Psychometric Properties Validity Research Articles

Beliefs About Sexual Functioning Scale: Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Validation of Psychometric Properties Within Turkish Population.

Background and Purpose: Beliefs about sexual function play a very significant role in determining sexual dysfunctions. There are very few short and reliable scales that can be administered to both men and women to measure their beliefs about sexual function. In this study, the researchers aimed to define the cross-culturally adapted Turkish version of the Beliefs about Sexual Functioning Scale and to evaluate its psychometric properties. Methods: In this methodological study which included 192 people, data were collected through face-to-face interviews using the personal information form and the Beliefs about Sexual Functioning Scale. Results: The content validity index and Cronbach's alpha value of the scale were .96 and .726, respectively. Findings indicate that the four-factor structure of the scale, whose items were reduced from 15 to 11, showed a good fit. According to the results of exploratory factor analysis, the scale preserved its original structure, but one subdimension (anal sex beliefs) was excluded from the scale because it was not suitable for the Turkish culture. The remaining four subdimensions accounted for 61.71% of the total variance. Conclusions: The Beliefs about Sexual Functioning Scale can be used to determine the beliefs about sexual functions of people living in Turkey.

Cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Lithuanian version of the Spine Functional Index.

Low back pain is one of the most frequent medical problems caused by different factors. It is important to evaluate low back pain by choosing the best suited tool for the specific spine condition and pain severity. The Spine Functional Index (SFI) is a relatively new physical functioning-related questionnaire that can be used to assess different aspects of daily activities and movements. The purpose of this study was to cross-culturally adapt the SFI for the Lithuanian language and to determine its psychometric properties of validity, reliability, construct stability, internal consistency and factor structure. The study was designed as a two-stage observational study. Double forward and backward translations of SFI were performed for cultural adaptation for the Lithuanian language. For evaluation of psychometric properties, 125 participants with non-specific low back pain (duration of symptoms ≥ 6 weeks) rated their pain using Numeric Rating Scale, completed the Lithuanian version of SFI and Oswestry Disability Index. In 3 to 7 days all participants completed Lithuanian version SFI for the second time. The full sample was employed to determine internal consistency, test-retest reliability, construct stability, measurement error, construct validity and factor structure. There was good internal consistency and reliability with Lithuanian version of SFI as Cronbach's α = 0.92 and r = 0.82. Spearman-Brown coefficient was 0.97 representing good construct stability. Measurement error from standard error of the mean (SEM) was 6.96, from Minimal Detectable Change (MDC) was 16.24. Construct validity between the Lithuanian version of SFI and Oswestry Disability Index was excellent (ρ = 0.83), and good between the SFI and Numeric Rating Scale (ρ = 0.55). The factor analysis demonstrated a one-factor solution explaining 35.04% of total variance. Lithuanian version of SFI is a new reliable and valid instrument for functional evaluation of back pain in Lithuanian speaking patients.

Spanish Cross-Cultural Adaptation of the Australian Pelvic Floor Questionnaire.

The main objectives of this study were to carry out the translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the Australian Pelvic Floor Questionnaire (APFQ) into Spanish and the evaluation of its psychometric properties of validity and reliability in the Spanish population. The APFQ was translated into Spanish and back-translated into its original language by native speakers; it was verified that there was a semantic similarity. A pilot test was carried out on a group of 10 women. The study sample was made up of 104 subjects. They were asked to fill in the APFQ twice, 15 days apart. Codes were assigned so they could link to the test and retest. The Questionnaire on Pelvic Floor Dysfunctions-short version (PFDI-20) and the Women's Sexual Function Questionnaire (FSM) were also completed. The reliability, criterion and construct validity, and stability were studied. A Cronbach's alpha of 0.795 was obtained from the complete questionnaire. For each dimension, Cronbach's alpha was 0.864 for bladder function; 0.796 for bowel function; 0.851 for prolapse; and 0.418 for sexual function (0.67 with the suppression of item 37). The APFQ shows a significant correlation with PFDI-20 in urinary function (rho: 0.704, p = 0.000), intestinal function (rho: 0.462, p = 0.000), and prolapse symptoms (rho: 0.337, p = 0.000). The test-retest analysis showed high reproducibility. The Spanish version of the APFQ is a reliable and valid tool to assess symptoms and impacts on quality of life due to pelvic floor dysfunctions in the Spanish population. However, a review of some of its items could increase its reliability.

