Validity Issues Research Articles

Current challenges and strategic directions for land administration system modernisation in Indonesia

ABSTRACT Digital transformation is vital for modernising Land Administration Systems (LASs), ensuring efficient, transparent, and secure land services. This study evaluates Indonesia’s LAS using the Digital Government Readiness Assessment (DGRA) framework, identifying regulatory gaps, inefficient registration, validation issues, and resource constraints. Inspired by New Zealand, Singapore, and Australia, it recommends standardising parcel identification numbers, updating regulations, adopting new data formats, and enhancing address standards. Additionally, it suggests implementing digital workflows, automation services, and collaborating with the surveying industry. Institutional and organisational improvements are also proposed based on global initiatives.

A Bibliometric Analysis of Telephone Triage Research to 2021 Using VOSviewer.

Telephone triage services are becoming increasingly commonplace in modern healthcare. Despite this widespread adoption, health researchers and practitioners seeking to understand evidence-based best practice face several challenges. Firstly, the few systematic reviews available yield small sample sizes, suggesting a small amount of research. Secondly, the rapid pace of development of telephone triage technologies means that there may be temporal validity issues with the available research, given some of this research is relatively old. Thirdly, researchers use different terminologies to describe telephone triage, meaning evidence may be more difficult to find than if consistent terminology was used. This bibliometric analysis therefore is aimed at providing a macroscopic overview of telephone triage, to understand the scale and scope of the available evidence (i.e., where, when, and by whom research is conducted), for interested researchers and practitioners. Additionally, it is aimed at quantifying the prevalence of terms used to describe telephone triage, to recommend consistent terminology for future use, and to improve accessibility of research. To address these aims, literature searches using three different key terms: "telephone triage," "remote triage," and "teletriage" were conducted in Scopus and PubMed. Corresponding bibliometric data was visualised and analysed using VOSviewer. This bibliometric review identified 784 papers since the term "telephone triage" first appears in 1980, confirming a paucity of literature in the field. An overview of telephone triage research up to 2021 is provided, which should serve as a useful foundation for future research and application of evidence-based practice. Gaps in telephone triage research are identified, and the use of consistent terminology is encouraged, with the aim of supporting telephone triage researchers in determining research priorities and improving the impact of future studies.

Judicial Trend in Contract Related Disputes: Nepalese Perspective

This research delves into the dynamic evolution of contract law in Nepal over the past five and a half decades, focusing on the pivotal role played by the Supreme Court. The study analyzes the major changes in contract-related decisions and identifies emerging trends shaping Nepal's legal landscape. Beginning with Nepal's initial contract regulations under Ain and tracing the legal journey through various legislative acts, the study scrutinizes key Supreme Court cases that have defined and refined the understanding of contracts. The research highlights the transformative trends in Nepal's contract law. Furthermore, the study explores the issue of contract validity. In addition, the research examines the critical demarcation between civil and criminal jurisdiction in contractual matters. Through the various cases, Supreme Court of Nepal developed the doctrine that contractual disputes lacking criminal elements fall under civil jurisdiction, preventing unwarranted criminalization of contractual disagreements and ensuring a balanced legal approach. Thus, the article argues that comprehensive analysis through the various cases, Supreme Court of Nepal illuminates Nepal's progressive legal framework in contracts, promoting transparency, fairness, and adherence to fundamental legal principles. The research contributes valuable insights into the evolution of Nepal's contract law, providing a foundation for fostering a favorable business environment in the country.

