Linguistic Validation Research Articles

Finnish translation and linguistic validation of the FACE-Q Head and Neck Cancer Module.

Head and neck cancer (HNC) and its treatment can result in permanent changes to a patient's appearance, speaking, eating, and psychosocial well-being. To better assess the impact of the disease on HNC patients, the FACE-Q Head and Neck Cancer Module, a health-related quality-of-life instrument, was developed. The aim of this study was to produce and linguistically validate a Finnish version of the module. The module was translated into Finnish following the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research (ISPOR) guidelines. A total of 51 patients who had undergone tumour resection and reconstruction of the oral cavity, tonsil, or tongue area between 2019 and 2021 were approached for a pilot study. They completed the translated module and provided feedback on any linguistic issues. Adjustments were made based on the pilot study comments. The FACE-Q Head and Neck Cancer Module translated well into Finnish. Twenty-one (41%) patients participated in the survey, 12 men (57%) and nine women (43%) with a median age of 66 years (range 48-89 years). The median time since surgery was 3 years (range 1-4 years). Based on the feedback from the pilot study participants, one word was changed, and one question was rewritten. Otherwise, no deficiencies were identified in the language of the module. In summary, this study produced a linguistically valid Finnish version of the FACE-Q Head and Neck Cancer Module, enabling its application in evaluating the health-related quality-of-life among Finnish HNC patients who have undergone reconstructive surgery.

Translate and cross-culturally adapt the original English version of the lower extremity functional scale into the Sinhalese version

Objectives: Functional ability is critical for quality of life (QOF), and its evaluation is vital in a clinical context. However, there is a deficiency of a universally recognized grading scale in Sinhala for assessing functional capacity in athletes with lower extremity musculoskeletal conditions. This research aimed to validate the linguistic and cross-cultural adaptation of a translated Sinhala version of the lower extremity functional scale (S-LEFS). Materials and Methods: A two-stage observational study was conducted. The lower extremity functional scale was cross-culturally adapted to Sinhala through independent, double forward, and backward translation. An experienced clinical researcher tested the translated version to establish the linguistic validation of S-LEFS. The finalized version was validated for construct, convergent, and criterion validity. A total of 112 participants, comprising 57 healthy (50.89%) and 55 unhealthy (49.11%) lower limb athletes, completed S-LEFS. Results: S-LEFS demonstrated excellent reliability with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.952. Exploratory factor analysis revealed good factor loadings (>0.48) for all 20 items, with three components accounting for 70.63% of cumulative variance. Scale got a sensitivity of 87.5% and specificity of 81% at a cutoff point of 67.5. Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) value was 0.918 (P < 0.0001), and Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity was significant (P < 0.01). No correlation was detected between S-LEFS and World Health Organization QOF-Bref (r = 0.281). Conclusion: S-LEFS is a reliable and valid tool for evaluating lower limb function in athletes.

TURKISH VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY STUDY OF THE SUSTAINABILITY ATTITUDES IN NURSING SURVEY 2

PurposeIt is important to examine the attitudes of future nurses towards adopting a sustainability approach in their nursing practice. This study aimed to test the Sustainability Attitudes in Nursing Survey 2 psychometrically. MethodsThe methodological, descriptive study was conducted in November 2019 on nursing students (n = 286) at a university in Turkey. Data were analysed for reliability and validity tests. Statistics of the linguistic content validity analysis and Exploratory/ Confirmatory Factor Analysis were performed to determine the scale's validity. Cronbach Alpha coefficient, floor and ceiling impacts, Tukey’s test, and Hotelling’s T2 test, test-retest reliability, were determined for the scale's reliability. ResultsThe content validity index of the scale, which consists of five items and a one dimension, is .98. Factor loadings were above 0.30, all the fit indices were> 0.95, χ2/df was 1.58 and the root means square error of approximation was 0.045. Cronbach's α was .75. The floor and ceiling impacts were 0.0% and 3.1%. In Tukey’s test, F was 3.43 and p was 0.064. In Hotelling’s T2 test, Hotelling’s T2 was 265.59 and F was 65.68 (p < .001). Item-total correlation coefficients were between .37- .63. The test-retest correlation coefficient was .39. ConclusionsThe scale is a valid and reliable instrument in the Turkish language. It is advised to use the scale in determining attitudes towards sustainability among nursing students, evaluating the effectiveness of training, and taking student opinions in curriculum revisions. Also, the study allowed cross-country comparisons and it is thought that it can guide studies on the inclusion of sustainability principles in nursing practices.