Fear of COVID-19 and Fear of Earthquake: Multiple Distressing Events and Well-Being in Croatia.

People in Croatia have recently experienced two major earthquakes in the midst of COVID-19 pandemic, which are possible sources of increased fear. In order to capture and understand the effects of the simultaneously occurring threatening events, the aims of this study were threefold. First, we aimed to examine the psychometric properties and factor structure of the Croatian version of the Fear of COVID-19 scale (FCV-19S). Second, bearing in mind that there is a lack of instruments for measuring fear of earthquakes, the study aimed to develop and examine the psychometric properties the Fear of Earthquake Scale (FES), as a version of FCV-19S, modified for the earthquake experience. Finally, the study aimed to examine differences in well-being indicators (life satisfaction, positive and negative affect) between four groups of participants who either had/did not have COVID-19 disease or had experienced/did not have experienced earthquake. The study was conducted among 1136 participants adults who took part in the fourth year of the Croatian longitudinal study on well-being. Among them, N = 665 participants experienced earthquake and responded to additional questions regarding that experience. The analyses demonstrated valid psychometric properties and one-factorial structure of FCV-19S and FES scales. The findings showed that people who went through earthquake experience (vs. those without earthquake experience and COVID-19 infection) reported higher negative affect and lower positive affect, indicating that people in Croatia seem to have been more fearful of earthquakes than COVID-19 pandemic. Findings suggest the long-term negative effects of earthquake on fear and well-being in comparison to COVID-19 pandemic.

Validação de instrumento de avaliação da metodologia ativa de sala de aula invertida

Abstract Active methodologies are understood as ways to develop the learning process and construct critical training with future professionals in the most diverse areas, favoring the autonomy of the student in their learning, ecouraging individual and collective decision-making. The objective of this study, as well as its methodological path, seeks to validate the evaluation instrument used in the Flipped Classroom Active Methodology. Developed by teachers of the nursing course and based on bloom taxonomy of the Cognitive Domain, the instrument contains twenty items to be evaluated. For validation, the psychometric properties of validity and reliability related to Pasquali’s psychometry were used. Verified through the Content Validity Index (CVI), it measures the proportion of evaluators who are in agreement with the instrument’s items, using an agreement of at least 80% among the evaluators as a decision criterion on the pertinence and acceptance of the item. The instrument was evaluated by 8 participants considered experienced in the area, using a 4-point Likert scale. The reliability criterion, analyzed using the IBM SPSS® software, presented a Cronbach’s alpha value of 0.94 and the validity criterion reached 70% agreement between the evaluators. It is concluded that the instrument is reliable, however, regarding the validity criterion, it needs adjustments to represent what it intends.

Development of the SPUR tool: a profiling instrument for patient treatment behavior

BackgroundLong-term treatment adherence is a worldwide concern, with nonadherence resulting from a complex interplay of behaviors and health beliefs. Determining an individual’s risk of nonadherence and identifying the drivers of that risk are crucial for the development of successful interventions for improving adherence. Here, we describe the development of a new tool assessing a comprehensive set of characteristics predictive of patients’ treatment adherence based on the Social, Psychological, Usage and Rational (SPUR) adherence framework. Concepts from existing self-reporting tools of adherence-related behaviors were identified following a targeted MEDLINE literature review and a subset of these concepts were then selected for inclusion in the new tool. SPUR tool items, simultaneously generated in US English and in French, were tested iteratively through two rounds of cognitive interviews with US and French patients taking long-term treatments for chronic diseases. The pilot SPUR tool, resulting from the qualitative analysis of patients’ responses, was then adapted to other cultural settings (China and the UK) and subjected to further rounds of cognitive testing.ResultsThe literature review identified 27 relevant instruments, from which 49 concepts were included in the SPUR tool (Social: 6, Psychological: 13, Usage: 11, Rational: 19). Feedback from US and French patients suffering from diabetes, multiple sclerosis, or breast cancer (n = 14 for the first round; n = 16 for the second round) indicated that the SPUR tool was well accepted and consistently understood. Minor modifications were implemented, resulting in the retention of 45 items (Social: 5, Psychological: 14, Usage: 10, Rational: 16). Results from the cognitive interviews conducted in China (15 patients per round suffering from diabetes, breast cancer or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) and the UK (15 patients suffering from diabetes) confirmed the validity of the tool content, with no notable differences being identified across countries or chronic conditions.ConclusionOur qualitative analyses indicated that the pilot SPUR tool is a promising model that may help clinicians and health systems to predict patient treatment behavior. Further steps using quantitative methods are needed to confirm its predictive validity and other psychometric properties.

