Validity Results Research Articles

Measuring General Health Literacy in Chinese adults: validation of the HLS19-Q12 instrument.

Health literacy measurement lays a solid foundation to identify associations with health outcomes and monitor population health literacy levels over time. In mainland China, most existing health literacy instruments are either knowledge-based or practice-based, making health literacy results incomparable between China and other countries. This study aimed to examine the reliability and validity of the 12-item Health Literacy Population Survey (HLS19-Q12) in a general population of Chinese adults. A cross-sectional study was conducted to recruit primary carers of students from 11 schools in Zhengzhou, Henan Province, using convenience cluster sampling. Participants completed an online self-administered survey that collected information on key sociodemographics, health literacy (HLS19-Q12 and a comparison tool: Health Literacy Questionnaire (HLQ)), and health-related outcomes. Using the COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health status Measurement Instruments (COSMIN) checklist as a guideline, we tested internal consistency, test-retest reliability, content validity, structural validity, concurrent predictive validity, and convergent validity of the HLS19-Q12. Overall, 14,184 participants completed the full survey. The HLS19-Q12 showed excellent internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.93), moderate test-retest reliability (intra-class correlation coefficient = 0.54), satisfactory content validity (based on the 12-matrix health literacy model), and strong structural validity (comparative fit index = 0.94, Tucker and Lewis's index of fit = 0.93, root mean square error of approximation = 0.095). Concurrent predictive validity results showed health literacy was associated with both health determinants and health-related outcomes. The HLS19-Q12 had weak to strong correlations (coefficients = 0.24 to 0.42) with the nine scales of the HLQ. Respondents had an average score of 81.6 (± 23.0) when using the HLS19-Q12, with 35.0% and 7.5% having problematic and inadequate levels of health literacy, respectively. The HLS19-Q12 is a reliable and valid instrument to measure health literacy in our sample. Further validation is needed with a more nationally representative sample of Chinese adults. The HLS19-Q12 could be used as a comprehensive, skills-based, and easy-to-administer health literacy assessment tool integrated into population surveys and intervention evaluations.

Psychometric validation of the PERMA-profiler for well-being in Chinese adults

Well-being is one of the central topics in psychology, and research on this topic has shifted from emotional experiences to flourishing life in recent years. Seligman's PERMA model is a prominent theory in this shift. However, this model is proposed in Western culture and has yet to be empirically validated in the Chinese context. The present research aims to examine the applicability of the five-dimension PERMA-Profiler in Chinese culture, which has been developed based on the PERMA model. A sample of 1468 Chinese adults participated in the research. After translation and validation, a series of psychometric analyses were conducted to examine the internal consistency reliability, construct validity, convergent and discriminant validity, and factorial invariance across genders. The PERMA-Profiler Chinese showed high Cronbach's alpha coefficients (α = 0.79–0.88), good divergent (r = −0.19 to −0.38) and convergent validity (r = 0.53–0.85), as well as satisfactory structural validity. Results of the structural validity demonstrated a better fit to the first-order model with five correlated factors after modification (χ2/df = 4.65, RMSEA = 0.058, SRMR = 0.030, CFI = 0.943, TLI = 0.924) than the second-order model with a higher-order factor of well-being. However, the engagement dimension of the PERMA-Profiler Chinese could be improved further. In conclusion, the PERMA model is applicable to the Chinese culture, and the PERMA-Profiler provides a valid measure of well-being for Chinese adults.

Psychometric evaluation of the near activity visual questionnaire presbyopia (NAVQ-P) and additional patient-reported outcome items.