Development and psychometric properties of the Japanese version of Child and Youth Resilience Measure-Revised (CYRM-R) among Japanese youth

Objectives Resilience is the ability to navigate adversity and recover from challenging situations. Developing resilience at a young age promotes mental health and provides benefits throughout one's lifespan. Validated measures for assessing resilience at a young age are required in both clinical practice and epidemiological studies. The Child and Youth Resilience Measure-Revised (CYRM-R) is a tool used worldwide to assess resilience in children and young people. The objective of this study was to develop a Japanese version of the CYRM-R and investigate its psychometric properties.Methods Children in grades 5-9 were recruited via a two-stage cluster random sampling taken from the Japan Adolescent and Youth (JAY) Longitudinal Cohort Study. The participants completed the Japanese version of the CYRM-R . The CYRM-R consists of two subscales, personal resilience and caregiver resilience, with a total of 17 items. The linguistic validity of the Japanese version of the CYRM-R was ensured through translation and back-translation.Cronbach's alpha coefficients were examined for the total score and the two subscales to assess the internal consistency of the Japanese version of the CYRM-R scale. In addition, correlation coefficients of the subscales were calculated. For factorial validity, a confirmatory factor analysis was conducted on the same two-factor structure as in the original version to assess the model's goodness of fit. Results A total of 2,266 children (50.0% male) were included in the study. The overall Cronbach's alpha of the Japanese version of the CYRM-R obtained from this sample was 0.956; For the personal resilience subscale, Cronbach's alpha was 0.932; for the caregiver resilience subscale, it was 0.919. Significant positive correlations were also found between subscales (r = 0.827, p < 0.001). A confirmatory factor analysis was conducted using a two-factor structure for validity. The model fit was good (RMSEA = 0.085, SRMR = 0.041, CFI = 0.934).Conclusion The Japanese version of the CYRM-R maintained the same two-factor structure as the original version. The study findings showed that the Japanese version of the CYRM-R had adequate internal consistency and factorial validity for assessing resilience in children and youth. Therefore, this scale is a valuable tool for identifying individuals or groups at risk in terms of children's resilience and for evaluating the effectiveness of support and interventions.

Validity and Reliability Testing of the Turkish Version of the Self-Acceptance Scale for Pregnant Women

Objective: This study was conducted to adapt the Self-Acceptance Scale for Pregnant Women (SAS-PW), which was developed in Brazil, to Turkish and test the psychometric properties of its Turkish version. Method: This methodological study was carried out with 576 pregnant women who presented to the pregnancy outpatient clinics of a Research and Training Hospital in northern Turkey between December 2021 and April 2022. The validity of the Turkish version of SAS-PW was tested by conducting linguistic, content, and construct validity analyses, while its reliability was tested by conducting internal consistency and test-retest analyses. Results: According to the results of the exploratory factor analysis, the factor load values of the items and the rates of the total variance in scale scores explained by the factors were sufficient. The confirmatory factor analysis results demonstrated that the goodness-of-fit indices of the scale were within suitable ranges. The 2-factor and 10-item construct of the original SAS-PW was confirmed based on the factor analyses. The item-total score correlations of the scale were found sufficient, and the total Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of SAS-PW was determined to be 0.93. The test-retest analysis of the scale scores revealed a strong correlation between the scores of the two implementations. Conclusions: The Turkish version of SAS-PW is a valid and reliable measurement instrument to evaluate the self-acceptance levels of pregnant women in Turkish society.