Self-Perception of Prejudice and Discrimination Scale: Evidence of Validity and Other Psychometric Properties

Self-Perception of Prejudice and Discrimination Scale: Evidence of Validity and Other Psychometric Properties

A parsimonious and comprehensive screening tool for adult health behaviors.

A practical screening tool for early detection of unhealthy behaviors among adults to provide tailored care can have an important role in public health nursing. To develop a screening tool with valid psychometric properties for adult health behaviors (AHBs). A cross-sectional study was conducted between March 2018 and September 2019 in central-southern Taiwan. The AHBs development included qualitative and quantitative measurement of items based on literature reviews and expert opinion and exploration and confirmatory factor analysis. A total of 765 community adult participants: 377 women and 388 men, with a mean age of 39.3 (SD = 10.6), ranging from 20 to 64 years completed the AHBs screening tool. Analysis of the 23-items AHBs scale identified six dimensions - stress management, physical activity, health responsibility, life appreciation, healthy eating, and oral hygiene accounting for 67.3% of the variance. Total scale scores were significantly associated with a criterion variable of life satisfaction. The AHBs scale is a suitable screening tool that can be used to identify adults' unhealthy behaviors early, which is useful for public health nurses to conduct a regular assessment and initiate individualized health programs.

Foot Function Index for Arabic-speaking patients (FFI-Ar): translation, cross-cultural adaptation and validation study

BackgroundFoot Function Index (FFI) is a valid and reliable outcome measure, which is widely used to measure the foot and ankle functional level and disorders. Until now, no validated Arabic version of the FFI is available. This study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The purpose of this project was to translate and adapt the FFI into Arabic and to evaluate its psychometric properties of validity and reliability.MethodsThe study consisted of two phases. The first phase was the translation and cultural adaptation of the FFI to Arabic. The next phase involved, testing the psychometric properties of the Arabic version of the FFI on a sample of 50 consecutive participants which included internal consistency, test–retest reliability, floor and ceiling effects and construct validity.ResultsThe mean age of the study participants was 38 ± 12.94 years. Both the genders were evenly enrolled with 50% of the participants as male and 50% as female. Majority of them complained of plantar fasciopathy (32%) followed by pes planus (22%) and ankle sprain (18%). The scores of FFI-Ar were normally distributed, confirmed by a significant Shapiro–Wilk test. The mean value of FFI-Ar total score was 47.73 ± 19.85. There were no floor or ceiling effects seen in any of the subscales and total score. The internal consistency was good with the Cronbach’s alpha value of 0.882, 0.936 and 0.850 for the pain, disability and activity limitation subscales, respectively. The reproducibility of the FFI-Ar was analysed by intra-class correlation coefficient which revealed good to excellent test–retest reliability. A significant correlation was found between FFI-Ar and SF-36 and numeric rating scale (NRS) confirming its construct validity.ConclusionThe FFI-Arabic version showed good validity and reliability in patients with foot and ankle problems. This tool can be used in usual practice and research for analysing foot and ankle disorders in Arabic-speaking people.

Translation and Validation of the Malay Version of the WHO-5 Well-Being Index: Reliability and Validity Evidence from a Sample of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients.

The translation and validation process of the WHO-5 Well-Being Index (WHO-5) into Malay is still not yet available. This study is the first psychometric evaluation of the Malay version of the WHO-5 in a sample of 127 primary care patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. We evaluated the internal consistency and 5-week test–retest reliability of the WHO-5 Malay, and three aspects of its validity—first, the factorial validity in relation to the factor structure of the WHO-5 Malay; second, the concurrent validity in relation to depression and diabetes-related distress; and third, the convergent validity in relation to diabetes management self-efficacy and diabetes self-care behaviors. This study had two phases. Phase 1 involved the translation of the WHO-5 into Malay language following established procedures, whereas Phase 2 involved the validation of the WHO-5 Malay. Excellent internal consistency and 5-week test–retest reliability estimates were obtained. The factorial validity of the WHO-5 was found to be unidimensional. As for concurrent validity, the WHO-5 Malay was found to be negatively correlated with depression and diabetes-related distress. The WHO-5 was found to be correlated with diabetes management self-efficacy and diabetes self-care behaviors, thereby establishing convergent validity. The WHO-5 Malay has reliable and valid psychometric properties and represents a promising tool that informs healthcare providers in making effective and holistic diabetes management.

