Linguistic Validation Research Articles

PCR144 International Adaptation and Linguistic Validation of the Hypoparathyroidism Daily Diary of Symptom Experience (HPT-DD-SE) and the Hypoparathyroidism Life Impact Questionnaire (HPT-LIQ)

The Hypoparathyroidism Daily Diary of Symptom Experience (HPT-DD-SE) and Hypoparathyroidism Life Impact Questionnaire (HPT-LIQ) are new disease-specific, patient-reported outcome (PRO) measures to assess the effect of investigational treatment on symptoms and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in patients with Hypoparathyroidism (HPT). Originally developed in US English, the measures were adapted into 16 additional languages.

Development of Powerpoint Multimedia Based on Quided Inquiry Learning on Oxidation Reduction Reaction Materials on Ability Thinking High Level

The purpose of this research is to develop a powerpoint media for oxidation and reduction reactions based on quided inquiry learning towards high-level thinking abilities of X-grade Senior High School students. The model used is the RND (Research and Development) development model with the 4D method, namely the stages of definition (Define), design (Design), development (Develop) and dissemination (Disseminate). The limitation of this research is only up to the development stage. This development assessment is valid and practical. There are two categories of validation, namely material validation with content, construct, linguistic and graphic validation elements, while media expert validation uses display and media elements. Elements of practice can be seen from the questionnaire conducted by 36 students and 2 teachers. The results of this study are powerpoint media that meet valid and practical criteria, so that they can be used for learning oxidation and reduction reactions to high-level thinking skills in senior high school

DEVELOPING QUR’AN-BASED MATHEMATICS TEACHING MATERIALS FOR 21ST-CENTURY LEARNING

This study aims to develop Qur’an-based teaching materials for teaching lines in Grade 4 for 21st-century learning. This research is a research and development (R&D) research using the ADDIE model, involving the stages of analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation. The subjects in this study were 4th-grade students in Bekasi, Indonesia. The data were analyzed descriptively, and percentages were used to represent the results. The results showed that 1) validation of material experts indicated 77% with valid criteria, 2) validation of linguists reporting 87.5% with very valid criteria, and 3) validation of media experts resulting in 83% with very valid criteria. The assessment of students' responses revealed that a one-to-one trial with five subjects each showed an average of 95% with high criteria. Based on the results of this assessment, the Qur'an-based mathematics teaching materials for the topic of lines aligning to 21st-century learning are valid or suitable for use.

Translation and psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Audit of Diabetes Dependent Quality of Life (IR-ADDQoL)

BackgroundThis study aimed to undertake linguistic validation and assess the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the Audit of Diabetes-Dependent Quality of Life (IR-ADDQoL) questionnaire in Iranian patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes.MethodsThe gold-standard linguistic-validation procedure required by the developer of the ADDQoL (see https://www.healthpsychologyresearch.com) including cross-cultural adaptation was followed. Validity and reliability of the Persian ADDQoL were then evaluated in a cross-sectional study of a sample of 153 patients with diabetes. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were applied to assess structural validity. Internal consistency reliability was assessed.ResultsBoth forced one-factor and unforced four-factor solutions were extracted from the exploratory factor analysis that jointly accounted for 48% and 66.53% of the variance observed, respectively. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated an acceptable model fit for the Persian ADDQoL. Cronbach’s alpha showed excellent internal consistency for the questionnaire (alpha = 0.931 for the single scale).ConclusionThe Persian ADDQoL (IR-ADDQoL) showed adequate structural validity and excellent internal consistency. Therefore, it could be efficiently used to evaluate the impact of diabetes on quality of life in outcome studies and research settings in Iran.

