Validity Of Items Research Articles

Students Understanding of Science in Using the Cognitive Thinking Skills Method With Online Learning as A Solution for Speaking Skills in The Era of Digital Technology

The research examines the cognition of Foreign English (EFL) students using the Cognitive Thinking Skills method using online media as a solution for speaking skills in the digital era. The research method uses a mix method, namely: a sample of 20 students uses quantitative data analysis techniques to calculate validity and reliability, while qualitative data is analyzed based on Huberman and Miles' theory, namely collecting, reducing, verifying and displaying. The research results showed that students gave positive responses, learning felt easy and they were confident in practicing English with online media so that the development of students' cognition using the Cognitive Thinking Skill method was more adaptable and flexible. Questionnaire with a Likert scale, validity and reliability are calculated statistically: 45 items are tried out into 20 valid items, then whether the items are valid or not use the significance value (P-value) provided that if the significance value is < 0.05 then the item is valid and if significance value > 0.05 then the item is invalid. Cronbach's Alpha is significant at 0.758 > 0.21, meaning the data can be concluded to be reliable. The questionnaire instrument contains aspects of student cognition using the Cognitive Thinking Skills Method with three indicators, namely: thinking, judgment and decision. The percentage shows 45% of students gave a positive response. 25% of the total respondents to the online speaking class were in the very positive category and another 35% chose neutral. Percentage data can provide evidence that cognitive skills are a complex function of the human brain that involves aspects of memory, both short-term and long-term, attention, planning, and reasoning and strategies in a person's thinking.

The Development of Assessment Instrument Based on Wordwall to Measure Process Science Skills for Environmental Pollution

This study aims to determine the validity, practicality, and effectiveness of an assessment instruments based on Wordwall in measuring students' science process skills of junior high school science learning in environmental pollution materials. This research is a type of development research (Research and Development) that refers to the procedure of the Borg and Gall development model which has stages including research and information collecting, planning, develop the preliminary form of the product, product design validation, main product revisions, main field testing, operational product revision, operational field testing, final product revision. The subject of the study was a grade VII student of SMPN 2 Ajung, Jember. This study used instruments in the form of validation sheets, practicality sheets, student questionnaire sheets, and science process skills tests. Data analysis techniques used in research consist of validity test analysis, practicality test analysis, and effectiveness test analysis. The results showed that out of 20 multiple-choice questions developed from aspects of material, construction, and language based on the assessment of 3 validators were declared very valid and worthy of use without revision. The twenty multiple-choice questions tested have valid question item validity. The assessment instrument has a reliability value of 0.612. The difficulty level analysis obtained 5 easy criteria questions, 14 medium criteria questions, and 1 difficult criteria question. The effectiveness of the assessment instrument obtained the average results of students' science process skills of 55%, including the sufficient category and student response questionnaires of 81%, so they were declared very good.

Task engagement in second language acquisition: a questionnaire development and validation study

ABSTRACT The construct of task engagement, or engagement towards a specific activity or task, has been foregrounded as a significant element of student learning in second language (L2) education. Considered as motivation in action, task engagement is so crucial for L2 learning that no learning is likely to take place without it (Hiver et al. 2021. “Engagement in Language Learning: A Systematic Review of 20 Years of Research Methods and Definitions.” Language Teaching Research 28: 201–230. https://doi.org/10.1177/13621688211001289). Nonetheless, its underlying components and measurement have received scant attention in L2 research. To address this gap, our study intended to design and validate a comprehensive questionnaire that assesses learners’ task engagement in English as a foreign language (EFL) learning situations. The data were gathered from 481 undergraduate EFL learners. The results of exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses (EFA and CFA) demonstrated a five-factor model of task engagement with 25 reliable and valid items. The five extracted factors included emotional, agentic, behavioural, social, and cognitive engagement. The results may inform L2 teachers, students, materials developers, and researchers of the criticality of task engagement in academic performance and success rate of EFL learners. Future research directions in this line of inquiry are also presented to avid researchers.

