Validity Of Items Research Articles

Pengaruh Kompetensi Pedagogik, Kompetensi Profesional Dan Kepuasan Kerja Terhadap Kinerja Guru Di Sma Islam Bakti Asih

A teacher's professional performance is influenced by several factors such as competence and job satisfaction. Ideally, the competencies that a teacher must have are pedagogical, professional, social and personality competencies. Meanwhile, job satisfaction is related to standards or measures of fulfilling the work rights and obligations of a teacher. The factors determining the success of teacher performance have not yet been clarified regarding which factors have a stronger influence on teacher professional performance. Through this research, clarity will be found on this problem. This research aims to determine the influence of pedagogical competence, professional competence, and job satisfaction on teacher performance. This research is correlational research because it will test the influence of the independent variable on the dependent variable. There are two approaches used, namely a qualitative approach and a quantitative approach. The research was carried out at BAKTI ASIH ISLAM SMA. The data in this research is divided into (1) teacher professional competency data, (2) teacher pedagogical competency data, (3) job satisfaction data, and (4) teacher performance data. Data collection techniques include observation, interviews, questionnaires and documentation techniques. Data analysis includes, (1) analysis of test item validity, (2) analysis of instrument reliability test, (3) data requirements test including normality test and linearity test, (4) descriptive analysis, (5) hypothesis test with Partial T test and F test.

Operating room nurse's awareness and implementation status of the prevention of patient's intraoperative acquired pressure injuries: design and validation of a questionnaire.

To compile the awareness and implementation status of patients with intraoperative acquired pressure injuries prevention by operating room nurses and to test its reliability and validity. This is an equipment development research based on recommendations for developing a reliable and valid questionnaire. The research was carried out in two phases from February to November 2022. Through a panel discussion, expert consultation, and literature review, the questionnaire for operating room nurses on the current status of awareness and implementation of the prevention of intraoperative acquired pressure injuries was preliminarily formulated. The formal questionnaire was developed through validity analysis, reliability analysis and item analysis, and reliability and validity tests were conducted. Moreover, according to the questionnaire survey results, confirmatory factor analysis was carried out to construct the structural equation model. The initial questionnaire consisted of five dimensions with 48 items, which was finalized to five dimensions with 38 items after reliability and validity testing and analysis. The five dimensions included implementation of intraoperative acquired pressure injuries prevention, intraoperative acquired pressure injuries preventing cognitive conditions, preoperative intraoperative acquired pressure injuries preventing cognitive conditions, basic knowledge of pressure injuries, and implementation of intraoperative acquired pressure injuries prevention in special patients. Cronbach's α of the overall questionnaire was 0.969 while that of each dimension was 0.846-0.959. The KMO value of structural validity was 0.945 (P < 0.001), and the contribution rate of cumulative variance was 70.694%. The fitting of confirmatory factor analysis was found to be generally ideal: χ2/df = 2.382, RMR = 0.027, TLI = 0.894, RMSEA = 0.072, IFI = 0.905, CFI = 0.904. The study and design of the questionnaire for operating room nurses on the current status of awareness and implementation of the prevention of intraoperative acquired pressure injuries are scientific and rational, providing a scientific basis for the standardized reform of hospitals and the optimization of the intraoperative acquired pressure injuries management system of the operating room.

Developing and testing culturally relevant bolt-on items for EQ-5D-5L in Chinese populations: a mixed-methods study protocol

IntroductionEQ-5D is one of the most frequently used health-related quality of life (HRQoL) measures but has been found to be insensitive in detecting differences in health status in some general...

Research on Construction and Application of Network Learning Space for Logistics Information Technology Specialized Courses on Higher Education Resource Platforms

Abstract Network learning space can promote the informatization of logistics information technology professional education, and it has a unique function and value to facilitate the learning of students in colleges and universities. This paper constructs the network learning space for the logistics information technology professional class and analyzes the application effect of the network learning space using a questionnaire. The questionnaire for the analysis of students’ learning input in the online learning space under the educational resource platform is designed first. Then, the reliability and validity of each question item of the questionnaire are examined and rejected using a t-test, Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, KMO, and Bartlett’s spherical test. In the online learning space, students’ learning input was analyzed, and it was determined that the mean value of learning behavior input in each dimension was between 3.5 and 4.88 points, which was high. The analysis of the professional course scores found that the mean score of the logistics information technology work designed by the students in the experimental class (89.11 points) was significantly higher than that of the students in the control class (75.66 points), and there was a significant difference in the test scores (p=0.006&lt;0.05). The educational resource platform network learning space constructed in this paper provides a reference path for the effective development of logistics information technology professional classes in colleges and universities. It lays a foundation for the construction of network learning space for other courses.