The Near Visual Acuity Questionnaire Presbyopia (NAVQ-P) is a patient-reported outcome (PRO) measure that was developed in a phakic presbyopia population to assess near vision function impacts. The study refined and explored the psychometric properties and score interpretability of the NAVQ-P and additional PRO items assessing near vision correction independence (NVCI), near vision satisfaction (NVS), and near vision correction preference (NVCP). This was a psychometric validation study conducted using PRO data collected as part of a Phase IIb clinical trial (CUN8R44 A2202) consisting of 235 randomized adults with presbyopia from the US, Japan, Australia, and Canada. Data collected at baseline, week 2, and months 1, 2, and 3 during the 3-month trial treatment period were included in the analyses to assess item (question) properties, NAVQ-P dimensionality and scoring, reliability, validity, and score interpretation. Item responses were distributed across the full response scale for most NAVQ-P and additional PRO items. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the pre-defined unidimensional structure and calculation of a NAVQ-P total score as a measure of near vision function. Item deletion informed by item response distributions, dimensionality analyses, item response theory, and previous qualitative findings, including clinical input, supported retention of 14 NAVQ-P items. The 14-item NAVQ-P total score had excellent internal consistency (α = 0.979) and high test-retest reliability (Intraclass Correlation Coefficients > = 0.898). There was good evidence of construct-related validity for all PROs supported by strong correlations with concurrent measures. Excellent results for known-groups validity and ability to detect change analyses were also demonstrated. Anchor-based and distribution-based methods supported interpretation of scores through generation of group-level and within-individual estimates of meaningful change thresholds. A meaningful within-patient change in the range of 8-15-point improvement on the NAVQ-P total score (score range 0-42) was recommended, including a more specific responder definition of 10-point improvement. The NAVQ-P, NVCI, and NVS are valid and reliable instruments which have the ability to detect change over time. Findings strongly support the use of these measures as outcome assessments in clinical/research studies and in clinical practice in the presbyopia population.

Brazilian Version of the Yale Food Addiction Scale for Individuals with Severe Obesity.

Adapting and validating the Portuguese version of Br-YFAS 2.0-Obes to allow it to be used by the Brazilian candidates for bariatric surgery. This study included 329 individuals with body mass indexes (BMI) ≥ 30kg/m2, candidates for bariatric surgery at a reference hospital in Brazil. They were given a questionnaire that identified sociodemographic data, and the YFAS 2.0 scale, Portuguese version (BR-YFAS2.0-Obes), was applied to assess their food dependence levels. The Food Craving Questionnaire - Trait: The FCQ-T-reduced was subsequently used for a correlation analysis. The patients' average BMI was 41.6 ± 8.8kg/m2. Br-YFAS2.0-Obes presented an average of 4.9 ± 3.1 for the FA diagnostic criteria. The resulting values of the Comparative Fit Index, Tucker Lewis Index, and Standardized Root Mean Square Residual were 0.990, 0.986, and 0.074, respectively. The internal consistency analysis of the 11 domains presented a Kuder-Richardson α of 0.82. The convergent validity, obtained through an analysis of the Pearson correlation coefficient, was r = 0.43 (p < 0.001). It was found that an increase in the number of Br-YFAS 2.0-Obes symptoms is associated with an increase in the FCQ-T-r mean. Much like the YFAS 2.0 in other languages, the BR-YFAS 2.0-Obes presented adequate convergent validity, reliability, and one-factor structure results, which makes it suitable for Brazilian candidates for bariatric surgery or any individual who is within BMI > = 30kg/m2.

Situational Factors of Mental States Questionnaire

This article describes the process of creating diagnostic tools aimed at assessing the degree of influence of internal and external factors, as well as key parameters included in them, on the change in a person's mental state. The main stages of the questionnaire creation and modification are described in detail. The main psychometric indicators of the questionnaire are given: results of convergent and constructive validity, assessment of the internal consistency of the questionnaire and reliability. 520 respondents took part in the testing of the questionnaire, mainly students, whose average age was 23 years. At the first stage of the questionnaire, the sample was 105 people, at the second  137, at the third stage  278. The psychometric properties of the questionnaire ‟Situational factors of mental states” make it possible to use it to assess the degree of influence of internal and external factors, key parameters included in them, on the change in the current mental state of a person. The practical guilt lies in the fact that on the basis of the conducted phenomenological research, the author’s questionnaire “Situational factors of medical conditions” was developed, which can complement the objective picture of the study of a person’s biological conditions, his personality characteristics, as well as the level of various factors of the human condition on changes in condition. The results indicate that this questionnaire is a convenient psychodiagnostic tool, does not require long time to fill out, process and has the necessary psychometric characteristics.