Satisfaction with asynchronous e-learning: An exploratory factor analysis of the Learner Satisfaction with Asynchronous e-Learning (LSAeL) instrument

AimTo describe the development and psychometric testing of the Learner Satisfaction with Asynchronous e-Learning (LSAeL) instrument. BackgroundExisting satisfaction with e-learning instruments may not accurately evaluate learner satisfaction with constructs associated with asynchronous e-learning. DesignMethodological study. MethodsContent, face and construct validity of the instrument were evaluated using a two-stage process. A five-member expert panel evaluated the instrument’s content and face validity. A content validity index and a modified kappa co-efficient was used to calculate the content validity of individual test items and the global instrument and to adjust for chance agreement between raters. These data were then reviewed and individual items were removed, retained or refined accordingly. Using an empirically informed wholly asynchronous e-learning program 237 nursing students from a regional university in New South Wales, Australia completed the 35 item LSAeL instrument. An exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was then conducted to explore the dimensionality of the instrument. ResultsExploratory factor analysis identified a seven-factor solution with 30 items, explaining an 86.1% of the total variance, was the best fit for the data. ConclusionThe study demonstrates that the construct validity of the LSAeL instrument is acceptable. Instrument development is an iterative process and further testing with other cohorts and in other settings is required.

Administering selected subscales of patient-reported outcome questionnaires to reduce patient burden and increase relevance: a position statement on a modular approach

Patient-reported outcome (PRO) questionnaires considered in this paper contain multiple subscales, although not all subscales are equally relevant for administration in all target patient populations. A group of measurement experts, developers, license holders, and other scientific-, regulatory-, payer-, and patient-focused stakeholders participated in a panel to discuss the benefits and challenges of a modular approach, defined here as administering a subset of subscales out of a multi-scaled PRO measure. This paper supports the position that it is acceptable, and sometimes preferable, to take a modular approach when administering PRO questionnaires, provided that certain conditions have been met and a rigorous selection process performed. Based on the experiences and perspectives of all stakeholders, using a modular approach can reduce patient burden and increase the relevancy of the items administered, and thereby improve measurement precision and eliminate wasted data without sacrificing the scientific validity and utility of the instrument. The panelists agreed that implementing a modular approach is not expected to have a meaningful impact on item responses, subscale scores, variability, reliability, validity, and effect size estimates; however, collecting additional evidence for the impact of context may be desirable. It is also important to recognize that adequate rationale and evidence (e.g., of fit-for-purpose status and relevance to patients) and a robust consensus process that includes patient perspectives are required to inform selection of subscales, as in any other measurement circumstance, is expected. We believe that the considerations discussed within (content validity, administration context, and psychometric factors) are relevant across multiple therapeutic areas.

THE INFLUENCE OF EMOTIONAL LITERACY MATERIAL GROUP GUIDANCE SERVICES ON INCREASING SELF-EFFICACY IN CLASS X MAN 1 MEDAN STUDENTS

<p>This research aims to determine the magnitude of the contribution of group guidance services to increasing self-efficacy in class X MAN 1 Medan students for the 2022/2023 academic year. This research uses a quantitative approach with a quasi-experimental type by looking at changes in research data between before and after treatment. The population in this study was 384 class X students, then the sampling technique used purposive random sampling so that the sample was 8 students. The instrument used is a questionnaire instrument with a Likert scale model. The results of the instrument validity test produced 29 valid items and the reliability was 0.905. Research data was analyzed using Pearson Product Moment Correlation.</p><p>The research findings show that with the correlation obtained from the SPSS output model summary 26.00, the results of the hypothesis test using the Product Moment Correlation test show an output of r = 0.989 with an Asymp.Sig value. = 0.000 (2-tailed) is smaller than < 0.005, then Ha is accepted. Here there is a positive correlation coefficient, which means that 10 students experienced an increase in student self-efficacy scores from the Pre Test score to the Post Test score. The difference in increase in Mean Rank or average increase is 30.00, the correlation coefficient is 0.989 with an influence level of 98.9% and the rest is influenced by other variables. Thus, it can be concluded that the implementation of Group Tutoring Services can have an influence on increasing the self-efficacy of class X students at MAN 1 Medan for the 2022/2023 academic year.</p>

Development and validation of a structured questionnaire for assessing risk factors of medication non-adherence among pulmonary tuberculosis patients in Indonesia.