The mSQUASH is a feasible and valid measurement tool to uniformly assess daily physical activity in patients with rheumatic diseases

BackgroundThe modified Short QUestionnaire to ASsess Health-enhancing physical activity (mSQUASH) was originally developed and validated in Dutch patients with axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA). To support world-wide distribution, applicability and comparability of...

Linguistic Validation of the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Spiritual-Well-being-Expanded Version 4 Tool into Malayalam Language and its Feasibility in Advanced Cancer Patients Receiving Palliative Care

Objective: The objective of this study was to validate the ‘Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Spiritual-Well-being-Expanded(FACIT-SpEx) Version 4’ tool in Malayalam and assess its feasibility among advanced cancer patients receiving palliative care. Materials and Methods: The study was carried out at the outpatient Department of Cancer Palliative Medicine of Malabar Cancer Centre between November 2022 and June 2023. Initially, the FACIT-Sp-Ex version 4 tool with 23 items was translated into the Malayalam language with a forward-backward translation procedure. This was followed by pilot testing in 10 advanced adult cancer patients receiving palliative care who could read and comprehend the Malayalam language. After answering the draft version of the validated tool, patients responded to questions from a Malayalam-translated cognitive debriefing script. Results: The process of translation and cross-cultural adaptation went on smoothly with very few hurdles. The Malayalam terms used in three items Sp7, Sp9 and Sp23 when back translated were found to be different from the source. These issues were resolved with the use of the most suitable translations and closest equivalents available in Malayalam. In the pilot testing, the majority (70%) of the patients were female. The mean age of patients was 45.90 (standard deviation [SD] = 7.62) years. Carcinoma breast (50%) was the most common type of cancer. All the patients knew their diagnosis, while only 80% knew the prognosis. Almost 90% of the patients were receiving some form of palliative anticancer treatment. All patients completed the draft version of the validated tool. The mean spiritual well-being score measured using this validated tool was 71.20 (SD = 15.10). Analysis of the debriefing interviews revealed that the Malayalam version was easy to complete, relevant, and appropriate. Conclusion: Linguistic validation and cognitive debriefing produced the Malayalam translated FACIT-Sp-Ex version 4 tool conceptually equivalent to the original FACIT-Sp-Ex version 4 tool, and it is feasible for its use.

Validity and reliability of the Endotracheal Suction Assessment Tool© in adult ICU patients: A methodological study

BackgroundNovice nurses often find endotracheal suctioning signs unfamiliar. The Endotracheal Suction Assessment Tool© (ESAT©) aids pediatric nurses in suctioning but lacks an adult equivalent. A valid and reliable ESAT© for assessing intensive care unit patients’ suction needs across different populations is necessary. AimTo test the validity and reliability of the ESAT© in adult ICU patients. MethodsThis methodological study assessed suction needs in patients at a tertiary adult ICU of a university hospital. Two independent observers used the ESAT© to determine suction needs. Data from 106 suction procedures were collected using a patient characteristics form, the ESAT©, and a suction monitoring form. The ESAT© includes eight respiratory and ventilation parameters and seven clinical consideration parameters. Hemodynamic and respiratory parameters were measured before, and one and five minutes after suction. Linguistic validity, content validity, and pilot testing were conducted. Interobserver agreement was evaluated, and psychometric evaluation was done using content validity index (CVI) and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Data were analyzed with paired samples t-test and ANOVA. ResultsItem CVI ranged from 0.80 to 1.00, and scale CVI was 0.96. Inter-item correlation and ICC for inter-rater reliability were both 0.933 (95 % CI = 0.903–0.954, p < 0.001 for ICC). Cohen’s Kappa coefficients ranged from 0.690 to 1.000 (p < 0.001), indicating high consistency between raters for all tool items. All scale items showed near-perfect agreement except SpO2, which showed substantial agreement. ConclusionThe S-CVI was good, indicating near-perfect agreement among raters. ESAT© is highly reliable and valid for determining suction needs in adult intensive care patients. Implications for PracticeThe ESAT© aids autonomous decision-making for suctioning needs. Originally for novice pediatric nurses, the ESAT© was adapted for adult intensive care nurses. The ESAT© is valid and reliable for adult intensive care patients.