The design and methodology for a pilot study of home and community-based services outcome measures

BackgroundThe Research and Training Center on HCBS Outcome Measurement (RTC/OM) developed and piloted measures in six domains to assess the outcomes experienced by HCBS recipients. These measures were based upon the revised National Quality Forum's HCBS Outcome Measurement framework. ObjectiveThe background and rationale for the pilot study are outlined along with the research design, sampling frame, and psychometric and statistical methods used. In addition, administration feasibility for all measures are described. Finally, a summary of results across all measures is provided. Detailed results for individual outcome measure domains are left to forthcoming publications. MethodsMeasure construct under study were piloted on a sample of 107 participants identified as receiving HCBS or HCBS-like services and experiencing one of five disabilities: intellectual and developmental, age-related, or physical disabilities as well as Traumatic/Acquired Brain Injury and Serious Mental Health Conditions. Participants were interviewed either in-person or through HIPAA compliant online video conferencing over one to two sessions. Psychometric evidence was evaluated with internal consistency and test-retest reliability, as well as inter-observer agreement. Nonparametric methods were used to test for group comparisons. ResultsInitial reliability and validity results of outcomes on five measures were good to excellent. No significant group differences between disability groups were found. ConclusionsThe psychometric evidence for the tested measures is very promising. Only two of the six measures required significant changes prior to their use in an upcoming field study. Details on results and revisions for individual measures will appear in later publications.

Validation of the Revised Systems Thinking Measuring Instrument(Re_STMI) for High School Students

The purpose of this study is to verify the validity of the revised STMI, which is a revised and supplemented version of the Systems Thinking Measuring Instrument (STMI) developed by Lee et al. (2013) for high school students. For this purpose, we used data from 475 high school students' responses to 20 Revised STMI questions and 20 STS scale questions. Validity verification includes item response analysis (Item Reliability, Item Map, Infit and Outfit MNSQ, and DIF of male and female groups), exploratory factor analysis (main axis factor analysis using Promax), and confirmatory factor analysis using structural equation model. And central/cross validity verification and correlation analysis between the two scales were used. The research results are as follows. First, as a result of the item response analysis of the Revised STMI 20 questions, Item Reliability was .98 and Infit MNSQ was .84~1.39, and valid results were also analyzed in Item Map and DIF analysis. Second, in the exploratory factor analysis, all sub-questions of the five sub-factors showed factor loading values of .3 or higher, and the reliability of each factor was .631~.800 and the overall reliability was .863. Third, in the confirmatory factor analysis, all model fit values were good (χ2/df: 2.406, CFI: .923, TLI: .908, SRMR: .046, RMSEA: .054), and the convergent validity and crossvalidity were also established. The results showed that the model was suitable. Lastly, in the correlation analysis with the 20 items of the STS scale, the correlation between all items was .754, and the correlation with STS items for each sub-factor was high, ranging from .426 to .658. Therefore, in the case of the Revised STMI, significant results were obtained not only in construct validity but also in official validity, and the results of this study showed improved validity results compared to research results using existing scales. Continuously, additional validation research should be conducted so that the Revised STMI can be applied to various groups, including not only high school students, but also elementary and middle school students, and college students. In addition, ongoing research on the relationship between system thinking and other learning-related measures should be actively conducted using validated instrument.

Development of Electronic Modules Based on Collaborative Problem Solving on Buffer Solution Materials

The aim of developing an electronic module based on Collaborative Problem Solving is to determine the characteristics and quality of an e-module based on Collaborative Problem Solving on buffer solution material. This research is motivated by the lack of learning processes that utilize e-learning; one e-learning application is electronic modules based on Collaborative Problem Solving. This development research design uses the 4-D model, namely Define, Design, Develop, and Disseminate. The type of data obtained is qualitative data, which contains interview results, comments, suggestions, or input regarding the development of electronic modules. In contrast, quantitative data is obtained using questionnaire scores, which include four categories, namely strongly agree, agree, disagree, and strongly disagree. The quality of electronic modules is assessed based on expert assessments, chemistry teacher assessments, and student assessments. The results of the expert assessment were 96%, the Quality Assessment by the Chemistry Teacher was 86.77%, and the Student Assessment was 81.94%, obtaining very high validity results, so it can be concluded that the development of electronic modules can be used in schools on buffer solution materials.