Background: Medication non-adherence is a significant concern in tuberculosis (TB) treatment, requiring a precise understanding of the associated risk factors. However, there is a lack of appropriate means to assess the risk factors among TB patients in Indonesia, leading to the development and validation of a structured questionnaire for this purpose. Method: This study unfolded in two distinct phases, namely, the first included questionnaire construction through framework development, item generation, item screening, and pretesting (in 50 patients). The second comprised questionnaire validation with 346 participants using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and structural equation modeling-partial least squares (SEM-PLS). Additionally, reliability testing was conducted using Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability statistical techniques. Results: In the development phase, 168 items were defined, consisting of sociodemographic characteristics (8 items) and risk factors for medication non-adherence (160 items). Expert evaluation reduced the number of items to 60, which decreased to 22 after performing a pilot study. Subsequent SEM-PLS modeling resulted in the identification of 14 valid items, representing five major risk factors, namely, socioeconomics (4 items), healthcare team (4 items), condition (3 items), therapy (2 items), and patient (1 item). Only condition-related factors were found to influence non-adherence, and all constructs showed good reliability based on Cronbach's alpha (>0.6) and composite reliability (0.7) values. Conclusion: The final 22 items that emerged from this rigorous process indicated a valid and robust questionnaire for assessing risk factors of medication non-adherence among pulmonary tuberculosis patients in Indonesia. The developed questionnaire was positioned to be a valuable tool for healthcare professionals, policymakers, and scientists in creating patient-centered strategies and interventions to address non-adherence.

IDENTIFICATION OF SOCIAL SKILLS IN LATE ADOLESCENTS TAKING VOCATIONAL SCHOOL EDUCATION IN THE CITY OF BEKASI

The aim of this research is to obtain an overview of the social skills of late adolescents studying vocational school in Bekasi City. This research is descriptive quantitative research with a purposive sampling technique. The research sample consisted of 100 finalist teenagers studying vocational school in Bekasi City. The social skills measuring tool has 19 valid items and a reliability value of 0.904. The results of the research show that there are more teenagers taking vocational high school education in Bekasi City with a high level of social skills (56%), compared to low social skills (44%). The highest percentage of those with high social skills were found in late teens taking vocational school education in Bekasi City, male (56.5%), 16 years old (67.9%), 10th grade (67.9%), and from the City Vocational School area. West Bekasi (100.0%). The highest percentage of those with low social skills were found in late teens taking vocational school education in Bekasi City, female (44.4%), 18 years old (50.0%), 12th grade (48.8%), and from the Bekasi City Vocational School area. north (53.5%).

Validity of individual self-report oral health measures in assessing periodontitis for causal research applications.

Self-reported measures of periodontitis developed for use in population surveillance are increasingly used in causal research. Numerous studies evaluate the validity of these measures against clinical parameters of periodontitis, yet few include validation parameters outside of multivariable models. Individual item validity is necessary to adequately inform use of these measures in causal research. We used data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011-2014 in which dentate participants completed full-mouth periodontal examinations (N=6966). We evaluated six self-report questionnaire items related to periodontal disease status against periodontitis case definitions developed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and American Academy of Periodontology (CDC-AAP). We estimated the sensitivity and specificity of individual items using severe and moderate-to-severe periodontitis classifications. We additionally combined items to evaluate the validity of joint measures. Sensitivity was highest when measures were evaluated against severe periodontitis. Self-rated oral health of fair/poor demonstrated the highest sensitivity for severe (0.60) and moderate-to-severe periodontitis (0.48). Specificity was highest when evaluated against moderate-to-severe periodontitis, with self-reported history of tooth mobility as the most specific measure (0.87 for severe disease; 0.92 for moderate-to-severe) followed by a history of bone loss (0.88 for severe; 0.91 for moderate-to-severe). Combining questions generally improved specificity at the expense of sensitivity. Our findings related to item-specific validity and the associated clinical profiles facilitate needed considerations for the use of self-reported measures of periodontitis in causal research. Additionally, item-specific validity can be used to inform assessments of misclassification bias within such investigations.