Advancements and Challenges in Virtual Surgery: A Comprehensive Review

Virtual surgery, also known as surgical simulation, has emerged as a transformative technology in the field of medicine, offering innovative solutions for surgical training, preoperative planning, and surgical skill enhancement. This paper provides a comprehensive review of recent advancements, applications, and challenges in virtual surgery. We discuss various virtual surgery techniques, including virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and mixed reality (MR), and their contributions to surgical education, patient care, and surgical innovation. Additionally, we examine the current state-of-the-art virtual surgery systems, simulation platforms, and surgical training curricula. Furthermore, we explore the challenges and limitations associated with virtual surgery, such as technological constraints, validation and assessment issues, ethical considerations, and cost-effectiveness. Finally, we discuss future directions and opportunities for research and development in virtual surgery, with a focus on addressing existing limitations and advancing the field towards widespread adoption and integration into clinical practice. Keywords: Virtual surgery, surgical simulation, virtual reality, augmented reality, mixed reality, surgical training, preoperative planning, surgical education, surgical innovation.

SWOT ANALYSIS OF INSTITUTIONS PROVIDING MANUAL THERAPY AND MEDICAL MASSAGE SERVICES

The article considers the SWOT-analysis methodology for assessing and comparing public and private institutions in Ukraine, in particular the arrangement of offices and the quality of services provided by specialists in manual therapy and therapeutic massage. This will help the administration to accept and correct the shortcomings for the future prospective development of institutions and health care activities in general. The study examines strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats that can affect the quality of providing preventive and health services in order to increase the number of visits. In this study, the SWOT-analysis has been considered as a diagnostic procedure for assessing the state and development trends of the institution. The method of expert assessment has been used in the study, in order to prevent incorrect assessment of factors, especially the internal environment due to its subjective approach, issues of completeness, validity and reliability of primary information, the bias of quantitative analysis over qualitative, poor adaptation to changing environmental conditions. As a result, comparative differences and similarities of internal and external factors of development between private and state institutions have been found in the study. The purpose of the study is to investigate and analyze the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of institutions, establishments that provide manual therapy, therapeutic and preventive massage services. The following methods have been used to solve the tasks of this study: analysis and generalization of data from scientific and methodological literature, analysis of normative and legal, internal statutory documentation, questionnaires, interviews, expert evaluation. The analysis of external factors of the SWOT -analysis demonstrates the same number of opportunities of public and private institutions. A number of priority opportunities for the development of private institutions are technical improvement and the possibility of improving the level of professionalism by undergoing advanced training abroad, increasing the quantitative spectrum of the provision of medical and preventive services. State institutions include the creation of competitive conditions, the purchase of modern equipment, salary increases, etc. Threats to the prospects of a state institution include threats to its financial situation, and to a private - reputation of an institution and its specialists.

Assessing digital capability for twin transition and profitability: From firm and people perspectives with leadership support as moderator

AbstractDigital capability encompasses the skills and attitudes that firms and employees need to thrive in the modern digital era. Digital capability of a firm involves the effective adoption and use of modern digital technologies such as Industry 4.0. From the individual perspective, digital capability is referred to as knowledge and skill sets of people which are essential to work in digitally enabled firms. Not many studies have been conducted to assess how digital capability can help in twin transition, that is, both at individual and firm levels, and how such digital capability can help in improving profitability for the firms. There is also a lack of studies exploring how firm leadership support can enhance digital capability to improve both organizational and employee performance. In this background, the aim of this study is to assess the role of digital capability for both firm and people perspectives with leadership support as moderator. With the support of resource‐based view (RBV) and literature, a research model was prepared conceptually which was later validated using PLS‐SEM technique considering 348 responses from employees of different types of industries. Based on the analysis of feedback from participants in India, this study has reached a specific conclusion. Consequently, the results suffer from external validity issues which have been considered as one of the critical limitations of this study. It has been demonstrated that impacts of digital competency could improve both people and firm performance enhancing the profitability of the firms. Such enhancement of profitability is facilitated by the impact of leadership support.