Development of e-worksheet based on search, solve, create, and share (SSCS) Islamic context to improve science process skills on excretory system material

Electronic student worksheets (e-worksheet) are needed as alternative teaching materials in learning. This study aims to produce teaching materials in the form of e-worksheet based on Search Solve Create and Share (SSCS) Islamic context to improve science process skills on class XI excretory system material that is worthy of the results of validity, responses of students and biology teachers. This research was conducted at MAN 1 Bogor. The research model used is a 4D model (Define, Design, Develop, Disseminate), but in research only to the development stage (Develop). The e-worksheet teaching materials developed are tested for validity. The results of validity tests by design and media experts obtained 89% in the very decent category, material expert assessments obtained 84% in the very feasible categories, and expert assessments of Islamic religious education obtained 100% in the very feasible categories. The results of student responses obtained percentages of 89% in limited trials and 89.7% in expanded trials. Based on the findings of the research results, it can be concluded that E e-worksheet based on Search Solve, Create and Share (SSCS), an Islamic context to improve science process skills on the excretory system material developed, is very feasible to be used and applied to biology learning.

Validity of Student Worksheets Based on Multiple Representations of Electrolyte and Non-Electrolyte Solution Materials

Multiple representations can facilitate the understanding of abstract chemical concepts. Multiple representations can be incorporated into teaching materials, such as Student Worksheets, to create Multiple Representation-based Student Worksheets. This study aims to analyze the validity of Student Worksheets based on multiple representations of electrolyte and non-electrolyte solutions. The research utilized the Research and Development (R&amp;D) model with the ADDIE (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation) development stages, reaching the development stage in this study. Data were obtained from material expert and media expert validators. Descriptive statistical analysis was used to analyze the validity results. The Student Worksheets based on multiple representations of electrolyte and non-electrolyte solution materials achieved an average validity percentage of 84.37% from material experts and 95% from media experts, categorizing them as very valid. These worksheets, focusing on the validity aspect, are effective in assisting students in understanding chemical concepts.

Psychometric properties of the Persian version of the stuttering generalization self-measure tool in adults who stutter

PurposeOur study aimed to translate the Stuttering Generalization Self-Measure (SGSM) into Persian and investigate its validity, reliability, and internal responsiveness in the Iranian population. MethodThis study was conducted on 30 adults who stutter (AWS) and 30 adults who do not stutter (AWNS). The International Quality of Life Assessment protocol (IQOLA) was applied to translate SGSM into Persian. The face and content validity were determined. Also, the discriminant validity was evaluated by comparing the scores of two groups. In addition, the internal consistency test-retest, and inter-judge reliability were assessed with Cronbach’s alpha and intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC). Moreover, the mean standardized response (MSR) and the standardized effect size were measured to determine the internal responsiveness using pre- and post-treatment data. ResultsAll the items were comprehensible and clear. The content validity ratio (CVR) and content validity index (CVI) for all nine questions were obtained higher than.62 and.9, respectively. The internal consistency value was high (Cronbach’s alpha =.98). For the test-retest reliability, ICC values were excellent, ranging from.93 to.99. The discriminant validity results revealed a significant difference between AWS and AWNS (p < .001). Pre- and post-treatment results indicated high internal responsiveness to changes for percentage of syllable stuttered (SS%) (MSR = 1.09). ConclusionThe Persian version of SGSM (P-SGSM) benefits from the high values for validity and reliability. Furthermore, it distinguishes the AWS and AWNS and reflects the treatment changes significantly.

