Valley Governorate Research Articles

Impact of Land Reclamation on the Diversity of Darkling Beetles, (Tenebrionidae) in Arid Ecosystem of El-Kharga, New Valley Governorate, Egypt

The present study aimed to assess the impact of land reclamation on the distribution, diversity and monthly occurrence of darkling beetles (Tenebrionidae) in El-Kharga, New Valley Governorate, Egypt. Beetles were sampled with pitfall traps over a 6-month, from September 2015 to February 2016. Four different reclaimed sites were selected site I, site II, site III and site IV. The totals of 4725 collected beetles belong to 7 species; Akis elevata Solier , Prionotheca coronata Olivier, Mesostena angustata Fabricius, Trachyderma hispida (Forskal), Akis reflexa Fabricius , Pimelia arabica Klug and Scaurus puncticollis Solier. The abundance of recorded beetles differed significantly in the four studied sites. The highest density of total beetles was recorded at long period reclaimed site; the site I (1.68±1.7 individual/day*trap). P. coronata recorded the highest density (1.85±1.66 individual/day*trap) among the seven collected species. Results indicated monthly variations in the density of the beetles in the studied sites. A. elevata, P. coronata, M. angustata and S. puncticollis showed a significant increase in October. Canonical correspondence analysis revealed that the abundance and diversity of beetles mostly related to soil pH followed by wind velocity and relative humidity. The results indicate that land reclamation led to variations in the community of tenebrionids.

Phytophagous and Predacious Mites of Economic Importance on Date Palms in Dakahleya and New Valley Governorates

Phytophagous mites and their natural enemies associated with the date palm trees, Phoenix dactylifera L. in two environmental localities (Gamassa village, Dakahleya Governorate and El-Kharga village, New Valley Governorate) were studied from April 2016 to March 2017. Correlation between population density of studied mites and weather factors (minimum and maximum temperature) at both Governorates over the year was reported. The survey revealed the presence of 13 species of 11 genera belonging to nine families in Gamassa village, while mites of El-Kharga village were two mite species belonging to two families and three species of predators of low populations.

CHEMICAL AND MICROBIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF LABAN RAYEB IN EL-WADI EL-GADID (NEW VALLEY) GOVERNORATE, EGYPT

survey of the Chemical and Microbiological properties of Laban Rayeb in the New valley governorate during winter season and summer season was studied. Twenty-seven samples were obtained from 3 different centres from the Governorate (El Dakhla, Balat and El Kharga). Laban rayeb samples were analyzed chemically for the moisture, total solids, total acidity, fat, total and soluble nitrogen. The microbiological analysis was carried out for the total bacterial count, lactic acid bacteria (LAB) count, proteolytic bacteria count, yeasts and moulds counts, and the presence of the coliform group & anaerobic bacteria. The mean values of moisture, total solids, acidity, fat, total and soluble nitrogen were 88.64, 11.36, 0.7, 1.53, 0.41%, and 0.18%; respectively in the winter season, while during summer season these values were 86.90, 13.10, 1.02, 1.62, 0.55%, and 0.27% in the same order. The mean values of total count bacteria (CFU/ml) and lactic acid bacteria, proteolytic bacteria as well as yeast and moulds counts were presented with an average of 43.45×106, 32.12×105, 7.51×104 and 14.7×104 in the samples of winter season respectively, while during summer season these counts were 52.15×106, 45×105, 29.83×104 and 19.17×s105 in the same order. The incidence of Coliform bacteria was found to be positive in all samples of Laban Rayeb collected either during winter season or summer season, while the presence of Anaerobic spore former was negative

A New List to the Entomofauna Associated with Faba Bean, Vicia faba L. (Fabales: Fabaceae) Grown in El-Kharga Oasis, New Valley Governorate, Egypt.

Survey of the insect pests and their natural enemies associated with faba bean was conducted at El-Kharga Oasis, New Valley Governorate (Egypt) during the months of mid-October to April of 2015 and 2017. In total 15614 insects belonging to 7 orders and 16 families were collected and identified. The most abundant orders were Hymenoptera (7 families) and followed by Hemiptera (3 families). The most common pest species were cowpea aphid, Aphis carccivora Koch, leafhoppers, Empoasca sp., and black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Huf.) Beneficial insects collected included several predatory families (Coccinelidae, Chrysopidae and Sphecidae) but only low numbers of parasitoids (Pteromalidae) and pollinators (Apidae and Halictidae). The results of this study represent an important baseline data for the design and implementation of strategies for faba bean protection in Egypt.