Turkish translation and validation of an interprofessional identity measure: EPIS-TR

ABSTRACT Research on interprofessional identity using the Extended Professional Identity Theory (EPIT) has shown promising results in measuring this identity, predicting interprofessional collaboration, and improving team outcomes. However, EPIT-based interprofessional identity has not been studied in Türkiye due to the absence of a Turkish version of the Extended Professional Identity Scale (EPIS). We aimed to develop and validate a Turkish EPIS, the EPIS-TR, and explore interprofessional identities across eight different professions. A cross-cultural adaptation of EPIS was made by linguistic validation, followed by analysis of psychometric properties using a sample of students from four Turkish universities and eight professions/programs (n = 405). Confirmatory factor analysis and reliability analyses were performed. Differences between professions were explored with ANOVA and a post hoc test. Three out of seven goodness-of-fit indices showed acceptable fit (x2/df = .004; RMSEA = .07; GFI = .94), and others showed excellent fit (SRMR = .04; AGFI = .91; CFI = .97; NNFI = .96). The internal consistency of the EPIS-TR is .93. The EPIS-TR scale has strong psychometric properties. The construct validity of the EPIS-TR was similar to that of the original version. The interprofessional identity scores of the different professions were mostly similar. Based on these findings, the EPIS-TR is well suited for measuring interprofessional identity.

Adaptation and validation of the Spanish version of the Being a Mother scale.

Becoming a mother is a very important process because of the impact it can have on women and their families. Currently, there is no validated questionnaire that evaluates the process of becoming a mother in the Spanish population. Moreover, no consistent results have been obtained to identify significant differences between primiparous and multiparous mothers. (1) Linguistic and metric validation of the Being a Mother scale (BaM-13) in the Spanish population, (2) analysis of possible differences between primiparous and multiparous mothers' experience of motherhood. Instrumental design. In 2016-2017, a sample of 579 mothers with children between 6 and 11 months of age completed the Spanish version of BaM-13. The instrument was translated using forward and back translation. Construct validity, internal consistency, and criterion validity were empirically analyzed. Factorial analyses showed that the scale presented two adequate factors. Internal consistency of the global scale (α=0.818, ω=0.861), the Postnatal bonding factor (α=0.773, ω=0.784), and the Adult's experience factor (α=0.710, ω=0.721) was adequate. Significant associations were found with postpartum depression (r=0.560), parental competence (r=-0.584) and postnatal bonding (r=-0.327). In terms of parity, primiparous mothers have greater difficulty in postnatal bonding, compared to multiparous mothers (p=0.006). The Spanish version of the BaM-13 scale is valid for measuring mothers' experience of motherhood in a wide range of domains. The findings of the study show the importance of considering parity in the experience of becoming a mother, highlighting the approach to postnatal bonding in primiparous mothers. Additionally, we underline that it should not be assumed that multiparous mothers experience fewer difficulties in their motherhood process.

Turkish Validity and Reliability of the Quality Nursing Care Scale (QNCS-T)

Objective Nursing care is a unique and indispensable concept for nursing that includes helping to meet the needs of an individual or a group of individuals offered by nurses. This study is aimed to test the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Quality Nursing Care Scale (QNCS-T). Materials and Methods The methodological approach employed in this study spanned from April 25, 2021, to May 5, 2021, and enlisted the participation of 347 nurses. Data collection was executed utilizing a “Personal Information Form” and the “Quality Nursing Care Scale (QNCS).” The research comprised two phases: Phase 1 involved the adaptation of the scale, while Phase 2 focused on determining construct validity through confirmatory factor analysis. Reliability was assessed through measures of internal consistency and item-total correlation coefficients. Results and Discussion The adaptation phase yielded affirmative outcomes, affirming the linguistic and content validation of the Turkish version of the scale. Confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated a highly favorable fit for a sixfactor model. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient for the entire scale was determined to be 0.93, attesting to its strong internal consistency. Conclusion The Turkish version of the Quality Nursing Scale showed consistently good psychometric properties of reliability and validity. Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 23 No. 04 October’24 Page : 1075-1082

Translation and Validation of Iranian Version of the Gratitude at Work Scale (GAWS).