Certain problems of protecting the constitutional rights of the individual when considering complaints by the courts in accordance with Article 125 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation

Based on the conceptual characteristics of the institute of judicial control in accordance with Article 125 of the CCP of the Russian Federation, separate problems of protecting the constitutional rights of an individual using this means of judicial protection are identified: lack of uniformity in the interpretation of norms on the subject and ambit of judicial control; lack of clear standards of proof when considering complaints by courts in accordance with Article 125 of the CCP of the Russian Federation; lack of regulatory provisions defining formal criteria for the admissibility of submitted complaints, which entails limiting the right of interested persons to judicial protection in cases of arbitrary interpretation of the provisions of the law by the courts. As measures to improve judicial practice, it is proposed to refine the subject, ambit and standards of judicial control by referring to them the issues of validity and proportionality of restrictions on constitutional rights of the individual, as well as assessing the sufficiency of evidence in favor of the introduction of such restrictions; regulatory clarification of the requirements for the content of complaints, as well as the powers of the court to make decisions on refusal to accept formally unacceptable complaints for production.

Assessment centers do not measure competencies: Why this is now beyond reasonable doubt

AbstractAlthough assessment centers (ACs) are usually designed to measure stable competencies (i.e., dimensions), doubt about whether or not they reliably do so has endured for 70 years. Addressing this issue in a novel way, several published Generalizability (G) theory studies have sought to isolate the multiple sources of variance in AC ratings, including variance specifically concerned with competencies. Unlike previous research, these studies can provide a definitive answer to the AC construct validity issue. In this article, the historical context for the construct validity debate is set out, and the results of four large-scale G-theory studies of ACs are reviewed. It is concluded that these studies demonstrate, beyond reasonable doubt, that ACs do not reliably measure stable competencies, but instead measure general, and exercise-related, performance. The possibility that ACs measure unstable competencies is considered, and it is suggested that evidence that they do so may reflect an artefact of typical AC design rather than a “real” effect. For ethical, individual, and organizational reasons, it is argued that the use of ACs to measure competencies can no longer be justified and should be halted.

Gout and Gout-Related Comorbidities: Insight and Limitations from Population-Based Registers in Sweden

Population-based databases in Nordic countries offer unique opportunities for large-scale population-based epidemiological studies. The personal identity number enables researchers to link different registers at the individual level, which can be used for large-scale epidemiological population-based studies. This review outlines how these opportunities have been used so far in the field of gout research, as well as the potential challenges and limitations. Their major advantage is that they cover the entire population, minimizing problems such as selection bias and loss to follow-up. This has enabled us to provide information on gout regarding risk factors; occurrence; association with comorbidities in relation to gout onset; treatment patterns; as well as its effect on other outcomes, such as sick leave and mortality. Validity issues, missing data, and legal issues are some of the challenges that researchers need to deal with. Choosing the most appropriate combination of databases to use for a specific question is crucial in order to maximize validity and adjust for confounders. Despite challenges and potential limitations, the Swedish registers have provided valuable epidemiological results and will continue to play an important role in the years to come.

Detecting and Patching Loopholes in Windows Operating System

Widely used in personal and business environments, the Windows operating system is a complex software platform that has historically been vulnerable to various intrusions and vulnerabilities. These breaches can be seen as software vulnerabilities, configuration vulnerabilities, higher validity issues, or architectural flaws, which can pose a serious security risk. This research report provides a comprehensive analysis of Windows vulnerabilities and examines their types, key examples such as EternalBlue and Stuxnet, and the potential impact they can have on individuals and organizations. This white paper examines mitigation strategies and best practices, including patch management, system hardening, vulnerability assessment, and the use of third-party security tools. It also addresses the challenges associated with blockchain, including the complexity of legacy code, zero-day vulnerabilities, targeted attacks, and the growing threat landscape. The paper also reviews future ideas, including secure software development practices, architectural improvements, collaboration and information sharing, automated vulnerability detection and remediation, and continuing education and security awareness. By taking a proactive approach to reducing intrusions, organizations can strengthen the security of their Windows systems, protect sensitive data, and maintain system integrity against threats and crimes.