AN ECONOMIC STUDY OF THE IMPACT OF WATERUSERESOURCES UNDER AVAILABLE ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS IN THE NEW VALLEY GOVERNORATE

The study aimed at finding the best alternatives for agriculturalCropping pattern in the New Valley Governorate, taking into consideration the achievement of the development objectives in terms of maximizing economic efficiency by using the resources available in the New Valley governorate, the most important of which are agricultural lands, irrigation water and agricultural labor under theconstraints and Determinants available in the New Valley. Cropping pattern is the most important objective of agricultural policies.Cropping pattern is generally the different crops and cultivated areas of a particular season, at a given periodof time, whether long or short. The best Cropping pattern is the one that achieves compatibility between more than Aiming to reach the most efficientcrop structurein view of achieving the objective functions, which may aim to maximize the net return of agricultural activities, rationalize water consumption by maximizing the return on the water unit and minimizing the quantity used, and maximizing the use of the work element. A range of constraints and productivity determinants. The use of multi-objective programming has been used. Three models have been estimated to achieve the agricultural structure that achieves the objectives of maximizing the net return of agricultural activities, maximizing the return of the irrigation water unit, rationalizing water consumption, minimizing use and maximizing the use of the labor component.

ANALYSIS OF COST AND BENEFIT FOR RECONSTRUCTION OF THE DESERTS PROJECTS IN EGYPT - A COMPARATIVE STUDY WITH SAUDI ARABIA

The current study was conducted to shed light on the problem of desert reconstruction projects in Egypt in order to identify the strengths and weaknesses of the strategies of desertification control projects in Egypt and the possibility of identifying the economic and environmental benefits of the deserts projects in Egypt using the cost and return of these programs. Saudi Arabia. The descriptive, quantitative and analytical methods were used. The research was based on the field method. The random sample was selected with a total of 100 units. (50) units in Al-Wahat Al-Bahariya area in Al-Giza governorate, and the second number (50) units in Al-Farafra area in the New Valley Governorate. The field questionnaire was used as a tool to collect the study data in the personal interview with the respondents of the farmers who distributed sand lands and rocky lands، Where the research reached an important result is that one of the most important reasons for the non-reconstruction of the deserts in Egypt, there is a relationship between the lack of data for reconstruction projects deserts and the weakness and non-increas of agricultural production in Egypt, The research recommended the need to resist and combat desertification through the reconstruction of the deserts and by increasing the area, protecting the environment and achieving a balance in the ecological environment for development. The study recommended the need to achieve the goal of neutralizing land degradation and to be a top priority to meet our requirements and develop sustainability. And recommended the importance of comprehensive to restore and rehabilitate degraded lands and contribute to the achievement of the goals of development. The aim of this strategy is to strengthen between Arab and African countries in order to build an infrastructure based on green economy and reduce carbon emissions in with the neighboring countries related to the recommendation of the research proposal for the current study. The need for sustainable Arab-African cooperation called SAAC - Sustainable Arab-African Cooperation.

The Efficiency of using Irrigation Water Supply in Wheat Crop Cultivation in The New Valley Governorate