Gratitude in the workplace canenhance work achievements and promoteindividual well-being in organizational contexts. Although the Gratitude at Work Scale (GAWS) was developed in the USA, it has not been corroborated in thePersian culture. The purpose of this study wasto validate the Persian version of the Gratitude at Work Scale (GAWS). Scale validation procedures included linguistic validation and face and content validity assessment by experts and analysis. There was a correlation of approximately 0.592 between two subscales of GAWS-MW and GAWS-SWE, indicating a moderate level of association. Scale validity analysis demonstrated a positive correlation between GAWS and measures gratitude (GQ6), gratitude toward God, subjective happiness and satisfaction with life scales. The Gratitude at Work Scale exhibited good psychometric properties in assessing the sense of gratitude at work in our population. This may contribute to improving overall individual and organizational performance.

Validation of Student Project Based Learning Worksheets with a Non-Parametric Statistical Approach on Greenhouse Effect Material

Abstract So that can to produce a PjBL-based Student Worksheet with a valid and practical statistical approach to the Greenhouse Effect material in the Environmental Physics course, this research was conducted. Through the stages of planning, development procedures and Tessmer’s formative evaluation model with expert review stages in order to validate the language, content and design which is the definition of the Rowntree research model used in conducting this research. The use of the Likert scale by questionnaire techniques and walkthroughs is used to design validity data analysis for student worksheet products. As for the data analysis carried out, very valid results were obtained from a maximum score of 5 with a value of 4.3 for validation of the greenhouse effect context using a statistical approach, 4.9 for validation of working width design and 5 for linguistic validation. Tests for practical use are carried out on students. At the one-to-one evaluation stage, test results were obtained which showed the average score and for testing in small groups, it reached 93.7% and 97.5% in the very practical category.

Validity and Reliability of the Korean Version of the Trauma-informed Climate Scale-10

PurposeThe Trauma-Informed Climate Scale-10 is a short form developed to efficiently measure staff perceptions of the values of trauma-informed care within the service environment. This study aimed to evaluate the reliability and validity of the Korean version of the Trauma-Informed Climate Scale-10 (K-TICS-10) among Korean nurses. MethodsThe K-TICS-10 underwent a linguistic validation process, including translation, back-translation, and expert committee review. Data were collected from 218 nurses in tertiary general hospital in South Korea. Internal consistency reliability was assessed using Cronbach’s α. Structural validity was tested through confirmatory factor analysis. Convergent validity was examined using Pearson’s correlation with affective commitment and burnout. Item-convergent validity was evaluated to examine the internal structure of the scale. ResultsThe Korean version of the TICS-10 demonstrated reliable internal consistency, with Cronbach’s α of .82. The fitness of the modified model was acceptable (χ2/Df = 2.85, goodness-of-fit index = .92, root mean square error of approximation = .09, standardized root mean square residual = .08, Normed fit index = .88, Tucker–Lewis index = .88, and comparative fit index = .91). Convergent validity of the K-TICS-10 was confirmed by significant correlation with affective commitment (r = .56, p <.001) and burnout (r = -.53, p <.001), respectively. The average extracted variances (.34) and composite reliability (.81) indicated adequate convergent validity of the items. ConclusionThe findings of this study support the satisfactory psychometric properties of the K-TICS-10, indicating its utility for evaluating the trauma-informed climate among nursing work environment in Korea.

