguminosae species (Anadenanthera colubrina, Enterolobium contortisiliquum, Pterogyne nitens, Amburana cearensis and Piptadenia viridiflora). The pre-existing nuclei of South American SDTF (Caatingas, Misiones and Piedmont) are now increased to four with the postulation of the Chiquitanía Nucleus in south-eastern Bolivia and bordering Paraguay. Some new endemisms are compiled from recent literature and mapped for the Misiones and Chiquitanía nuclei. The need for more botanical collections and further taxonomic, phylogenetic and demographic studies of South American legumes is emphasised.

A new species of <i>Mimosa</i> (Mimosoideae, Leguminosae) from the inter-Andean dry valleys

Mimosa arturoana (Mimosoideae, Leguminosae) is described and illustrated for the first time. This species is similar to the recently published M. lamolina and to the allopatric, Mexican M. deamii, but differs by several morphological characters, such as stems armament, secondary venation of leaflets and pubescence of vegetative organs and pods. This species should be included in the Mimosa sect. Mimosa ser. Mimosa subser. Lactifluae by its characteristic habit, armament of stems, and ecology. This finding increments the diversity of Leguminosae in the dry forests of Inter-Andean valleys of Peru, a potentially center of endemism of this family.

Rumikiru, n. gen. (Scorpiones: Bothriuridae), a New Scorpion Genus from the Atacama Desert

ABSTRACT Rumikiru, n. gen., a new bothriurid scorpion genus from the coastal Atacama Desert, Chile, is described. This is the first scorpion genus endemic to northern Chile. It is most closely related to Pachakutej Ochoa, 2004, from the inter-Andean valleys of Peru. Orobothriurus lourencoi Ojanguren-Affilastro, 2003, is transferred to the new genus and redescribed, creating Rumikiru lourencoi (Ojanguren-Affilastro, 2003), n. comb., and a second species of the genus, Rumikiru atacama, n. sp., is described.

Three new legumes endemic to the Marañón Valley, Perú

Two new species of legume, Caesalpinia celendiniana and Mimosa lamolina and one new variety, Caesalpinia pluviosa var. maraniona, from the inter-Andean Rio Maranon Valley in northern Peru are described and illustrated. These add to the already impressive tally of endemics known from the seasonally dry tropical forests of the Rio Maranon Valley, which apparently far exceeds the endemic plant diversity from other nearby inter-Andean dry valleys in Peru and southern Ecuador.

People of the volcano: Andean counterpoint in the Colca Valley of Peru - By Cook, Noble David, with Alexandra Parma Cook

Journal of the Royal Anthropological InstituteVolume 16, Issue 1 p. 185-186 People of the volcano: Andean counterpoint in the Colca Valley of Peru – By Cook, Noble David, with Alexandra Parma Cook John Monaghan, John Monaghan University of Illinois at ChicagoSearch for more papers by this author John Monaghan, John Monaghan University of Illinois at ChicagoSearch for more papers by this author First published: 10 February 2010 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9655.2009.01604_20.xRead the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Volume16, Issue1March 2010Pages 185-186 RelatedInformation

A Reduced Landscape: Toward a Multi-Causal Understanding of Historic Period Agricultural Deintensification in Highland Peru

Este artículo examina los efectos de despoblación, desplazamiento de asentamientos (las reducciones), y la Pequeña Edad de Hielo para patrones locales de desintensificación agrícola andina durante la época histórica. Situado en el Valle del Colca del Perú, este análisis emplea simulaciones de caminatas entre una reducción (Coporaque) y las ubicaciones reconstruidas de sus campos de cultivo del siglo XVII. Análisis multivariable demuestra cómo el creciente riesgo de escarchas (por causa de la Pequeña Edad de Hielo) y de distancia (por causa de la reducción) afectaron las decisiones de los grupos locales de parentesco dualísticos (ayllus) de distintas maneras. Para los ayllus de menor rango político en la estructura dualística local, distancia tenía mayor importancia que el riesgo de escarchas, mientras que para los ayllus de mayor rango, el riesgo de escarchas era el factor más importante. La caída demográfica colonial actuó como un factor distal para ambos grupos.

People of the Volcano: Andean Counterpoint in the Colca Valley of Peru

Book Review| April 01 2009 People of the Volcano: Andean Counterpoint in the Colca Valley of Peru Noble David Cook with Alexandra Parma Cook. (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2007. xv + 319 pp., preface, map, photographs, bibliography, index. $23.95 paper.) Erick D. Langer Erick D. Langer Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Ethnohistory (2009) 56 (2): 353–354. https://doi.org/10.1215/00141801-2008-085 Cite Icon Cite Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Permissions Search Site Citation Erick D. Langer; People of the Volcano: Andean Counterpoint in the Colca Valley of Peru. Ethnohistory 1 April 2009; 56 (2): 353–354. doi: https://doi.org/10.1215/00141801-2008-085 Download citation file: Zotero Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search Books & JournalsAll JournalsEthnohistory Search Advanced Search The text of this article is only available as a PDF. American Society for Ethnohistory2009 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal Issue Section: Book Reviews You do not currently have access to this content.