Propiedades psicométricas de la escala de depresión geriátrica: revisión sistemática

Depression is the most common mental disorder among older adults and one of the most disabling conditions worldwide. General objective: To review the scientific evidence on the psychometric properties of the geriatric depression scale. Methodology: A documentary study of systematic literature review was carried out. Regarding the search strategies, we worked with the library of the Catholic University of Cuenca, the Scopus, Pubmed and Web of Science databases were used, from 2017 to 2021in English and Spanish language. This allowed obtaining a total of 14 articles that were thoroughly analyzed. Main results: The Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) has adequate, reliable, and valid psychometric properties to assess knowledge about geriatric depression, thus contributing for students, health profession, because it is a brief and easy to apply screening instrument, widely used in clinical and research to detect depressive symptoms in older adults that can provide a reliability of an adequate diagnosis. Conclusion: It is concluded that the GDS is a reliable instrument to apply in the older adult population.

Spanish Cross-Cultural Validation of the Electronic Version of the International Index of Erectile Function-5 (IIEF-5).

The IIEF-5 questionnaire is a validated scale used as a diagnostic tool in erectile dysfunction (ED). This simplified version includes five items that focus on erectile function and satisfaction during sexual intercourse; it has favourable properties for detecting the presence and severity of erectile dysfunction The main objective of this study was to make a cross-cultural adaptation to Spanish of the IIEF-5 scale and to evaluate its psychometric properties of validity, reliability, and feasibility in the Spanish population. Validation of the IIEF-5 included: (i) professional translation of the scale; (ii) scientific evaluation of the translation; (iii) professional retranslation; (iv) assessment of 10 individuals to test correct comprehension and idiomatic adequacy; (v) validation of the IIEF-5 by an online survey. The study sample consisted of 100 participants, who received the online form either directly or through other participants who distributed it. Participants obtained a mean score of 22.3 (SD 2.7), implying normal erectile function. However, 23 results of mild dysfunction (n = 23) and 2 of mild to moderate dysfunction (5.1%) were identified. A Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.75 was obtained for the total of the final questionnaire, indicating high reliability. Validity analysis had a value of 0.784 (>0.5) and was therefore considered appropriate. The IIEF-5 scale is a reliable tool to test ED, and its Spanish version is satisfactorily understood by patients.

Psychometric properties of patient-reported outcome measures for dysphagia in head and neck cancer: a systematic review protocol using COSMIN methodology

BackgroundDysphagia (swallowing difficulty) is one of the most common and debilitating sequelae of head and neck cancer (HNC). Patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) are a fundamental component of dysphagia outcomes evaluation, as they inform treatment consequences that cannot be captured by objective clinician measures. Many PROMs for dysphagia in HNC are available, but their validity is unclear. As a consequence, the selection of the most appropriate PROM for dysphagia in HNC is complex and often based on the clinician’s personal preferences, rather than on valid psychometric properties. This protocol describes a systematic review aiming at (1) identifying PROMs specific to dysphagia symptoms, swallowing functional status, swallowing-related health status, and swallowing-related quality of life in HNC, (2) mapping them to our conceptual framework of dysphagia-related PROs, and (3) appraising their psychometric properties using the Consensus Based Standards for the Selection of Health Measurement Instrument (COSMIN) methodology.MethodsSix electronic databases will be searched from inception to December 2020 for all primary studies in any language and design detailing PROM development, reliability, validity, feasibility, interpretability, and/or cross-cultural adaptation. Eligibility criteria will target PROMs for patients with HNC (≥ 90% of the study sample) with ≥ 20% of their items pertaining to swallowing. Two independent raters will screen abstract and full texts and a third rater will resolve discrepancies. Data will be extracted on study, sample and PROM characteristics, and results of psychometric testing. PROMs will be mapped to our conceptual framework. The methodological quality of included PROMs and their psychometric properties will be appraised using the COSMIN risk of bias checklist and evidence will be summarized using a modified Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach.DiscussionThis systematic review will provide a summary of existing dysphagia-related PROMs for people with HNC and a comprehensive account of their psychometric properties. We will provide recommendations on PROMs selection which will aid healthcare professionals to the most appropriate PROM based on its validity, reliability, feasibility, interpretability and suitability for clinical and research settings. Further recommendations will be made on areas of measurement property requiring further testing.Systematic review registrationPROSPERO registration ID: CRD42021237877