Development and Validation of the Adolescent and Children Risk of Abuse and Maltreatment Unaccompanied Scale (ACRAM-US)

Independent migration of children and adolescents is becoming a political and social issue in recent years. Literature documents that the migration process of young people without an adult referent entail serious psychological problems. Moreover, the lack of coherence in the assessment and care processes aggravates the damage suffered by minors, which requires a greater investment of institutional resources. The aim of this research is to describe the development and provide psychometric properties of Adolescent and Children Risk of Abuse and Maltreatment Unaccompanied Scale (ACRAM-US), a 9-items scale for the assessment of risks factors of child abuse and neglect in the specific population of unaccompanied asylum-seeking children and adolescents. Structural validity, reliability and convergent-related validity were studied for this measure in a sample of 128 unaccompanied children and adolescents. The sample included cases of 14 different nationalities. Children’s mean age was 16.94 (SD = 1.84), and 96.9% were male and 3.1% were female. Cases were informed by child welfare workers from different protective services in the XXXX Community (XXXX). The results of Exploratory Factor Analyses (EFA) indicate performance better solution with 2-dimensions which was also in line with theoretical formulation (χ2 = 31.55, df = 19, p = .035, CFI = 0.991, SRMR = 0.081, RMSEA = 0.072, [90% CI: 0.019 − 0.115]). Results of convergent validity showed significant correlation with the Children Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form (CTQ-SF). Therefore, this study provides data of the first scale that assess risks factors of maltreatment for the unaccompanied asylum-seeking children and adolescents.

Relationship between maternal anxiety and infants’ temperament: The mediating role of mindful parenting

Research has indicated that maternal anxiety does have an effect on infant temperament. Therefore, it is important to study the variables that could play a role in this relationship. In this study, we propose that mindful parenting could act as a mediator in this relationship. Thus, the main objective was to evaluate the relationship between maternal anxiety and child temperament (i.e., negative affectivity, surgency, and effortful control) through the mindful parenting of mothers. Mothers (N = 225) self-reported their anxiety, mindful parenting use, and the temperament of their old infants (aged 4–18 months). First, the reliability and validity results showed that the infant version of the Interpersonal Mindful Parenting questionnaire was a good tool for the assessment of mindful parenting among parents with infants. The five-factor structure of the questionnaire was confirmed; it involved self-regulation in the parenting relationship, listening with full attention, emotional awareness of the child, compassion for the child, and non-judgmental acceptance of parenting behavior. Correlational analyses showed that maternal anxiety was related to negative affectivity and effortful control in infants. Furthermore, mediational analyses indicated that the relation between maternal anxiety and infant negative affectivity was mediated by self-regulation in parenting and the emotional awareness of the child. In addition, the relation between maternal anxiety and infant effortful control was mediated by compassion for the child and listening with full attention. These results contribute to knowledge about the relation between maternal anxiety and child temperament, which may increase the risk of psychological symptoms. The results of this study suggest that promoting mindful parenting skills may be beneficial for affectivity and effortful control in infants.

Validation of the PL-C Quest in China: understanding the pictorial physical literacy self-report scale.

The notion of physical literacy is gaining interest from several countries as a potential mechanism for understanding the development of the physical self. This research endeavor represents an inaugural attempt to translate the Australian Physical Literacy Questionnaire for Children (PL-C Quest) into Chinese to evaluate the reliability and validity of the Chinese version of the PL-C Quest to assess physical literacy among children in mainland China. The Beaton translation paradigm was used to carry out language translation, back-translation, cultural adaptation, and presurveys. Data were collected from 642 children aged 6-12 years, with a mean age of 9.71 years (SD 1.816), to test the reliability of the Chinese version of the PL-C Quest. The PL-C Quest items translated well (6.187 ~ 15.499) and correlated well (0.441 ~ 0.622). The Chinese version of the PL-C Quest had good reliability, with retest reliability values ranging from 0.91 to 0.74, Cronbach's alpha from 0.65 to 0.894, and McDonald's ω from the Spearman-Brown Coefficient was 0.84. The validity results are acceptable because the CFI, IFI, and TLI values are above 0.8 and close to 0.9, but the model fit's chi-square degrees-of-freedom ratio of 2.299, the RMSEA of 0.05, which was less than 0.08. After translation and cultural adaptation, the Chinese version of the PL-C Quest is a reliable measurement tool and can be used in the Chinese region.