The New Valley Governorate is one of the largest governorates in Egypt with an area of about 4400 km2, equivalent to 44% of the total area of the Arab Republic of Egypt and 66% of the Western Sahara. The groundwater is the only available water resource for all purposes (drinking, industry, agriculture). The agricultural sector is considered to be the most important productive sector in the economic structure of the governorate. Due to the importance of the wheat crop as a strategic crop used in human food, it is considered a source of animal nutrition. It is one of the most important field crops cultivated in the governorate. The area is about 158.8 thousand feddans in the 2015/2016 season. Of the total area cultivated with winter field crops. The problem of research was that although the New Valley Governorate is characterized by the availability of arable land of about 3.3 million feddans, of which about 158.8 thousand feddans are actually cultivated, In addition to the use of traditional irrigation methods and the consequent depletion of this resource. In addition, the main factor in agricultural exploitation was the water and not the land, which led to a decrease in the quantity of irrigated crops for arable crops. The research aimed at shedding light on the economics of wheat production in the New Valley governorate as one of the most important for field crops and maintain that using deep groundwater and surface using modern and traditional irrigation methods, and by studying the effect of different groundwater source and method of irrigation on the efficiency of the use of indicators alone water for the cultivation of this crop. The results of the research showed that the quantity of the main output of the wheat crop reached a maximum of 16.77 ardab. Irrigation in surface wells (spraying) while the irrigation system in the two wells together(irrigation by flooding) reached 12.15 ardab. The secondary yield of the wheat crop was the lowest in the Irrigation in surface wells (spraying irrigation) 9.88 load, while the surface irrigation system (Irrigation by flooding) was about 5.65 load. As a result, there were statistically significant differences in irrigation water unit productivity, net revenue from water unit, irrigation unit cost, To produce the output unit, the ratio of irrigation costs to total costs, where a Wheat cultivation using surface wells (spraying irrigation) came first in terms of productivity of the water unit, while wheat cultivation using deep wells (irrigation by flooding) came in first place in terms of net revenue from the water unit, and wheat cultivation using the two wells together (Irrigation by flooding) was ranked first in terms of the cost of irrigating the production unit. In terms of quantity of water needed to produce the output unit, wheat cultivation using both wells (irrigation by flooding) came first, while wheat cultivation using both wells the first place in terms of proportion of the cost in irrigation for total costs.

Effect of Sowing Dates and Nitrogen on Productivity of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) at Desert Areas

Two field experiments were carried out in the Desert Research Center (D.R.C.), Agricultural Experiment Station at EL-Kharga Oasis, New Valley Governorate (27°47.7 42 N, 30°24.7 63 E) during the two growing seasons of 2015/ 2016 and 2016/ 2017 to study the effect of sowing dates and rates of nitrogen fertilizer on productivity and quality of quinoa. Results showed that the effect of sowing dates on all studied parameters was significant except, number of inflorescence/ plant, carbohydrates % and oil % don’t affect significantly by sowing dates during the two growing seasons. Sowing date in 1st December had the highest values for all studied traits as compared with the rest dates during the two growing seasons. There were significant increases in values of studied parameters with increasing nitrogen fertilizer rate up to 150 Kg N fed.-1but without significant in number of inflorescence/ plant and saponin % during both seasons. The interaction between different sowing dates and nitrogen fertilizer levels had a significant effect on yield and quality of quinoa except, number of inflorescence/ plant and saponin % which did not any significant by the interaction between sowing dates and nitrogen fertilizer during the two growing seasons. Cultivation of quinoa on 1st December and fertilization by150 kg N fad-1 gave maximum values of studying parameters during the two growing seasons at the desert area under NewValley conditions.

Effect of Irrigation Systems and Calcium on Productivity and Quality of Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) at New Valley