Instrumentos utilizados para medir a qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde oral: revisão integrativa

ABSTRACT This study aimed to identify the instruments used to measure the quality of life related to oral health (HRQoL) as well as the measures that were adapted for the Portuguese language of Brazil. This is an integrative review whose inclusion criteria were papers in Portuguese, English and Spanish, published and indexed in databases Medline (PubMed) and Virtual Health Library (BVS). One thousand two hundred and sixty papers submitted, fifty-five were considered eligible for review, from which the following information was extracted: instrument; composition; community; sample size; measured domains / dimensions; and author, year, country. Subsequently, the data related to the translation and cultural adaptation processes for the Portuguese language of Brazil were collected in order to evaluate the psychometric properties of each study. The studies of this review show that the HRQoL theme has remained in evidence since the creation of the first instruments and seems not to be close to being exhausted. Of the 36 instruments presented, only 17 articles were identified in the databases assessed for cross-cultural adaptation to Brazilian Portuguese and validation of psychometric properties. Thus, despite the enormous dissemination of instruments, the need for translation, adaptation in the language and analysis of psychometric properties was pointed out in this study.

Portuguese validation of the Regret Intensity Scale (RIS-10) for measuring the intensity of regret associated with the provision of attention in health.

Objective:The aim of the study was to adapt and validate the Regret Intensity Scale-10 (RIS-10) for Brazilian health professionals.Methods:The validation study took place in two phases, in which the first was the translation of the instruments and the second, the field validation using psychometric properties validity and reliability of the scale with 341 professionals (doctors, nurses and physiotherapists) linked to hospitals. Validity was assessed using content validities (six judges evaluation), criteria (correlation with the Life Satisfaction Scale - SWLS and Self-Reporting Questionnaire 20 -SRQ-20) and construct (exploratory analysis using the rotation method Promax, based on the slope graph and the Kaiser criterion and confirmatory using the structural equation model) after applying the questionnaire to professionals.Reliability was measured by Cronbach's α coefficient and retest test over a maximum period of 30 days. Reproducibility was calculated by intraclass correlation.Results:A total of 341 professionals participated, with an average age of 38.6 ± 9.2 years. The content validity index (CVI) was 1.00, for all items of the scale in the proportion of agreement of the judges. Exploratory factor analysis showed a satisfactory correlation (Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin = 0.88), suggesting a two-factor model, which comprises the main components of the emotion of regret (Factor I - emoticons, Factor II - feelings), accounting for 64% of the total variation of the first factor. In the confirmation, the index standardized root mean squared residual = 0.063 was close to the acceptable and other values were below. The scale correlated positively with SRQ-20 (p < 0.001) and negatively with SLWS (p = 0.003). Reliability showed (Cronbach’s α = 0.863) and test-retest reliability showed lower values ​​than expected. The Bland-Altman graph showed a mean bias of -1.5 with lower and upper limits of 15.8 to 12.8 respectively.Conclusion:The RIS-10 adapted for the population performed adequately in the psychometric properties evaluated for the assessment of the intensity of regret related to the provision of health care.

Psychometric Characteristics of Turkish Version of Metacognitions about Online Gaming Scale

Objective: The purpose of the present study was to assess the psychometric properties of the Turkish version of the Metacognitions about Online Gaming Scale (MOGS-T). &#x0D; Method: Two studies were carried out with samples of video gamers (n1 = 196, n2 = 150) who filled a set of questionnaires including the demographic information form, MOGS-T, Gaming Addiction Scale, Internet Addiction Test, and Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS). &#x0D; Results: MOGS-T had good internal consistency and test-retest reliability. The factor structure of the MOGS-T was examined through exploratory factor analysis in the first study. A two-factor solution with positive metacognitions about online gaming and negative metacognitions about online gaming subscales showed the best fit to the data. A second study was performed to verify the factor structure of the scale and examine the predictive ability of MOGS-T factors. Hierarchical regression analyses demonstrated that positive metacognitions about online gaming significantly predicted weekly online gaming hours, negative metacognitions about online gaming significantly predicted Internet addiction, and both metacognitions about online gaming significantly predicted gaming addiction.&#x0D; Conclusion: MOGS-T has reliable and valid psychometric properties for this population.