Using neural data to forecast aggregate consumer behavior in neuromarketing: Theory, metrics, progress, and outlook

AbstractThe field of using neural data to forecast aggregate consumer choice has garnered attention in the past decade, holding substantial promise for both researchers and practitioners. However, a comprehensive understanding of this emerging field is lacking. This paper aims to bridge that gap by summarizing existing research, encompassing relevant theories, metrics, progress, and future directions. We begin by introducing the concept of neuroforecasting within the field of neuromarketing. We then delve into theories that leverage neural data for forecasting aggregate choice, including affect‐integration‐motivation framework, frontal asymmetry, and inter‐subject correlation. Subsequently, we review various metrics, including self‐reported, behavioral, and neural metrics employed to forecast market‐level behavior, presenting key findings from relevant studies. Furthermore, we examine the strengths and weaknesses of this field. Advantages of this approach include its ability to offer effective predictions of consumer behavior and provide enhanced insights into consumer preferences and choices, while its weaknesses encompass relatively high cost, sample size constraints, issues of ecological validity, and challenges related to reverse inference. In conclusion, future research should prioritize integrating diverse data types with machine learning techniques to forecast the outcomes of marketing campaigns in advance. Additionally, a deeper exploration of the psychological and cognitive processes underlying successful predictions can augment predictive accuracy and effectiveness. This review provides a systematic overview for researchers and practitioners in this field, offering valuable insights and guidance for future research endeavors and industry applications.

Developing brand identity and sales strategy in the digital era: Moderating role of consumer belief in brand

Brand identity helps customers to identify, as well as distinguish alternative competitive brands. If there is a consistent marketing strategy and consistent messaging, brand identity remains consistent, which helps in improving sales management and generating better revenue for the brand. In this digital era, there are various digital marketing tools and capabilities to improve brand identity, which help in establishing close association with customers to influence their purchasing decisions. However, we have limited understanding of the antecedents of brand identity in the digital era, and how the moderating role of consumer belief in brands could influence their purchasing decision making process. In this context, this study aims to determine the antecedents of brand identity in the digital era, and to examine if there is any moderating impact of consumer belief in brand (CBB) on consumer purchase decision (CPD). Based on the resource-based view and social identity theory, a theoretical model has been developed. Following the survey responses of representatives from 302 organizations/brands, the covariance-based structural equation modelling validates our model. Our analysis affirms that e-WOM, digital infrastructure, skilled manpower, and digital marketing capability positively impact on developing brand identity, which influences sales strategy differently in different situation to influence CPD, where CBB plays a moderating role. The study results have been derived by analyzing the inputs of the respondents based out of India which invited external validity issue and it has been considered as one of the limitations of this study.

Role of technology enhanced assessment in medical and dental education: A scoping review

Background: Evolving innovative, feasible and cost effective technology related with teaching and learning in context of recent COVID-19 pandemic has led the medical educationists to think about its increased use in the assessment process. Need of the hour is to develop and establish a framework in our institutions for technology enhanced assessment (TEA) efficiently. European countries were using the e- assessment before the COVID-19 pandemic so their education system was less disturbed by it as compared to the Asian countries like Pakistan. TEA can be done with a number of tools and mobile phone technology, learning management systems (LMS) and social media have played remarkable role in this regard. The objective of this scoping review was to find best practice regarding the use of TEA in context of COVID-19 pandemic according to the Best Evidence Medical Education (BEME) principles. Methods: Databases which were searched were Google Scholar, Educational Resource Information System (ERIC), Cochrane library and ScienceDirect (Elsevier). The key words and phrases which we used for search were "TEA", "Online assessment", "assessment in context of COVID-19", "Role of TEA", "Advantages and disadvantages of TEA". 1252 articles were retrieved after screening total searched articles by Mendeley software. These articles were then assessed according to the eligibility criteria and 84 articles were selected out of which finally 12 articles were included in this scoping review after assessment of quality by Qualsyst appraisal tool. Data was extracted by using data extraction form which was synthesized to create the themes by axial coding. Results: After synthesis of data following themes were identified describing the TEA. What is TEA, role of TEA. Advantages and disadvantages of TEA, measurement and implementation issues in TEA. Prime benefit of TEA is its potential to foster learning by its ability to deliver vast variety of test formats in high fidelity virtual reality situations and by providing feedback after formative assessment using number of digital tools. Major issues related to TEA are cheating, validity, quality and security of test materials. Conclusion: E-assessment tools were already being used in European countries with the intent to improve the teaching and learning activities but after the COVID-19 pandemic it became the necessity. TEA has extreme potential for improving the learning and assessment process especially in context of current COVID-19 pandemic if the available technology is used efficiently. Implementation of TEA in place of conventional assessment should be tailored according to the local requirements and context. Finally the word of caution is to be prepared to address the issues of validity, quality, cheating and security of test materials connected with this technological change.