Two field experiments were carried out at Desert Research Center (D.R.C.), Agricultural Experiment Station (27°47.7 42 N, 30°24.7 63 E), EL-Kharga Oasis, New Valley Governorate during the two growing seasons of 2016 and 2017 to study the effect of irrigation systems (surface, advanced surface, drib and sprinkler irrigation) and calcium foliar application levels (0, 2, 4 and 6 cm3 Ca/ L) on productivity and quality of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) under New Valley conditions. Results showed that the effect of irrigation systems on all studied parameters were significant. The lowest values of number of pods plant-1, pods weight plant-1, 100 seed weight, pods yield and seed yield were obtained when surface irrigation system was applied, while maximum values were when sprinkler irrigation system in both seasons. However, the difference between this irrigation system and drip irrigation was not significant in both seasons. The lowest values of harvest index (%), shelling (%), oil seed yield (kg/ fed.), water use efficiency (kg/ m3) and protein (%) were obtained when surface irrigation was used, while the highest values were obtained when drip irrigation was used in both seasons. On the hand, applying of the drip irrigation system gave the lowest values for phosphorus, calcium, zinc, manganese and iron. Maximum values of the mineral content of seed produced by using advanced surface irrigation system. However, the seed content differences between it and the application of surface irrigation system were insignificant during both seasons. Raising of calcium foliar levels up to 6 cm3Ca/ to a significant increase in all studied parameters except, oil seed yield (kg/ fed.), water use efficiency (kg/ m3), phosphorus seed content (%) and Zn seed content (mg/ kg) during both seasons. On the other hand, Mn seed content (mg/ kg) and Fe seed content (mg/ kg) had adverse trend where, maximum values had obtained with control treatment and there was a gradual decrease as concentration of calcium spray application in both seasons. Maximum values of these parameters were produced by 6 cm3Ca/ L foliar application in both seasons as compared with (control). However, the difference between spraying with this concentration and spraying with the lowest concentration (4 cm3Ca/ L) was not significant with all the studied traits during both seasons. The interaction between irrigation systems and calcium foliar application levels had a significant effect on all studied characters except, Protein (%), phosphorus seed content (%), Zn seed content (mg/ kg) and Fe seed content (mg/ kg) during both seasons. The highest values of studied traits concerning the number of pods plant-1, pods weight plant-1 (g), 100 seed weight (g), pods yield (kg/ fed.), seed yield (kg/ fed.) and oil seed yield (kg/ fed.) were obtained when sprinkler system and Ca foliar spraying at rate of 6 cm3Ca/ L was used both seasons. However, maximum values harvest index (%), shelling (%) and water use efficiency (kg/ m3) were obtained when drib irrigation system and spraying Ca at rate of 6 cm3Ca/ L was applied in both seasons. On the other hand, maximum values of Ca seed content (mg/ kg) were obtained at the irrigation by advanced surface system and spraying by the higher rate of calcium (6 cm3Ca/ L).Nevertheless, the highest values of Mn seed content (mg/ kg) were obtained at the irrigation by advanced surface system and the control treatment of calcium (without foliar) in both seasons. Therefore, the study recommends that using of sprinkler or drip irrigation system and spraying by the rate of 6 cm3Ca/ L for the cultivation of peanut under NewValley conditions.

CONVENTIONAL AND MOLECULAR DETECTION OF MYCOBACTERIUM BOVIS IN ABURDEN ANGUS CATTLE AND HUMAN CONTACT IN THE NEW VALLEY GOVERNORATE, EGYPT

In this work, Mycobacterium bovis isolated and identified by microbiological culture and RT-PCR from emergency slaughtered aburden Angus cattle suffering from chronic mastitis and respiratory manifestations in private farm not perform tuberculin test in New Valley governorate, Egypt. Furthermore, other contact cattle, sheep and human in the farm examined by ELISA, found that 22.2% (4/18) cattle in the farm were positive, with complete absence of infection in the sheep and contact persons in the farm. The high percent of M. bovis was detected by RT-PCR (83.33%) followed by microbiological culture (72.22%) in slaughtered cattle. The highest percent of tubercles lesion observed in thoracic cavity followed by the lung then the udder. From our study we can concluded that, M. bovis isolated and identified from imported Aburden Angus cow in New Valley Governorate. Also, ELISA test need further evaluation before using as an exploratory test for diagnosis of BTB in animal and human.

Determination of Hygienic Condition of Municipal Slaughterhouse and Its Microbial Effect on the Meat Quality

Beef meat considers one of the major and expensive sources of animal protein. It is an excellent media for bacterial growth. To ensure production of good keeping quality meat, slaughtering should be in slaughterhouses under veterinary supervision and complete hygienic measures as the main sources of meat contamination occur during slaughtering processes. This study aimed to evaluate the hygienic conditions of Elkharga municipal slaughterhouse, New Valley governorate, Egypt as well as the meat quality. A total of 200 different samples include; meat, air, tank water, tap water and floor/wall swabs (40 samples/each) were randomly collected from the slaughterhouse. Samples were examined bacteriologically for determination of the total aerobic, total anaerobic count, Escherichia coli (E. coli), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), count as well as detection of Salmonellae was attempted. The results revealed that the means values of total aerobic counts, total anaerobic counts, E. coli, S. aureus counts for meat samples were: 3.796 ×105 ± (93.07 × 103), 1.468 × 103 ± (10.70 × 10), 2.466 × 103 ± (15.54 × 10), 9.94 × 102 ± (15.7 × 10) CFU/g, respectively while Salmonellae spp. Could not be detected. Also, it was noticed that tap water had higher microbial load than tank water and floor was more contaminated than walls samples. On contrary, the lowest microbial contamination was recorded in air samples. On comparing the obtained results of meat evaluation with the Egyptian Standard Specification (ESS), it was found that 47.5% of samples exceeded the permissible limit for total aerobic count (106), 15% for total anaerobic count (102), 35% for E. coli (102) and 27.5% for S. aureus (102). In conclusion, more governmental efforts are still needed to control the microbial contamination and improve the environmental quality and infrastructure of Elkharga slaughterhouse in New Valley, Egypt.

STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS, ENTEROTOXINS GENES AND SALMONELLA TYPHYIMURIUM IN CHICKEN MEAT AND ORGANS

This study investigated presence of Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhimurium and some of their enterotoxins and virulence genes in live chicken and chicken meat in New Valley, Egypt. 200 broilers samples were collected as following;Liver and blood of 100 clinically diseased, 6 weeks old chicken were obtained from five broilers farms in New Valley governorate for surveillance of the microorganisms in poultry while, 100 freshly slaughtered broilers chicken which apparent healthy were collected from public live bird markets. The samples were meat specimens from the breast muscle, thigh muscle, liver, and blood (100 of each). The identified strains were screened for enterotoxin genes of Staph. aureus (SEA to SAE) genes. Prevalence of S. aureus in live chicken was higher than S. typhimurium whichwas 76% and 18%, respectively which was higher in blood than liver samples. On the other hand, the incidence of S. aureus was higher than S. typhimurium in apparently healthy and symptomatically diseased broilers. In chicken meat was with an overall incidence of 56.67%. The total prevalence of S. aureus and S. typhimurium was 51.33% and 5.33% respectively the highest microbial load was in liver samples followed by breast muscle then thigh muscle samples. S. aureus SAB gene was the only detected enterotoxins gene among chicken samples. Raw poultry meat available for consumers in Egypt often contaminated with pathogenic zoonotic bacterial agents.

Partial Survey of Date Palm Dust Mite, Oligonychus afrasiaticus (McGregor) in Egypt Including Historical Trait

The economic importance of date palm tree Phoenix, dactylifera L. exceeds its nutrition value as the most valuable fruit. Preserve Egypt's international status as a large producer of dates in the world, requires tackling pests that attack palm trees. Diseases and pathogen pests are causing great economic loss to the growers, reducing about 52 % of the total yield. Oligonychus afrasiaticus (McGregor) (Acari: Tetranychidae) is a dominant acarine pest in date palm production area in the Middle East and North Africa. Current survey covered different date palm plantation in Giza, Assiut, Matruh and the New Valley Governorates. Results showed that the dust mite has spread out to promising agricultural expansion areas. This finding sets the alarm of existing this mite as a new potential pest for date palm industry in the New Valley governorate. It is a more important problem for new introduced varieties as the high cash crop Barhi variety (soft variety). The existence of this species in Egypt was firstly mentioned in 1979 at Al-Kharga oasis, the New Valley. A historical trait of this mite pest over Egypt was included.

Field Evaluation of Date Palm Dust Mite, Oligonychus afrasiaticus (McGregor) Control on Date Palm Trees in New Valley Governorate of Egypt

The old world date mite (dust mite) Oligonychus afrasiaticus (McGregor) is one of the major pests of date fruit in the New Valley Governorate of Egypt. This pest mite affects the fruits of palm trees during the growth and ripening stages as they sucking the fruit juice, leading to stop fruit growth and destroying the crop. This research was carried out in Sharq El-Owainat province for evaluating the effects of biochemical acaricide (Vertimec 1.8% EC as 40 ml/100 liter of water), four acaricides (i.e. Abroch 5% SC as 50 ml/100 L of water, Challenger Super 24% SC as 60 ml/100 L of water, Envidor 24% SC as 30 ml /100 L of water and Ortus Super 5% EC as 50 ml/100 L of water), one insecticide (Tafaban 48% EC as 300 ml/ 100 L of water), a mineral oil (KZ oil 95% EC as 1L/100 L of water), sulfur (Micronite 80% WP as 500 g/100 L of water) and water for O. afrasiaticus in two date palm cultivars Barhi and Bartmoda. Results indicated that in date palm cultivar Barhi, Challenger Super and Vertimec were the most effective ones in reducing date palm mite population reaching 91.93% and 91.60%, respectively, followed by Abroch, Ortus Super, Tafaban and Envidor which gave reduction ranged between 85.07% to 87.74%. Micronite, KZ oil and water gave reduction between 71.77 and 82.82% after two weeks of application. Challenger Super, Vertimec, Ortus Super and Envidor were the most effective ones in reducing O. afrasiaticus population reaching 95.37%, 94.18%, 91.05% and 90.34%, respectively in date palm cultivar Bartmoda. Abroch, KZ oil, Tafaban, and Micronite was gave reductions between 77.79% and 82.74%. The lowest was water (61.93%) after two weeks of application.We suggest that use Challenger Super, Vertimec, Ortus Super and Envidor were the most effective ones in reducing O. afrasiaticus populations.