Orientation of achievement responsibility and its relationship to Meta Creativity among students of the Department of Biology

The current research aimed to identify 1. Orientation of achievement responsibility among students of the Department of Biology 2. The differences in the Orientation of achievement responsibility among students of the Department of Biology according to the variables of grade (first, second, third, fourth) and gender (males - females). 3. Meta Creativity among students of the Department of Biology 4. The differences in Meta Creativity among students of the Department of Biology according to the variables of grade (first, second, third, fourth) and gender (males - females) 5. The correlation between the Orientation of achievement responsibility and the Meta Creativity among the students of the Department of of Biology. In order to achieve these goals, a sample of (200) male and female students from the Department of Biology in the College of Education was selected. They were chosen by stratified random method and in a proportional manner. A measure of achievement responsibility was built based on Haider’s attribution theory. It consisted of (32) paragraphs and two dimensions: internal trends and orientation The external responsibility for the collection was (16) paragraphs for each of them, and the psychometric properties (veracity and stability) were extracted for it, as well as the adoption of Al-Mahdawi’s scale (2010) based on the theory of the (Bruch 1988) tower, consisting of (39) paragraphs. After completing its psychometric properties of validity and reliability, the data were analyzed statistically using the t-test, one-sample analysis of variance, and the use of Pearson's correlation coefficient. The achievement responsibility and Meta Creativity are direct and statistically significant. The research came out with a number of recommendations and suggestions. Keyword (Orientation of achievement responsibility , Meta Creativity)

Item-Level Psychometrics of the Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced (COPE) Scale

Abstract Date Presented Accepted for AOTA INSPIRE 2021 but unable to be presented due to online event limitations. The purpose of this study was to analyze the Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced (COPE) scale and provide item-level psychometric properties. A short form of the COPE (n = 12) demonstrated a unidimensional measurement construct and valid item-level psychometric properties. Clinicians would be able to precisely measure clients' stress levels using the valid outcome measure. Primary Author and Speaker: Nam Sanghun Additional Authors and Speakers: Ickpyo Hong, Heesu Choi, and Mi Jung Lee

Innovative work behavior scale: development and validation of psychometric properties in higher education in the GCC countries

PurposeThe study aims to develop an innovative work behavior (IWB) scale for the faculty members and faculty leaders of universities in the Gulf Cooperation Council Countries (GCC). This research is intended for assessing the level of IWB in higher education and evaluating its psychometric properties.Design/methodology/approachThe study targets academic staff of universities in the GCC region, and out of 810 questionnaires that were distributed, only 773 valid responses were obtained of which 517 were responses from males and 256 from females whose ages range between 33 and 67 years.FindingsThe exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were used and confirmed a five-factor structural model (opportunity exploration, idea generation, idea promotion, idea realization and idea sustainability), and the model has a satisfactory fit. The scale consists of 27 items with high Cronbach's alpha value of 0.87, demonstrating good internal consistency. Preliminary results suggest that the IWB scale has adequate convergent and divergent validity.Practical implicationsThe IWB scale can be a useful tool for evaluating and developing a high level of innovative work behavior that maintains university services' sustainability and increases industries' competitiveness.Originality/valueThis research provides insights into the importance of IWB in achieving tangible success to the educational institutions. It provides a new method to confront sudden and unexpected circumstance such as what has happened during COVID-19 pandemic.

The Italian version of the Keratoconus Outcomes Research Questionnaire (KORQ): Translation and validation of psychometric properties.

To develop and validate the Italian version of the Keratoconus Outcomes Research Questionnaire (KORQ). Cross-sectional validation study. Keratoconus patients with routine appointments at the outpatient clinic were consecutively enrolled in conjunction with a sample of non-keratoconus controls for comparison. The Italian translation from the original English version of the KORQ was administered to the patients together with the Italian version of the 25-item version of the National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire (NEI VFQ-25). The reliability and validity of the Italian KORQ were assessed using standardized internationally accepted methods for cultural adaptation and validation of health-related quality of life measures. One hundred patients were deemed eligible and completed the questionnaires. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient for internal consistency ranged from 0.71 to 0.956 across the subscales. Spearman correlation coefficient and intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.98 showed excellent test-retest reliability. The control group had better scores on every subscale. Statistically significant correlations were found between the KORQ and analogous domain of the NEI VFQ-25 and with disease severity indicators, such as visual acuity, maximum keratometry, and steepest keratometry, thus demonstrating good construct and concurrent validity. The Italian version of the KORQ exhibited excellent internal consistency, test-retest reliability, validity, discriminatory power, and psychometric properties comparable with those of the original English version, and thus may be adopted as a powerful vision-targeted quality of life assessment tool for Italian keratoconus patients.