ChatGPT/GPT-4 (large language models): Opportunities and challenges of perspective in bariatric healthcare professionals.

ChatGPT/GPT-4 is a conversational large language model (LLM) based on artificial intelligence (AI). The potential application of LLM as a virtual assistant for bariatric healthcare professionals in education and practice may be promising if relevant and valid issues are actively examined and addressed. In general medical terms, it is possible that AI models like ChatGPT/GPT-4 will be deeply integrated into medical scenarios, improving medical efficiency and quality, and allowing doctors more time to communicate with patients and implement personalized health management. Chatbots based on AI have great potential in bariatric healthcare and may play an important role in predicting and intervening in weight loss and obesity-related complications. However, given its potential limitations, we should carefully consider the medical, legal, ethical, data security, privacy, and liability issues arising from medical errors caused by ChatGPT/GPT-4. This concern also extends to ChatGPT/GPT -4's ability to justify wrong decisions, and there is an urgent need for appropriate guidelines and regulations to ensure the safe and responsible use of ChatGPT/GPT-4.

STEM in the classroom: a scoping review of emerging research on the integration of STEM education within Australian schools

The paper presents a scoping review of research that has been conducted on integrated STEM programmes in Australian schools over a 10-year period (2012–2022). It aims to determine how integrated STEM is being practiced. A total of 17 papers were chosen for review. The review explored the major characteristics of research that has been conducted on integrated STEM programmes in Australian schools, the teaching strategies used to teach integrated STEM and the reported impacts of these programmes. In fifteen of the papers experts from outside the school such as scientists and engineers, usually academics, were involved. Cooperative learning, project/problem-based learning and authentic experiences were the most common teaching strategies in a field characterised by positive learner outcomes. It is evident that teaching strategies are significant in the integration of STEM. Future research should focus on addressing issues of ecological validity, sustainability and scalability to ensure as many students as possible reap the benefits of high-quality STEM education.

Tragedy of the Commons in Crowd Work-Based Research

Academic scholars have leveraged crowd work platforms such as MTurk to conduct research and collect data, but the data quality crisis in crowd work has been an alarming phenomenon recently. Though prior studies have discussed data quality and validity issues in crowd work via surveys and experiments, they kind of neglected to explore the scholars’ and particularly the IRB's ethical concerns and the related policies in various ethical guidelines for crowd work-based research in these respects. In this study, we interviewed 17 scholars from six disciplines and 15 IRB directors and analysts in the U.S. and analyzed 28 research guidance documents to fill these gaps. We identified common themes among our interviewees and documents but also discovered distinctive and even opposing views regarding the approval rate, rejection, and internal/external research validity. Based on the findings, we discussed a potential Tragedy of the Commons regarding data quality deterioration and the disciplinary differences regarding validity in crowd work-based research. We further explored the origin of the data quality and validity issues in crowd work-based research. We advocated the IRB's ethical concerns in crowd work-based research be heard and respected further and be reflected in the ethical guidance for crowd work-based research. Finally, we proposed our research implications, limits, and future work.