Turkish Validity and Reliability Study of the Digital Vaccine Literacy Scale

Objectives: This study aimed to assess the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Digital Vaccine Literacy (DVL) scale. Methods: This methodological study was conducted with 236 staff working at a foundation university hospital between September 2023 and April 2024. Data were collected using the Personal Information Form and DVL scale. The linguistic validity, content validity, exploratory factor analysis, and confirmatory factor analysis of the scale were conducted. Reliability was evaluated through item-total correlations, Cronbach's alpha coefficient, and test-retest reliability. Data were analyzed in SPSS 27.0 and AMOS 22.0 package programs. Results: The study revealed 3 dimensions comprising 7 items, with factor loadings ranging from 0.612 to 0.851, explaining 78.63% of the total variance. The fit measures were acceptable (χ2/df = 3.271; RMSEA = 0.072; CFI = 0.912; NFI = 0.875; GFI = 0.874; TLI = 0.889; IFI = 0.876; p &lt; 0.001) in confirmatory factor analysis. The overall Cronbach's alpha value of the scale was 0.730, while the sub-dimensions were 0.791, 0.891 and 0.781, respectively. The test-retest reliability correlation was positive, very strong and statistically significant (r=0.962, p

PENGEMBANGAN MODUL AJAR BERBASIS PMRI MENGGUNAKAN KONTEKS PASAR INPRES LUBUKLINGGAU PADA MATERI ARITMATIKA SOSIAL KELAS VII

This study aims to produce PMRI-based teaching modules using the market context of Inpres Lubuklinggau on class VII social aritamtics material that is valid, practical, and has potential effects. This research is a development research using the ADDIE development model, which consists of stages: analysis, design, development, implementation and evaluation. Data collection techniques were carried out through interviews, observations, questionnaires, and tests, with the subjects of the study being grade VII students of SMPIT Mutiara Cendekia Lubuklinggau totaling 6 students for the small group test and 24 students for the field test. Based on the results of data analysis, it shows that Aiken's V value from the validation of linguists is 0.85, media experts are 0.83 and material experts are 0.81 with very valid categories. In the practicality test, teachers and students obtained an overall percentage of 85.34% in the very practical category. And the results of the potential effect test through tests given by 24 students obtained data that 21 students (88%) were included in the complete category and 3 students (12%) with the incomplete category.

Thirst Distress Scale for Patients With Heart Failure: Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Preliminary Psychometric Assessment in Brazil.

Background and Purpose: Thirst-related distress in individuals with heart failure (HF) is associated with exacerbated symptoms. This study aimed to culturally adapt the Thirst Distress Scale for Patients with Heart Failure (TDS-HF) for Brazil and assess the content validity of the adapted version. Methods: The TDS-HF was translated, back-translated, and evaluated for linguistic equivalence, clarity, relevance, and pertinence by seven professional experts. The adapted TDS-HF was administered to 40 patients with HF, who provided feedback on its understandability. Results: The adaptation achieved satisfactory evidence of linguistic equivalence and content validity, with a total content validity coefficient of 0.95. The patients understood the translated version effectively. Conclusion: The Brazilian TDS-HF maintains linguistic equivalence to the original version and demonstrates satisfactory evidence of content validity. Further psychometric testing is deemed necessary for implementation.

Language Validation and Cultural Adaptation of the Italian Version of the Family Caregiver Quality of Life Scale.

Heart failure significantly impacts healthcare systems and society, affecting quality of life (QoL) due to its symptoms and continuous care needs. Nurses are crucial in managing heart failure, supporting both patients and caregivers who face physical, emotional, social, and spiritual challenges. The Family Caregiver Quality of Life (FAMQOL) scale evaluates caregivers' QoL across all dimensions. This study aims to translate and culturally adapt the FAMQOL from English to Italian, enhancing its utility in nursing research and practice to better identify and support caregiver well-being. Following EORTC guidelines (2017), the FAMQOL underwent linguistic validation and cultural adaptation. This included independent forward translations from English to Italian, back translations, and reconciliation discussions to produce a testable translation. A pilot test with 15 caregivers assessed the questionnaire's acceptability and comprehensibility. Linguistic adjustments ensured the questionnaire's understandability in Italian. Interviews confirmed its acceptability and comprehensibility, with minor modifications enhancing clarity. The translation process successfully adapted the FAMQOL for Italian caregivers. This tool is essential for nursing research and practice, providing a culturally relevant assessment of the burden of care. It allows targeted interventions to support health workers, intercepting the QoL of caregivers early and, consequently, the well-being of patients with heart failure.