The Development of Textbooks On Circumference And Area Of Flat Shapes Material For Grade IV Elementary School

The development of this textbook aims to be able to assist students in self-study at home as well as teachers in understanding students, especially in the topic of ​​circumference and area of ​​ two-dimensional figure. This research is a textbook development research using 3 of the 4 steps of the 4D Development Model, namely Define (defining), Design (design), Development (development). The results of the media in the form of Textbooks of the topic Circumference and area of ​​ two-dimensional figure. The data obtained from this study were teacher interviews and validation of learning media. There are four kinds of validation sheets used, namely one for material validation, presentation validation, linguistic validation, and graphic validation. Based on the expert validator's assessment of the Circumference and area of ​​ two-dimensional figure Textbooks for Grade IV Elementary School, the results of the material validator's assessment showed an average value of 90% which was categorized as valid. The results of the language validator show an average value of 91.6% which is categorized as valid. The results of the presentation validator show an average of 85.4% so it is categorized as valid. The results of the graphical validator show an average value of 95.8% which can be categorized as valid. The assessments of the validators can be said as valid with a few revisions or additions to complete the textbook.
 Keywords : 4D Model, Textbook, Perimeter and Area, two-dimensional figure

PENGEMBANGAN BAHAN AJAR DIGITAL BERBASIS PENDEKATAN KONTEKSTUAL DENGAN MATERI HUBUNGAN ANTAR KOMPONEN EKOSISTEM DAN JARING-JARING MAKANAN DI LINGKUNGAN SEKITAR

This study aimed to describe (1) the characteristics of science teaching materials based on a contextual approach to ecosystem materials; (2) the feasibility of science teaching materials based on a contextual approach to ecosystem materials; (3) the responses of teachers and students to science teaching materials based on a contextual approach for teachers and students. The research method used was the Research and Development (R&D) method. Research instruments in interview guidelines, validation sheets, and chek- list response sheets. Six validators participated in invalidating content validity, graphical validity, and language validity. The data were analyzed using the Aiken V and Inter-rater reliability. The results of the study carried out content validation (0.89) with very valid criteria, presentation validation (0.94) very valid criteria, graphic validation (0.89) very valid criteria, and linguistic validation (0.90) very valid criteria. This study concludes that digital teaching materials based on a contextual approach are appropriate for SD Negeri 14 Kaur.

The Nutrition Literacy Assessment Instrument for Brazilians, NLit-Br: An Exploratory Cross-Cultural Validity Study.

This study aimed to test the validity of the cross-cultural adapted Nutrition Literacy Assessment Instrument for Brazilians (NLit-Br). An observational cross-sectional study was performed in chronic disease clinics from the Brazilian Public Health System in two phases: (1) linguistic and cultural adaptation and (2) validity testing. Six registered dietitians and thirty adult patients diagnosed with at least one chronic disease participated in the study using the nutrition literacy assessment instrument (NLit-Br) and the short assessment of health literacy for Portuguese-speaking adults (SAHLPA-18). Sample descriptive variables: age, sex, race, income, education, and occupation. To adapt the instrument to the Brazilian Portuguese and Brazilian culture, we tested cognitive interviewing and the Scale Content Validity Index (S-CVI) with a group of dietitians and patients. To test the tool's validity, health literacy (SAHLPA-18) was used as a construct that presents similarities and differences with nutrition literacy (NLit-Br). The correlation of NLit-Br and the SAHLPA-18 was tested (Spearman's Rho). Internal consistency was measured by Kuder-Richardson Formula 20 (KR-20). The NLit-Br content validity (S-CVI = 0.85) and internal consistency (KR-20 = 0.868) were confirmed. Additionally, NLit-Br presented a significant and robust correlation with SAHLPA-18 (r = 0.665, p < 0.001). Therefore, the NLit-Br was considered a linguistic, cultural, and valid instrument to measure Brazilian's nutrition literacy.