Development and validation of a short dietary questionnaire for assessing obesity-related dietary behaviours in young children.

There are few short, validated tools to assess young children's obesity-related dietary behaviours, limiting the rapid screening of dietary behaviours in research and practice-based early obesity prevention. This study aimed to develop and assess the reliability and validity of a caregiver-reported short dietary questionnaire to rapidly assess obesity-related dietary behaviours in children aged 6 months to 5 years. The Early Prevention of Obesity in Childhood Dietary Questionnaire (EPOCH-DQ) was developed using a rigorous process to determine content and structural validity. Three age-appropriate versions were developed for (1) infants, aged 6-12 months, (2) toddlers, aged 1-2.9 years and (3) pre-schoolers, aged 3-5 years. The questionnaire (7-15 items) measures dietary behaviours, including diet risk from non-core food and beverage intake, diet quality from vegetable frequency, bread type and infant feeding practices. Test-retest reliability was assessed from repeated administrations 1 week apart (n = 126). Internal consistency, concurrent validity (against a comparison questionnaire, the InFANT Food Frequency Questionnaire), construct validity and interpretability were assessed (n = 209). Most scores were highly correlated and significantly associated (p < 0.05) for validity (rs: 0.45-0.89, percentage agreement 68%-100%) and reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient: 0.61-0.99) for diet risk, diet quality and feeding practice items. The EPOCH-DQ shows acceptable validity and reliability for screening of obesity-related behaviours of children under 5 years of age. The short length and, thus, low participant burden of the EPOCH-DQ allows for potential applications in various settings. Future testing of the EPOCH-DQ should evaluate culturally and socio-economically diverse populations and establish the predictive validity and sensitivity to detect change.

Pengaruh Kompetensi Pedagogik, Kompetensi Profesional Dan Kepuasan Kerja Terhadap Kinerja Guru Di Sma Islam Bakti Asih

A teacher's professional performance is influenced by several factors such as competence and job satisfaction. Ideally, the competencies that a teacher must have are pedagogical, professional, social and personality competencies. Meanwhile, job satisfaction is related to standards or measures of fulfilling the work rights and obligations of a teacher. The factors determining the success of teacher performance have not yet been clarified regarding which factors have a stronger influence on teacher professional performance. Through this research, clarity will be found on this problem. This research aims to determine the influence of pedagogical competence, professional competence, and job satisfaction on teacher performance. This research is correlational research because it will test the influence of the independent variable on the dependent variable. There are two approaches used, namely a qualitative approach and a quantitative approach. The research was carried out at BAKTI ASIH ISLAM SMA. The data in this research is divided into (1) teacher professional competency data, (2) teacher pedagogical competency data, (3) job satisfaction data, and (4) teacher performance data. Data collection techniques include observation, interviews, questionnaires and documentation techniques. Data analysis includes, (1) analysis of test item validity, (2) analysis of instrument reliability test, (3) data requirements test including normality test and linearity test, (4) descriptive analysis, (5) hypothesis test with Partial T test and F test.

Operating room nurse's awareness and implementation status of the prevention of patient's intraoperative acquired pressure injuries: design and validation of a questionnaire.

To compile the awareness and implementation status of patients with intraoperative acquired pressure injuries prevention by operating room nurses and to test its reliability and validity. This is an equipment development research based on recommendations for developing a reliable and valid questionnaire. The research was carried out in two phases from February to November 2022. Through a panel discussion, expert consultation, and literature review, the questionnaire for operating room nurses on the current status of awareness and implementation of the prevention of intraoperative acquired pressure injuries was preliminarily formulated. The formal questionnaire was developed through validity analysis, reliability analysis and item analysis, and reliability and validity tests were conducted. Moreover, according to the questionnaire survey results, confirmatory factor analysis was carried out to construct the structural equation model. The initial questionnaire consisted of five dimensions with 48 items, which was finalized to five dimensions with 38 items after reliability and validity testing and analysis. The five dimensions included implementation of intraoperative acquired pressure injuries prevention, intraoperative acquired pressure injuries preventing cognitive conditions, preoperative intraoperative acquired pressure injuries preventing cognitive conditions, basic knowledge of pressure injuries, and implementation of intraoperative acquired pressure injuries prevention in special patients. Cronbach's α of the overall questionnaire was 0.969 while that of each dimension was 0.846-0.959. The KMO value of structural validity was 0.945 (P < 0.001), and the contribution rate of cumulative variance was 70.694%. The fitting of confirmatory factor analysis was found to be generally ideal: χ2/df = 2.382, RMR = 0.027, TLI = 0.894, RMSEA = 0.072, IFI = 0.905, CFI = 0.904. The study and design of the questionnaire for operating room nurses on the current status of awareness and implementation of the prevention of intraoperative acquired pressure injuries are scientific and rational, providing a scientific basis for the standardized reform of hospitals and the optimization of the intraoperative acquired pressure injuries management system of the operating room.