Automated Equations of State Tuning Workflow Using Global Optimization and Physical Constraints

A computational model that can accurately describe the thermodynamics of a hydrocarbon system and its properties under various conditions is a prerequisite for running reservoir and pipeline simulations. Cubic Equations of State (EoS) are mathematical tools used to model the phase and volumetric behavior of reservoir fluids when compositional effects need to be considered. To anticipate uncertainty and enhance the quality of their predictions, EoS models must be adjusted to adequately match the available lab-measured PVT values. This task is challenging given that there are many potential tuning parameters, thus leading to various tuning results of questionable validity. In this paper, we present an automated EoS tuning workflow that employs a Generalized Pattern Search (GPS) optimizer for efficient tuning of a cubic EoS model. Specifically, we focus on the Peng–Robinson (PR) model, which is the oil and gas industry standard, to accurately capture the behavior of diverse multicomponent, complex hydrocarbon mixtures encountered in subsurface reservoirs. This approach surpasses the limitations of conventional gradient-based (GB) methods, which are susceptible to getting trapped in local optima. The proposed technique also allows physical constraints to be imposed on the optimization procedure. A gas condensate and an H2S-rich oil were used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the GPS algorithm in finding an optimized solution for high-dimensional search spaces, and its superiority over conventional gradient-based optimization was confirmed by automatically tracking globally optimal and physically sound solutions.

Validation of the Comprehensive ICF Core Set for Multiple Sclerosis: A Turkish clinical perspective.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the results of the construct validity of the Comprehensive International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) Core Set for Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and to identify the impact of MS on specific health domains according to the ICF categories in Turkish individuals. Between December 2011 and December 2012, a total of 150 individuals with MS (69 males, 81 females; mean age: 39.8±8.0 years; range, 19 to 52 years) who were diagnosed by a neurologist at least six months previously were included. The Comprehensive ICF Core Set for MS was used to assess functioning, disability, and environmental factors in all participants. The Spearman correlation coefficient was used to determine construct validity of the ICF Core Set between the ICF components and disease-specific and general measurements. The most frequently coded impairments in the body functions component were b280 sensation of pain, b134 sleep functions, b1301 motivations, and b740 muscle endurance functions. The most frequently coded impairments in the body structures component were s110 structure of brain, s120 spinal cord and related structures and s750 structure of lower extremity. A significant problem was documented in 47 of the 53 categories of the activities and participation. Of the 38 categories in the environmental factors, 23 were identified as a facilitator, while 12 categories were identified as a barrier. All body function, structure, activities and participation and environmental factors categories showed a significant correlation with disease-specific and generic measures. Based on these results, the ICF Core Set may help to determine major facilitators or barriers to functioning and disability and a targeted rehabilitation approach in patients with MS.

Development of ICARE-Based Physics Teaching Materials to Improve Students' Critical Thinking Ability

Research on the development of ICARE-based teaching materials aims to: 1) analyze the results of the content validity of ICARE-based physics teaching materials which meet valid criteria, 2) analyze practitioners' assessments of ICARE-based physics teaching materials, 3) analyze the effectiveness of ICARE-based teaching materials. The test subjects of this research were 28 students of class XI Science at Sma Muhammadiyah 1 Unismuh. Research method with 4D models. The instruments used in this research were validation sheets, practitioner assessment questionnaires, and test instruments for students' critical thinking abilities. Practicality criteria are seen from practitioners' assessments of teaching materials, and effectiveness criteria are seen from the average percentage of students' critical thinking ability improvement scores. Based on the results of the analysis, the following conclusions were obtained: (1) ICARE-based teaching materials which were developed based on expert assessment using Aiken's V index analysis were declared valid and suitable for use with slight revisions; (2) ICARE-based physics teaching materials in terms of teacher responses were in the category Very good; (3) the effectiveness of ICARE-based physics teaching materials analyzed using N-gain obtained an average value of 0.50, which is included in the medium category, meaning there is an increase in students' critical thinking abilities so it can be said that the ICARE-based physics teaching materials developed are effective and can improve abilities. students' critical thinking.