Validity and Reliability of Senior Secondary School Class 2 Unified Promotion Examination in Mathematics in Ondo State, Nigeria

Despite the importance of Mathematics to sustainable national development, there has been a repeated poor performance of secondary school students in the subject in Ondo state, Nigeria. The assumption of this researcher is that the psychometric properties of Unified Promotion Examination (UPE) used to promote these students to certificate class were not properly ascertained. This study sought to ascertain the validity and reliability of the UPE Mathematics objective items between 2017 and 2018. Two research questions were raised and two hypotheses formulated. The study was anchored on descriptive survey research design. The population consisted of all public senior secondary school class two (SSS2) students for 2017 and 2018. Nine hundred (900) SSS2 students constituted the sample. Multistage and stratified random sampling techniques were used to choose the sample. The research instrument that was used for data collection was the Optical Magnetic Reader (OMR) sheets. Data collected were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. Findings showed that: (i) out of 21 Mathematics topics in SSS2 curriculum, there were variations in the number of questions set in 14 (66.7%) topics for 2017 and 11(52.4%) topics for 2018 compared to the number of questions expected to be set. The trend of these variations was the same for the two years (Chi-sq cal = 6.52, Chi-sq cri = 31.41, P&gt;0.05). (ii) the reliability coefficients (r=0.678, and r =0.765) of Ondo State UPE Mathematics objective items for the two years, although moderately good but there was a significant difference in the reliability coefficients (Z-cal = 2.84, Z-cri = 1.96). Based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that the UPE Mathematics objective items lacks content validity, although reliable, but not comparable over time. It was recommended among others that the psychometric properties of the Ondo State UPE in Mathematics should be ensured before final administration.

Examining implementation determinants of a culturally grounded, school-based prevention curriculum in rural Hawai'i: A test development and validation study.

This study examined the implementation determinants of a culturally grounded, school-based drug prevention curriculum in rural Hawai'i. Test development and validation procedures were used to examine the impact of implementation barriers and facilitators of the curriculum in public or charter middle/intermediate schools on Hawai'i Island. A five-phase, mixed-methods approach toward test development and validation was used. These phases included item generation (Phase 1), item refinement and selection (Phase 2), item reduction (Phase 3), reliability testing (Phase 4), and validity testing (Phase 5). Educational administrators, teachers, and staff employed by the Hawai'i State Department of Education (HIDOE) participated in the study. Phases 1 and 2 yielded 50 implementation barriers and 27 implementation facilitators that were evaluated by 204 HIDOE administrators, teachers, and staff. Factor analysis of the barrier items indicated a four-factor solution: (1) Innovation Barriers, (2) HIDOE State-Level Barriers, (3) Teacher-Level Barriers, and (4) Administrator-Level Barriers. Mean comparisons indicated that several barrier and facilitator items differentiated teachers from administrators in the sample. This study contributes to the implementation measurement literature, specifically in the areas of mental health and substance use. It also highlights the importance of addressing multiple contextual levels in the implementation of culturally focused prevention interventions. Examining Implementation Barriers and Facilitators for School-Based Prevention in Hawai'i. Plain Language Summary Compared with other major ethnic groups, Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander (NHPI) youth have substantially higher rates of substance use and higher adverse mental and physical health effects related to their use. Despite these disparities, educational and community-based practitioners have long struggled with implementing and sustaining promising substance use interventions for NHPI youth. This study contributes to our understanding of measuring implementation barriers and facilitators for substance use prevention for NHPI youth in rural school settings. It contributes to the field of health disparities and health equity promotion, by addressing calls for research to understand factors affecting successful implementation of prevention programs. This is critical toward achieving health equity for underrepresented and vulnerable populations, such as NHPI and rural youth.