Pengembangan Media Game Edukasi untuk Meningkatkan Pemahaman Siswa pada Mata Pelajaran IPA Kelas IV

This study aims to develop learning media for android-based educational games in science subjects for energy sources, so as to increase the activity of students and increase their understanding of various energy sources and their uses. This type of research is research and development (R&D), which refers to the ADDIE development model (Analysis, Design, Development, Implement, and Evaluation). The data obtained will be analyzed with descriptive quantitative and qualitative data. The feasibility of learning media for Android-based educational games from the research results is "very feasible" to be used as a learning medium for fourth grade students. This can be seen from the results of the percentage of media expert validation of 82%, material expert validation of 88%, and linguistic expert validation of 88%. The three criteria are declared to have valid categories with additional input and general suggestions that are used as consideration in improving educational game media. Furthermore, based on the questionnaire responses, students obtained results of 92.9% which indicated the "very good" criteria. Meanwhile, based on the results of the class tests (pre-test and post-test) the average value was initially only 55.6, which increased to 85.6 after using educational game media.

The Chinese Mandarin Version of the Esophageal-Atresia-Quality-of-Life Questionnaires for Children and Adolescents: Evaluation of Linguistic and Content Validity.

After repair of esophageal atresia (EA), children risk digestive and respiratory morbidity, but knowledge of their health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in China is lacking. The EA-QOL questionnaires were developed in Sweden and Germany to evaluate condition-specific HRQOL in children with EA aged 2-7 and 8-17. This study aimed to evaluate the linguistic and content validity of the Chinese Mandarin version of the EA-QOL questionnaires. The procedure was conducted in compliance with international standards, including a forward-backward translation procedure, expert reviews, and cognitive debriefing interviews with 14 Chinese families of children with EA (parents of 8 children aged 2-7/6 children aged 8-17 and their parents). Following forward-backward translation, minor issues were identified and solved. In interviews, all participants rated all EA-QOL items easy to understand, none expressed negative emotions about them and most described them comprehensive and relevant for EA. Leading from cognitive debriefing, three EA-QOL items in the questionnaire version for children aged 2-7 and three EA-QOL items in the questionnaire version for children aged 8-17 were modified in the Chinese language to improve cultural appropriateness and/or clarity. The Chinese Mandarin version of the EA-QOL questionnaires achieved satisfactory linguistic and content validity. This can help increase focus of HRQOL in research and clinical practice of children with EA in China.

Adaptation of a short and universal learning self-efficacy scale for clinical skills in Turkish.

The performance of a clinical task depends on an individual's skills, knowledge, and beliefs. However, there is no reliable and valid tool for measuring self-efficacy beliefs toward clinical skills in the Turkish language. This research work aims to study the linguistic equivalence, validity, and reliability of a Self-Efficacy Scale for Clinical Skills (L-SES). After reaching the original item pool of the scale, applying both forward and backward translation processes, and collecting responses of 11 experts from health professional sciences and educational sciences, the translation and adoption processes were completed. We randomly divided 651 medical students' responses to a 15-item questionnaire into two datasets and conducted exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) analyses. CFA validated the three-factor model, and the model fit indexes were found to have acceptable values. The item factor loads ranged from .34 to .84, and items in the scale explained 47% of the total variance. Cronbach's alpha (.91), Spearman-Brown (.88), and Guttman Split-Half (.88) coefficients obtained within the scope of internal consistency reliability demonstrated that the scale had the desired internal consistency. The Turkish version of the short and universal learning self-efficacy scale for clinical skills questionnaire is a valid and reliable scale for measuring medical students' self-efficacy for clinical skills. Adopted questionnaires may have different factor structures when applied to two different cultures. We also discussed this issue as a hidden pattern in our study.

21st Century Multimedia Innovation: Development of E-LKPD Based On Scientific Inquiry in Science Class

This research explores learning 21st century that is oriented towards technological sophistication in the form of digital based multimedia innovation in Elementary School. This research that aims to find out how to develop, feasibility, and student response against e-LKPD based on scientific inquiry in Elementary School level science subject. This study uses research and development (RD) methods. In the collection of this research data using unstructured interviews, questionnaires, and documentation. Data analysis uses descriptive scale analysis. This development uses 4D model develop by Thiagarjan consists of 4 stages as Define, Design, Development, and Disseminate. Subject testing was conducted on 30 students of grade V Elementary School. The result namely validation of e-LKPD products based on scientific inquiry the results of material expert validators obtained an overall average of 95,38% into the category is very worthy, validation of linguists obtained an overall average of 96,36% into the category is very worthy, and media expert validation has obtained an overall average of 81,64% into the category is very worthy. The feasibility of e-LKPD products based on scientific inquiry science showed a positive respons from a student questionnaire result with an average percentage of 89,13% and 87,77%.