The Correct Cropping Structure in the New Valley Governorate

The Correct Cropping Structure in the New Valley Governorate

Effect of Irrigation with Shallow Ground Water Salinity and Nitrogen Fertilization on Four Wheat Genotypes

This study was conducted on three different locations in El-Kharga Oasis, New Valley Governorate, Egypt, using four genotypes of wheat (Okas, 6, 14 and Sakha 93) during two successful growth winter seasons of 2012/13 and 2013/14. The soils of the locations were irrigated with shallow groundwater of different salinity (2.0, 5.2 and 10.7 dS.m-1) for Loc1, Loc2 and Loc3 respectively. Nitrogen fertilizer was applied at rates of 288 Kg N/Ha and 360 Kg N/Ha of the recommended N doses (288 Kg/Ha). The obtained results indicated that increasing water salinity from 2 to 5.2 and 10.7 dS.m-1 decreased significantly (P<0.05) the grain and straw yields of wheat by 6.1 and 4.9% for loc2 and by 47.4 and 22.4% for Loc3compared with loc1 respectively. The results also show that genotype-6 was more salinity tolerant than variety Sakha 93, Okas and 14 genotypes. The application of 360 Kg N/Ha fertilizer was significant enhanced the grain and straw yields of wheat genotypes. The data also, show that fertilization of genotype-6 with 360 Kg N/Ha to result in greatest grain yield of wheat under saline conditions.

A Study of Changes in Population Growth Factors in Rural New Valley Governorate

A Study of Changes in Population Growth Factors in Rural New Valley Governorate

GENDER ANALYSIS OF THE SOCIAL ROLE IN RURAL FAMILY OF THE NEW VALLEY GOVERNORATE

The current study aims to: 1) identify role's perceptions, expectations and behavior within the family from gender perspective in the study area, 2) identify the differences of perceived, expected practice roles of men and women in rural family, 3) identify the interrelationships between role of gender in rural family and 4) identify factors influencing role perceptions, expectations and behaviors from a gender perspective in rural families. Data were collected from a sample of 110 families in the village of Palestine in the El-Kharga district in The New Valley Governorate using a questionnaire form prepared to achieve the objectives of the study. Data were collected during October and November 2016. The frequencies, percentages, mean, Pearson's simple correlation coefficient, and (T) test in the presentation and analysis of results. Findings revealed that the relative weight of men's 'perceptions of their role in the household reached 77.88% while the relative weight of women's perceptions of their roles reached 73.03%. 96.36% and 69.09% for role expectations while 71.15% and 68.79% for role behavior of men and women in rural family. The results also indicate significant differences between men and women with regard to perceptions, expectations and behaviors of the social role within the rural family. The results also indicate that there are 11 significant correlations between the levels of the role according to the gender in the rural family. Regarding the factors affecting role perceptions, expectations and behaviors within the family, the results indicate a significant correlation between the type of family as an independent variable with the role perceptions and behaviors of women, the number of family members and the expected role of women, the number of female and role expectations of women in the family. Regarding the social role of men, the results indicate the significance of the correlation between the wives' work status and participation in family expenditure as independent variables with the role perceptions and behavior of the of men within the family.

Salinity Status of Groundwater in El-Dakhla Oasis, New Valley Governorate, Egypt

Salinity Status of Groundwater in El-Dakhla Oasis, New Valley Governorate, Egypt

Economic Vision of Optimum Cropping System for New Valley Governorate

Economic Vision of Optimum Cropping System for New Valley Governorate