Development and Content Validation of Iliotibial Band Friction Syndrome Index (IBFS-I)

Introduction: Activity-related lateral knee discomfort is a common symptom of Iliotibial Band Friction Syndrome (ITBFS), a condition characterised by excessive friction between the iliotibial band and the lateral femoral condyle. Literature indicates that ITBFS is highly prevalent in road cyclists, military recruits, and habitual runners respectively. But there is scarcity of readily usable tool to identify the extent of ITBS. This study was designed to develop and validate the content of a scale for ITBFS diagnosis. Aim: To develop and content validate of the developed tool which will help the physiotherapist to asses easier and earlier. Materials and Methods: This study involves expert opinions from seven different physiotherapy experts in an offline mode. Study was done in 3 phases: Phase 1: The extensive literature exploration Phase 2: Development of questionnaire Phase 3: Content validation of the developed questionnaire. The Delphi method was used to validate the content, which involves expert review panel, examining the domain and its items, assigning a score to each item, and computing the scale level content validity index (S-CVI) and item content validity index (I-CVI). It was performed using Delphi method which includes seeking expert opinion from 7 different expert from the field of physiotherapy on an offline mode, selecting expert review panel, reviewing domain and items, providing score to each item and calculating I-CVI (item content validity index) and scale level content validity index (S-CVI). Results: I-CVI was calculated using (I-CVI= agreed item/number of expert) and found to be 0.98 and S-CVI using (S-CVI=sum of I-CVI scores/Number of items) and found to be 0.9. This developed questionnaire is having excellent I-CVI and S-CVI. The physiotherapists may use the IBFS-I scale for the early identification of ITBFS. Conclusion: The IBFS-I scale may help physiotherapists diagnose ITBFS early. This scale may prove to be an effective tool in assisting the therapist in determining the degree of ITBFS in individuals

Validity of Using Still Images for Written Competency Assessments for Point-of-Care Ultrasound among Non-Radiologists-pilot study.

Background and Objective: Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) has become an integral part of the curricula of various spe-cialty residency programs. POCUS education requires learners to be proficient in image acqui-sition, image interpretation, and integration into clinical practice. The assessment of POCUS skills and competency is variable. This study aimed to assess the validity and reliability of us-ing still ultrasound images as examination test items without providing clinical vignettes or anatomical locations. Methods: This is a proof-of-concept survey pilot study, residents from the Middle East who had com-pleted their training in emergency medicine were surveyed during their competency assess-ment examination. They were provided with a single ultrasound image of an abdominal aortic aneurysm in both print and PowerPoint slide format. The task was to identify the diagnosis based on this image, which was taken from a reference emergency medicine textbook. Results: The study showed that only 50% of the residents correctly identified the diagnoses based on the still images. Many of the incorrect answers included diagnoses that were not related to the anatomical structure that was scanned, indicating that the residents were not able to identify the anatomical locations, which highlighted the challenges of interpreting a single still image without clinical context and emphasized the need for valid and reliable test items in point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) education and assessment. Conclusions: National and international emergency medicine societies should establish standards for writ-ing POCUS examination test items to ensure their validity and reliability.

Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of a self-administered Urdu version of the child oral impacts on daily performances index among 11-12-year-old children in Lahore, Pakistan.

The Child Oral Impacts on Daily Performances (Child-OIDP) index was developed to assess children's oral health-related quality of life. This study aimed to culturally adapt the self-administered Child-OIDP index into Urdu, evaluate its psychometric properties, and provide an initial estimate of oral impacts among 11-12-year-old children in Lahore, Pakistan. The translation of the Child-OIDP index from English to Urdu was performed, and the content and face validity of the initial Urdu version were evaluated by experts and 11-12-year-old children, respectively. The psychometric properties of the Urdu Child-OIDP were assessed by administering the index to 264 children aged 11-12 from five schools in the Lahore district. Psychometric properties were evaluated using criterion and construct validity, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and global self-rated oral items, followed by an oral examination. The standardized Cronbach's alpha was 0.77, and the weighted Kappa was 0.94 (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.98). The index exhibited significant associations with subjective outcome measures, dental problem history, and dental caries status (p = 0.001). Children reporting poor oral health, lower satisfaction with oral health, and experiencing oral impacts demonstrated higher Child-OIDP scores. Additionally, children with dental caries and perceived treatment needs exhibited higher Child-OIDP scores, indicating poorer Oral Health-Related Quality of Life (OHRQoL). The prevalence of oral impacts was 88.3% (mean score = 17.8, standard deviation (SD) =14.7). Eating performance was the most affected while speaking was the performance least affected, while toothache and sensitive teeth were identified as the two most common causes of oral impacts. Toothache was the primary cause of condition-specific impacts, responsible for the majority of oral impacts. This study demonstrates that the self-administered Urdu Child-OIDP index is a valid and reliable tool for assessing OHRQoL among 11-12-year-old children in Lahore, Pakistan.