Developing and testing culturally relevant bolt-on items for EQ-5D-5L in Chinese populations: a mixed-methods study protocol

IntroductionEQ-5D is one of the most frequently used health-related quality of life (HRQoL) measures but has been found to be insensitive in detecting differences in health status in some general...

Research on Construction and Application of Network Learning Space for Logistics Information Technology Specialized Courses on Higher Education Resource Platforms

Abstract Network learning space can promote the informatization of logistics information technology professional education, and it has a unique function and value to facilitate the learning of students in colleges and universities. This paper constructs the network learning space for the logistics information technology professional class and analyzes the application effect of the network learning space using a questionnaire. The questionnaire for the analysis of students’ learning input in the online learning space under the educational resource platform is designed first. Then, the reliability and validity of each question item of the questionnaire are examined and rejected using a t-test, Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, KMO, and Bartlett’s spherical test. In the online learning space, students’ learning input was analyzed, and it was determined that the mean value of learning behavior input in each dimension was between 3.5 and 4.88 points, which was high. The analysis of the professional course scores found that the mean score of the logistics information technology work designed by the students in the experimental class (89.11 points) was significantly higher than that of the students in the control class (75.66 points), and there was a significant difference in the test scores (p=0.006&lt;0.05). The educational resource platform network learning space constructed in this paper provides a reference path for the effective development of logistics information technology professional classes in colleges and universities. It lays a foundation for the construction of network learning space for other courses.

Validity and Reliability of Senior Secondary School Class 2 Unified Promotion Examination in Mathematics in Ondo State, Nigeria

Despite the importance of Mathematics to sustainable national development, there has been a repeated poor performance of secondary school students in the subject in Ondo state, Nigeria. The assumption of this researcher is that the psychometric properties of Unified Promotion Examination (UPE) used to promote these students to certificate class were not properly ascertained. This study sought to ascertain the validity and reliability of the UPE Mathematics objective items between 2017 and 2018. Two research questions were raised and two hypotheses formulated. The study was anchored on descriptive survey research design. The population consisted of all public senior secondary school class two (SSS2) students for 2017 and 2018. Nine hundred (900) SSS2 students constituted the sample. Multistage and stratified random sampling techniques were used to choose the sample. The research instrument that was used for data collection was the Optical Magnetic Reader (OMR) sheets. Data collected were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings showed that: (i) out of 21 Mathematics topics in SSS2 curriculum, there were variations in the number of questions set in 14 (66.7%) topics for 2017 and 11(52.4%) topics for 2018 compared to the number of questions expected to be set. The trend of these variations was the same for the two years (Chi-sq cal = 6.52, Chi-sq cri = 31.41, P&gt;0.05). (ii) the reliability coefficients (r=0.678, and r =0.765) of Ondo State UPE Mathematics objective items for the two years, although moderately good but there was a significant difference in the reliability coefficients (Z-cal = 2.84, Z-cri = 1.96). Based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that the UPE Mathematics objective items lacks content validity, although reliable, but not comparable over time. It was recommended among others that the psychometric properties of the Ondo State UPE in Mathematics should be ensured before final administration.