Dialogues Across Time: Perspectives on Historical and Contemporary Democratization

Abstract This review article leverages Isabela Mares’ Protecting the Ballot: How First-Wave Democracies Ended Electoral Corruption as a jumping off point to consider how to construct a dialogue between scholars of contemporary electoral malfeasance and historical political economists. It makes two main points. First, because both scholars of history and of the contemporary world are usually engaged in mixed-method case study research, both grapple with issues of case generalizability and external validity. This produces a naturally shared research agenda, although one that has largely gone unrecognized. Generalizability would be improved if both groups mapped their cases onto larger distributions of the phenomenon of interest. Second, the very substantial differences between party systems of first-wave and recent democratizers suggest that political elites will support reforms aimed at improving election integrity differently across the two periods. Contemporary electoral competition is unlikely to naturally give rise to the emergence of programmatic politics, instead locking parties into clientelism and various types of election malfeasance. I discuss what might be required for politicians today to support reforms aimed at curbing election malfeasance, and when the shift to programmatic politics becomes in the political interests of elected officials.

EUPRO - A reference database on project-based R&D collaboration networks

The EUPRO database enables the analysis of participation patterns of organisations in and across different European R&D funding initiatives and the investigation of resulting collaborative R&D network structures and dynamics. The perimeter of EUPRO is currently more than 600,000 R&D projects funded by European (EU, transnational or national) research funding organisations, comprising systematic information about contents of the R&D projects, their participating organizations (including organisation type and location), and a number of additional characteristics (e.g. underlying policy instrument and programme). This scientific data descriptor serves as illustrative information source for users, both from science as well as from policy. It discusses the conceptual background and derives respective analytical opportunities for different actual, highly relevant debates in innovation studies and related fields. Moreover, the data collection process is described in a compact manner, as well as how the collected data are harmonized and aggregated into a suitable data model for analytical purposes. Finally, we put forward issues of technical validation, data quality and enrichment, and usage notes on how to access EUPRO.

A critical evaluation and research agenda for the study of psychological dispositions and political attitudes

AbstractPolitical psychologists often examine the influence of psychological dispositions on political attitudes. Central to this field is the ideological asymmetry hypothesis (IAH), which asserts significant psychological differences between conservatives and liberals. According to the IAH, conservatives tend to exhibit greater resistance to change, a stronger inclination to uphold existing social systems, and heightened sensitivity to threats and uncertainty compared with their liberal counterparts. Our review and reanalysis, however, question the empirical strength of the IAH. We expose major concerns regarding the construct validity of the psychological dispositions and political attitudes traditionally measured. Furthermore, our research reveals that the internal validity of these studies is often compromised by endogeneity and selection biases. External and statistical validity issues are also evident, with many findings relying on small effect sizes derived from nonrepresentative student populations. Collectively, these data offer scant support for the IAH, indicating that simply amassing similar data is unlikely to clarify the validity of the hypothesis. We suggest a more intricate causal model that addresses the intricate dynamics between psychological dispositions and political attitudes. This model considers the bidirectional nature of these relationships and the moderating roles of individual and situational variables. In conclusion, we call for developing more sophisticated theories and rigorous research methodologies to enhance our comprehension of the psychological underpinnings of political ideology.

Weighing in on the average weights: Measuring corporate social performance (CSP) score using DEA

This study develops a new DEA approach to incorporate such market-level information (i.e., average weights over firms) to create a composite corporate social performance (CSP) measure. The new model addresses the challenge that stakeholder expectations—expressed as the CSP weights of different CSP dimensions—are usually unknown at the firm level, but some reliable estimates of the average weights (across firms) are available at the industry or market level. Distinct from the traditional DEA, the new approach can incorporate constraints on the average values of weight distributions and is built on a computational framework new to the literature. The new model is compared with the traditional CSP approach, using longitudinal investment data by socially responsible funds (SRF). The regression results show evidence that the traditional CSP score, which is widely used in the management literature, may not be a reliable CSP score: firms with higher CSP scores tend to have lower SRF investment (in both the number of SRF and total shares). In contrast, the DEA-based CSP scores show the correct and positive correlation with SRF investment. Overall, this paper contributes to the literature by presenting a more reliable CSP approach and a new, generalizable DEA model. This is also the first empirical work documenting the potential validity issue of the traditional CSP scores.