Construction and Validation of Research Satisfaction Scale (RSS) for Post-Research Analysis of Graduates

A better understanding of the researcher’s attitude starts with knowing their satisfaction level, which helps the agricultural universities understand research graduates and make necessary improvement plans. Absence of such a specific scale, forced to draft present piece in 2022 focusing on developing the Research Satisfaction Scale using the scale product method. Initially, 63 items were pooled, scrutinized, and reduced to 57 based on the rules of Edward and Kilpatrick and segregated into three groups as: ‘Before, while performing, and after performing research.’ Scale and Quartile values were calculated, and the statements with an S-value less than the Q-value were eliminated, bringing the number of statements to 53. For validation – Content Validity Index (CVI), both item and scale were used and Cronbach’s alpha for measuring reliability. The score of Item- CVI &lt;0.70 were eliminated, making the total number of statements 36. The Scale – CVI was 0.92, with an internal consistency value of 0.792, making the developed scale with 36 items valid and reliable. Research studies can be formulated by ICAR and SAUs to understand the contentment the graduates attained with their undertaken research activity.

Validity of Using Still Images for Written Competency Assessments for Point-of-Care Ultrasound among Non-Radiologists-pilot study.

Background and Objective: Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) has become an integral part of the curricula of various spe-cialty residency programs. POCUS education requires learners to be proficient in image acqui-sition, image interpretation, and integration into clinical practice. The assessment of POCUS skills and competency is variable. This study aimed to assess the validity and reliability of us-ing still ultrasound images as examination test items without providing clinical vignettes or anatomical locations. Methods: This is a proof-of-concept survey pilot study, residents from the Middle East who had com-pleted their training in emergency medicine were surveyed during their competency assess-ment examination. They were provided with a single ultrasound image of an abdominal aortic aneurysm in both print and PowerPoint slide format. The task was to identify the diagnosis based on this image, which was taken from a reference emergency medicine textbook. Results: The study showed that only 50% of the residents correctly identified the diagnoses based on the still images. Many of the incorrect answers included diagnoses that were not related to the anatomical structure that was scanned, indicating that the residents were not able to identify the anatomical locations, which highlighted the challenges of interpreting a single still image without clinical context and emphasized the need for valid and reliable test items in point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) education and assessment. Conclusions: National and international emergency medicine societies should establish standards for writ-ing POCUS examination test items to ensure their validity and reliability.

Cognitive Test Instruments to Measure Student Mathematics Ability in Elementary School: Rasch Analysis

The purpose of this study was to describe the quality of cognitive instruments to measure students' ability in mathematics at the elementary school level. Quantitative type research to validate the mathematical test instrument on fractional arithmetic operations material which has 22 items. The purposive sampling technique was obtained by respondents totaling 65 students from 3 elementary schools in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The Rasch Model analysis reveals that item validity corresponds to the MNSQ outfit (0.59 to 1.57), ZSTD outfit (-1.04 to 1.65), and Pt Measure Corr. (0.50 to 0.70) are met. The reliability of the instrument was fulfilled based on the aspects of person reliability (0.83; 2.23), item reliability (0.82; 2.15), and CA (0.93). There are two questions with high difficulty Q7 (δ = 1.42) and Q12 (δ = 1.09), 17 questions in the medium category, two questions in the easy category, namely Q22 (δ = -1.20) and Q8 (δ = -1.72), and one question very easy category, namely Q12 (δ = -2.14). The DIF analysis showed that all items did not contain a gender bias (ρ = 0.057-1.00), so there was no difference in the level of difficulty between men and women working on cognitive test questions. Cognitive test instruments are prepared according to national competency standards for grade five elementary school material levels that can be used as good quality question banks.

이주민의 상호문화역량 측정도구 개발 연구

This study developed an assessment tool to measure the intercultural competence of immigrants living in Korea, which is transforming into a multicultural society. The content and data validity of each measurement item were verified through a Delphi survey of experts.&#x0D; More specifically, as an initial step, we conducted a literature review and identified three main components of intercultural competence: attitude, knowledge and understanding, skills and practice. And the subcomponents were specified as openness, respect, responsibility, communication skills, cultural awareness, self development skills, empathy, behavioral flexibility, and cooperation skills.&#x0D; Following this, we drafted a survey questionnaire to assess the intercultural competence of immigrants, and selected 59 questionnaire items through a survey of immigrants. Then, three Korean language education experts reviewed the composition and wording of the questionnaire items.&#x0D; In addition, the study conducted a Delphi survey involving two expert groups: multicultural society experts and Korean language education experts. This survey verified the validity of the survey items by analyzing the Content Validity Ratio (CVR) and data validity of the questionnaire items (convergence and consensus). As a result, we selected 53 questionnaire items with consensus from both expert groups, and developed scale survey questions suitable for assessing the intercultural competence of immigrants.&#x0D; In conclusion, this study presents scales to assess the intercultural competence of immigrants for effective and appropriate interaction in a new and unfamiliar environment with distinct cultural differences.