Polish translation, cultural adaptation, and validity confirmation of the Scored Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment

PurposeThe Scored Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA©) is a validated nutritional screening, assessment, triage, and monitoring tool. The aim of this study was to perform translation, cultural adaptation, linguistic, and content validation of the translated and culturally adapted version of the PG-SGA for the Polish setting.MethodsThe study was performed in concordance with the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research (ISPOR) Principles. Patients (n = 174) and healthcare professionals (HCPs, n = 188) participated in the study. Comprehensibility and difficulty were assessed by patients for the PG-SGA Short Form, and by HCPs for the professional component. Content validity was assessed for the full PG-SGA by HCPs only. Evaluations were operationalized by a 4-point scale. Item and scale indices were calculated using the average item ratings divided by the number of respondents. Item indices < 0.78 required further analysis of the item, while scale indices ≥ 0.90 were defined as excellent and 0.80–0.89 as acceptable.ResultsThe PG-SGA Short Form was rated as excellent for content validity (Scale-CVI = 0.90) by HCPs and easy to comprehend (Scale-CI = 0.96) and use (Scale-DI = 0.94) by patients. The professional component of the PG-SGA was perceived as acceptable for content validity (Scale-CVI = 0.80), comprehension (Scale-CI = 0.87), and difficulty (Scale-DI = 0.80). The physical exam was rated the least comprehensible and the most difficult, and with the lowest content validity. We found significant differences in scale indices (p < 0.05 for all) between HCPs with different professions and between those being familiar with PG-SGA and not.ConclusionTranslation and cultural adaptation of the PG-SGA for the Polish setting preserved the purpose and conceptual meaning of the original PG-SGA. Validation revealed that the Polish version of PG-SGA is well understood and easy to complete by patients and professionals, and is considered relevant by professionals. However, detailed results indicate the need for appropriate training of the Polish HCPs, especially physicians and nurses, mainly in the worksheets related to the metabolic demand and physical exam.

Urdu translation, cross-cultural validation and reliability of ECOS-16 questionnaire among post-menopausal women with osteopenia.

Escala de Calidad de vida Osteoporosis (ECOS-16) was originally developed in Spanish to evaluate the quality of life (QoL) in post-menopausal women (PMW) with osteoporosis or osteopenia based on the osteoporosis-specific QoL instruments. ECOS-16 has been translated into several languages, but the Urdu version is not yet available. To translate the ECOS-16 Questionnaire into Urdu and determine its validity and reliability in PMW with osteopenia. This was a linguistic validity and reliability study. ECOS-16 was translated into Urdu using Beaton's guidelines. Content validity was examined using Waltz's four-point ordinal scale. Twenty osteopenia-afflicted PMW aged 48-70 underwent pilot testing for face validity. Discriminant validity was determined by an independent T-test between PMW women with and without osteopenia. Convergent validity was assessed using Spearman's correlation coefficient. Cronbach's alpha and Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC2,1) assessed internal consistency and test-retest reliability. The factor analysis was used to describe the factors. Each question's content validity ratio (CVR) was 0.83-1.00, while the scale's S-CVR was 0.96. Each question's Likert scale content validity index (CVI) was 0.91-0.93, while the scale's S-CVI was 0.91. Significant discriminant validity was found between groups in weeks I and II (p-value < 0.001). A correlation coefficient of 0.89 and 0.96 (p-value < 0.001) between Urdu ECOS-16 total score and SF-36 and EQ-5D scores suggests convergent validity. One component explained 83.86% of Urdu ECOS-16's variance in factor analysis. Excellent test-retest reliability (ICC2,1 = 0.990, 95% CI, 0.985-0.994, p-value < 0.001). Cronbach's alpha for standardized items was 0.995. ECOS-16 translated in Urdu is a valid and reliable questionnaire to assess QoL in PMW with osteopenia. It has a simple and easy language that can be understood easily by the Urdu-speaking population.