Risk and Profitability Synergy: Evaluating Igara Tea Factory Ltd’s Financial Performance in Uganda

Financial performance serves as a vital measure of organizational success, particularly within the agricultural sector, where various external elements can influence profitability. This research focused on risk assessment strategies at Igara Tea Factory Ltd in Uganda and examined how these strategies impact financial performance. The study was grounded in Risk Management Theory and employed a quantitative research approach, utilizing a correlational research design. The population consisted of 58 individuals, and a sample size of 50 respondents was determined using Slovin’s formula. Sampling methods included purposive, stratified, and simple random sampling to select participants. Data collection was done through structured, self-administered questionnaires, with questions framed on a Likert scale ranging from 1 to 5. A pilot test, conducted with 5 respondents, was used to assess the validity and reliability of the questionnaire items. Descriptive and inferential statistics were applied during data analysis, which involved computing simple linear regression and Pearson correlation using SPSS Version 25. Results showed an insignificant positive relationship between risk assessment and financial performance (t=1.869, p=.063, p&gt;0.05). The findings indicated that while risk assessment is positively linked to financial performance in tea firms, the relationship is not statistically significant (t=2.091, p=0.063&gt;0.05), implying that risk assessment alone may not strongly predict financial success. The recommendation is for tea firms to incorporate additional strategic elements such as market analysis and operational efficiency improvements alongside risk assessment to boost financial performance. The relevance of this study to policymakers is the realization that, while risk assessment contributes positively to financial outcomes, it may not be sufficient by itself to achieve substantial financial success, underscoring the need for policies that include complementary strategies.

Examining implementation determinants of a culturally grounded, school-based prevention curriculum in rural Hawai'i: A test development and validation study.

This study examined the implementation determinants of a culturally grounded, school-based drug prevention curriculum in rural Hawai'i. Test development and validation procedures were used to examine the impact of implementation barriers and facilitators of the curriculum in public or charter middle/intermediate schools on Hawai'i Island. A five-phase, mixed-methods approach toward test development and validation was used. These phases included item generation (Phase 1), item refinement and selection (Phase 2), item reduction (Phase 3), reliability testing (Phase 4), and validity testing (Phase 5). Educational administrators, teachers, and staff employed by the Hawai'i State Department of Education (HIDOE) participated in the study. Phases 1 and 2 yielded 50 implementation barriers and 27 implementation facilitators that were evaluated by 204 HIDOE administrators, teachers, and staff. Factor analysis of the barrier items indicated a four-factor solution: (1) Innovation Barriers, (2) HIDOE State-Level Barriers, (3) Teacher-Level Barriers, and (4) Administrator-Level Barriers. Mean comparisons indicated that several barrier and facilitator items differentiated teachers from administrators in the sample. This study contributes to the implementation measurement literature, specifically in the areas of mental health and substance use. It also highlights the importance of addressing multiple contextual levels in the implementation of culturally focused prevention interventions. Examining Implementation Barriers and Facilitators for School-Based Prevention in Hawai'i. Plain Language Summary Compared with other major ethnic groups, Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander (NHPI) youth have substantially higher rates of substance use and higher adverse mental and physical health effects related to their use. Despite these disparities, educational and community-based practitioners have long struggled with implementing and sustaining promising substance use interventions for NHPI youth. This study contributes to our understanding of measuring implementation barriers and facilitators for substance use prevention for NHPI youth in rural school settings. It contributes to the field of health disparities and health equity promotion, by addressing calls for research to understand factors affecting successful implementation of prevention programs. This is critical toward achieving health equity for underrepresented and vulnerable populations, such as NHPI and rural youth.

Development and Content Validation of Iliotibial Band Friction Syndrome Index (IBFS-I)