The Nexus of Teamwork, Communication Competence, and Employee Performance: The Mediating Role of Employee Competence

Purpose - This paper aims to explore how employee performance is impacted by factors such as teamwork, communication competence, and employee competence in several countries and industries. Currently, there is no existing literature that acknowledges aspects related to teamwork, communication competence, and employee competence impact on employee performance within the context of a Indonesian public service organization.&#x0D; Design/Methodology/Approach - The study employs a quantitative method using a path analysis model. This study involved the analysis of data from 205 employees working in a public service organization. The reliability and validity of the questionnaire items are conducted via Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) analysis, and the related hypotheses are tested using the path analysis model.&#x0D; Findings - The results showed the positive impact of teamwork, communication competence, and employee competence on employee performance. Additionally, employee competence mediated the influences of teamwork and employee performance. Also, employee competence mediated the impacts of communication competence and employee performance.&#x0D; Research Implications - The research was conducted within a specific Indonesian public service organization, making it challenging to apply the findings universally across various sectors and international contexts. The results of the research hold the promise to assist leaders within public service organizations in creating approaches that enhance the skills of employees. This involves designing impactful human resource development initiatives and boosting the employee capacity to reach the organization’s intended aims and objectives. The study is new in its effort to bring together four frameworks to create a novel performance model explaining the importance of teamwork and communication competence with employee competence and employee performance.

고전검사이론과 문항반응이론으로 살펴본 모의 TOEIC 문항분석

This study analyzed student test performance on the mock TOEIC in order to investigate the validity and reliability of the test items within a framework of Classical Test Theory (CTT) and Item Response Theory (IRT). The test, including 49 listening and 51 reading multiple-choice items, was administered to a total of 98 registered university students. Their responses to each test item were statistically analyzed with respect to four indices: item difficulty, item discrimination, item guessing and distractor’s attractiveness. For the analysis, each item was analyzed by applying CTT and IRT according to a 3-parameter logistic model with Pearson correlation coefficient and Kuder Richardson-20 (KR-20). According to the item analysis, it was found that the test displayed a high level of reliability of .920, and the difficulty level was .563, indicating that it was in the desirable range between .25 and .75. The mean discrimination power was also .368, which is within the desirable range of over .3. However, further statistical and qualitative item analyses found that the mock TOEIC contained test items within an inappropriate difficulty level, low item discrimination and implausible distractors. Therefore, this study provides suggestions for enhancing the quality of the mock TOEIC, which can also apply to future TOEICs.

Pengaruh Kreatıvıtas Mengajar Guru Dan Mınat Belajar Terhadap Hasıl Belajar Sıswa Sekolah Dasar

ABSTRACT The low learning outcomes of elementary school students are the basis for evaluation creativity teachers in the learning process in the classroom. Apart from that, interest in learning is also an aspect that needs to be improved for students to achieve good learning outcomes. This research is quantitative research with a correlational type. The population of this study was the fifth-grade students at Posilangon State Elementary School, totaling 32 students. The research sample consisted of 32 students who were determined using techniques non probability sampling. The data collection techniques used were questionnaires and documentation. Test the validity of the instrument items using product moment, test the reliability of the instrument using alpha cronbach. The data analysis technique in this research uses descriptive statistical analysis, research prerequisite tests, and hypothesis testing. Prerequisite tests include normality tests, linearity tests, homogeneity and multicollinearity tests. Hypothesis testing uses simple linear regression tests and multiple linear regression tests. research results show that: 1) creativity Teacher teaching has a positive and significant influence on science learning outcomes with a variable contribution of 24.2%. 2) students' interest in learning has a positive and significant influence on science learning outcomes with a variable contribution of 99.5%. 3) creativity Teacher teaching and student interest in learning simultaneously have a positive and significant influence on science learning outcomes with a variable contribution of 44.5%.