Development and Validation of a Questionnaire for the Assessment of the Factors that Influence ADR Reporting by Pharmacists

Drug safety is a significant concern in many countries, as side effects (AE) and adverse drug reactions (ADR) have caused many deaths worldwide. One of the reasons is the low contribution of pharmacists in spontaneously reporting AE/ADR. This study aims to develop a questionnaire to assess factors that correlate with spontaneous reporting by pharmacists. A questionnaire pilot was tested on 30 pharmacist respondents who worked in type C hospitals in Surabaya and Sidoarjo, Indonesia. Respondents' responses were then evaluated for face validity, construct validity, and reliability. The results showed that the face validity of the questionnaire was ideal. Then, the results of the construct validity of the knowledge section using point biserial correlation showed that two items were invalid because the r-value was smaller than the r-table (r = 0.361). Then, construct validity uses the factor analysis method for psychological, environmental, and practical variables by paying attention to the Kaiser-Mayer-Olkin Measure (KMO) value, which must be greater than 0.5, the significance of the Bartlett test, which must be less than 0.05 and the factor loading value which conditions must be greater than 0.5. As a result, most of the psychological, environmental, and practical variables show valid and reliable results. However, further consideration should be given to eliminating some items that do not meet the requirements. In conclusion, this validated questionnaire can be used to obtain additional information regarding factors influencing spontaneous reporting by pharmacists.

DEVELOPMENT OF FLIPBOOK-BASED E-MODULES ON VOCABULARY SUBJECTS OF CLASS VIII AT MTsN BERAU

The development of flipbook-based e-modules can encourage the utilization of technology that is currently growing in the world of education while helping students learn independently. Through the E-Module in the form of a flipbook, students can easily access it online and can also help teachers in supporting learning. The purpose of this study is to describe the steps of development, validity, feasibility, and attractiveness of e-modules in the form of flipbooks on the subject of Independence Day Vocabulary material in English subjects developed. This type of research is Research and Development. To produce e-module development products using the Heyzine Flipbook Maker application, researchers refer to the ADDIE model with five development stages consisting of Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation. The result of students' English vocabulary comprehension skills after the implementation of the developed product obtained a percentage of 80% in the successful category. Based on the results of validity, practicality, and English comprehension ability tests obtained on the development of e-modules can be teaching materials that can be used because they have obtained very valid, very practical categories and results of English comprehension ability tests with the success category.

The reliability and validity of the Timed Up and Go test in patients ongoing or following lumbar spine surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract Background No other systematic review examined the measurement properties of the TUG in LSS. The present systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to investigate the measurement properties of the Timed Up and Go (TUG) in patients with Lumbar Spine Surgery (LSS). A literature search yielded 906 studies [PubMed:71, Web of Science (WoS):80, Scopus:214, ScienceDirect:471 and Cochrane Library:70]. Included 10 studies were assessed for risk of bias and quality using the “four-point COSMIN tool” and “COSMIN quality criteria tool”. Criterion validity and responsiveness results were pooled with “correlation coefficient” and “Hedges’ g” based effect size, respectively. Results The correlation coefficient pooling between TUG and VAS back and leg pain was 0.26 (moderate) (95% CI 0.19–0.34) and 0.28 (moderate) (95% CI 0.20–0.36). The pooled coefficient of TUG with ODI and RMDI was 0.33 (moderate) (95% CI 0.27–0.39) and 0.33 (moderate) (95% CI 0.24–0.42), respectively. Besides, TUG has correlated with the quality-of-life PROMs with a coefficient of − 0.22 to − 0.26 (moderate) (EQ5D Index 95% CI − 0.35 to − 0.16), (SF12-PCS 95% CI − 0.33 to − 0.15) and (SF12-MCS 95% CI − 0.32 to − 0.13). The pooled coefficient of TUG with COMI, ZCQ-PF and ZCQ-SS was 0.46 (moderate) (95% CI 0.30–0.59), 0.43 (moderate) (95% CI 0.26–0.56), and 0.38 (moderate) (95% CI 0.21–0.52), respectively. TUG’s 3-day and 6-week responsiveness results were 0.14 (low) (95% CI − 0.02 to 0.29) and 0.74 (moderate to strong) (95% CI 0.60–0.89), respectively. TUG was responsive at the mid-term (6 weeks) follow-up. Conclusion In clinical practice, the TUG can be used as a reliable, valid and responsive tool to assess LSS patients’ general status, especially in mid-term.