Introduction: Activity-related lateral knee discomfort is a common symptom of Iliotibial Band Friction Syndrome (ITBFS), a condition characterised by excessive friction between the iliotibial band and the lateral femoral condyle. Literature indicates that ITBFS is highly prevalent in road cyclists, military recruits, and habitual runners respectively. But there is scarcity of readily usable tool to identify the extent of ITBS. This study was designed to develop and validate the content of a scale for ITBFS diagnosis. Aim: To develop and content validate of the developed tool which will help the physiotherapist to asses easier and earlier. Materials and Methods: This study involves expert opinions from seven different physiotherapy experts in an offline mode. Study was done in 3 phases: Phase 1: The extensive literature exploration Phase 2: Development of questionnaire Phase 3: Content validation of the developed questionnaire. The Delphi method was used to validate the content, which involves expert review panel, examining the domain and its items, assigning a score to each item, and computing the scale level content validity index (S-CVI) and item content validity index (I-CVI). It was performed using Delphi method which includes seeking expert opinion from 7 different expert from the field of physiotherapy on an offline mode, selecting expert review panel, reviewing domain and items, providing score to each item and calculating I-CVI (item content validity index) and scale level content validity index (S-CVI). Results: I-CVI was calculated using (I-CVI= agreed item/number of expert) and found to be 0.98 and S-CVI using (S-CVI=sum of I-CVI scores/Number of items) and found to be 0.9. This developed questionnaire is having excellent I-CVI and S-CVI. The physiotherapists may use the IBFS-I scale for the early identification of ITBFS. Conclusion: The IBFS-I scale may help physiotherapists diagnose ITBFS early. This scale may prove to be an effective tool in assisting the therapist in determining the degree of ITBFS in individuals

Validity of Using Still Images for Written Competency Assessments for Point-of-Care Ultrasound among Non-Radiologists-pilot study.

Background and Objective: Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) has become an integral part of the curricula of various spe-cialty residency programs. POCUS education requires learners to be proficient in image acqui-sition, image interpretation, and integration into clinical practice. The assessment of POCUS skills and competency is variable. This study aimed to assess the validity and reliability of us-ing still ultrasound images as examination test items without providing clinical vignettes or anatomical locations. Methods: This is a proof-of-concept survey pilot study, residents from the Middle East who had com-pleted their training in emergency medicine were surveyed during their competency assess-ment examination. They were provided with a single ultrasound image of an abdominal aortic aneurysm in both print and PowerPoint slide format. The task was to identify the diagnosis based on this image, which was taken from a reference emergency medicine textbook. Results: The study showed that only 50% of the residents correctly identified the diagnoses based on the still images. Many of the incorrect answers included diagnoses that were not related to the anatomical structure that was scanned, indicating that the residents were not able to identify the anatomical locations, which highlighted the challenges of interpreting a single still image without clinical context and emphasized the need for valid and reliable test items in point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) education and assessment. Conclusions: National and international emergency medicine societies should establish standards for writ-ing POCUS examination test items to ensure their validity and reliability.

Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of a self-administered Urdu version of the child oral impacts on daily performances index among 11-12-year-old children in Lahore, Pakistan.

The Child Oral Impacts on Daily Performances (Child-OIDP) index was developed to assess children's oral health-related quality of life. This study aimed to culturally adapt the self-administered Child-OIDP index into Urdu, evaluate its psychometric properties, and provide an initial estimate of oral impacts among 11-12-year-old children in Lahore, Pakistan. The translation of the Child-OIDP index from English to Urdu was performed, and the content and face validity of the initial Urdu version were evaluated by experts and 11-12-year-old children, respectively. The psychometric properties of the Urdu Child-OIDP were assessed by administering the index to 264 children aged 11-12 from five schools in the Lahore district. Psychometric properties were evaluated using criterion and construct validity, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and global self-rated oral items, followed by an oral examination. The standardized Cronbach's alpha was 0.77, and the weighted Kappa was 0.94 (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.98). The index exhibited significant associations with subjective outcome measures, dental problem history, and dental caries status (p = 0.001). Children reporting poor oral health, lower satisfaction with oral health, and experiencing oral impacts demonstrated higher Child-OIDP scores. Additionally, children with dental caries and perceived treatment needs exhibited higher Child-OIDP scores, indicating poorer Oral Health-Related Quality of Life (OHRQoL). The prevalence of oral impacts was 88.3% (mean score = 17.8, standard deviation (SD) =14.7). Eating performance was the most affected while speaking was the performance least affected, while toothache and sensitive teeth were identified as the two most common causes of oral impacts. Toothache was the primary cause of condition-specific impacts, responsible for the majority of oral impacts. This study demonstrates that the self-administered Urdu Child-OIDP index is a valid and reliable tool for assessing OHRQoL among 11-12-year-old children in Lahore, Pakistan.