Validity and Reliability of Elasticity Multiple-Choice Items (EMCI) Using Rasch Model

Assessment in the form of an instrument is very important to test for validity and reliability so that it can measure student learning outcomes. We implemented a measurement instrument designed to assess students' understanding of elasticity. The measurement instrument consisted of 15 items. The instrument was administered to students who were taking physics subjects in senior high school in their second year. In total, 74 students were taken from two classes in Padang, Indonesia. In this study, the students' performance was collected as quantitative data and evaluated using the Rasch model. The results showed that the data matched the Rasch model measurements. Moreover, female students answered 53% of the questions better than male students. Furthermore, the DIF plot shows that S8 is the most difficult problem, while S14 is the easiest. There are two gender bias questions, namely S12 and S14. Both questions were easily solved by female students. However, all questions can be used to measure students' abilities in elasticity and Hooke's law. This study seeks to make a contribution to the literature on EMCI evaluations by offering a case study for academics and researchers to use in assessing students' elasticity skills

Pengembangan Instrumen Penilaian Berbantuan Wordwall pada Materi Sistem Koordinasi untuk Siswa Kelas XI IPA

This research is a type of research and development (Research and Development or R &amp; D) using the ADDIE Branch development model. The aim of this research is to produce a product in the form of a wordwall-assisted assessment instrument on coordination system material for class XI Science students at MA Negeri 2 Jember. The assessment instrument developed contains multiple choice questions (multiple choice) type Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) questions on the coordination system material. The research results show that the validation obtained from experts has been matched with the validation score criteria, material expert validation results are 88.12% (very valid), evaluation expert validation results are 95.55% (very valid), language expert validation results are 86.66 % (very valid), and the results of practitioner validation by teachers were 94.72% (very valid). Meanwhile, the results of student responses were: 1) small scale trial stage 83.17% (very interesting); and 2) large-scale trial phase 85.1% (very interesting). The results of the question item validation test were: 1) 20 of the 25 question items were declared valid with a value of rcount &gt; rtable; 2) the overall reliability value of the questions is 0.792 (high); 3) the level of difficulty of the items in the easy, medium and difficult categories; and 4) the distinguishing power of items in the very good and quite good categories. The wordwall-assisted assessment instrument on the coordination system material was proven to be effective for class 05). Based on the results of this research, it can be concluded that the wordwall-assisted assessment instrument product is categorized as very valid, very practical and effective.

Analisis Butir Soal Tes Matematika Materi Trigonometri

In learning outcomes assessment activities, teachers play an active role in preparing measuring instruments. Competency measurement tools must have appropriate quality criteria used in measuring student competence. This study aims to determine the characteristics of the mathematical competency test instrument in terms of item validity, item difficulty level, item discriminating power and distractor function. The instrument developed is a competency test instrument for trigonometry material. The form of this instrument is multiple choice. The sample of this research is SMA Negeri 5 Yogyakarta. Analysis of the Trigonometry competency test items was carried out using qualitative analysis with the result that 85% in terms of material had good criteria, 82.5% in terms of construction had good criteria and 92.5% in terms of language had good criteria. Quantitative analysis of the Trigonometry competency test shows that 27 items (67.5%) have good validity, the test has a reliability value of 0.709 with good criteria. There were 26 questions (65%) with moderate difficulty level, 28 questions (70%) had good category discrimination, and 37 questions (92.5%) had good criteria for the distraction function. Keywords: validity, reliability, difficulty level, differentiating power

Self-Esteem and Peer Social Support: How Do They Contribute to High School Students' Academic Hardiness?

Several factors, including internal and external factors, often cause academic hardiness in students. This research aims to analyze the influence of student self-esteem as a student's internal factor and peer social support as a student's external factor on students' level of academic hardiness. This research uses a quantitative approach with an ex post facto design. This research was conducted on 350 public high school students in Central Semarang District who were taken using the Proportionate Stratified Random Sampling technique. The instruments used in this research were the self-esteem scale (29 valid items α = .926), the peer social support scale (27 valid items α = .895), and the academic hardiness scale (24 valid items α = .845). The data was analyzed using multiple regression tests and met the classical test. The results show p-value = .000 (p &lt;0.05). The coefficient of determination value shows that self-esteem and social support from peers influence academic hardiness by 44,6%. Meanwhile, some of it is influenced by other variables outside the research. This research impacts guidance and counseling teachers and counselors so they can provide services to increase self-esteem, peer social support, and student academic hardiness.