Validation of the Spanish Acute Cystitis Symptoms Score (ACSS) in native Spanish-speaking women of Europe and Latin America.

The Acute Cystitis Symptom Score (ACSS) is a patient self-reporting questionnaire for clinical diagnostics and patient-reported outcome (PRO), which may assess the symptoms and the effect on the quality of life in women with acute cystitis (AC). The current study aimed to create a validated Spanish version of the ACSS questionnaire. The process of linguistic validation of the Spanish version of the ACSS consisted of the independent forward and backward translations, revision and reconciliation, and cognitive assessment. Clinical evaluation of the study version of the ACSS was carried out in clinics in Spain and Latin America. Statistical tests included the calculation of Cronbach's α, split-half reliability, specificity, sensitivity, diagnostic odds ratio, positive and negative likelihood ratio,and area under the receiver-operating characteristiccurve (AUC). The study was performed on 132 patients [age (mean;SD)45.0;17.8 years] with AC and 55 controls (44.5;12.2 years). Cronbach's α of the ACSS was 0.86, and the split-half reliability was 0.82. The summary scores of the ACSS domains were significantly higher in patients than in controls, 16.0 and 2.0 (p < 0.001), respectively. The predefined cut-off point of ≥6 for a summary score of the "Typical" domain resulted in a specificity of 83.6% and a sensitivity of 99.2% for the Spanish version of the ACSS. AUC was 0.91 [0.85; 0.97]. The validated Spanish ACSS questionnaire evaluates the symptoms and clinical outcomes of patients with AC. It can be used as a patient's self-diagnosis of AC, as a PRO measure tool, and help to rule out other pathologies in patients with voiding syndrome.

DEVELOPMENT OF DIORAMA MEDIA ON CULTURAL DIVERSITY MATERIALS IN MY COUNTRY ISLAMIC ELEMENTARY SCHOOL

This study aims to: (1) produce valid integrative thematic diorama learning media, (2) produce practical integrative thematic diorama learning media. The method used is the R&amp;D development method with the ADDIE development model which consists of 5 stages, namely: Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, Evaluation. The data collection used is a questionnaire and documentation. Test the validity and practicality of the data using a predetermined formula. The subjects of this study were fourth grade students of MI Al-Ittifaqiah Indralaya with a total of 15 students. Therefore, it can be concluded: (1) Produce valid integrative thematic diorama learning media seen from the validity questionnaire of design experts with a score of 62 with an average result of 85, validation of linguists with a score of 49 with an average result of 81, and material expert validation with a score of 58 with an average result of 96.66. (2) Produce practical integrative thematic diorama learning media as seen from the score of 1,379.82 with an average score of 91.98.

Health-related quality of life amongst children with chronic kidney disease in Malaysia: performance of the Bahasa Melayu version of the PedsQL 3.0 ESRD Module : (PedsQL 3.0 VerBATIM: version in Bahasa Melayu. Translated for use in Malaysia).

The PedsQL 3.0 End Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) Module is a well-accepted instrument internationally but it is not available in the local language. We aimed to validate the Bahasa Melayu (Malay language) version and determine the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) scores amongst children with CKD in Malaysia. The source questionnaire in English was translated into Bahasa Melayu. Linguistic validation guidelines by the MAPI Research Institute were followed. The already validated Bahasa Melayu PedsQL 4.0 Generic Core Scales was used for comparison. Sociodemographic data were collected during the interview. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 25.0. Sixty-nine children aged 8 to 18 with CKD stages 4 and 5, with or without dialysis, and their caregivers were recruited. Mean age was 12.62 ± 2.77 (SD). Evaluation of the PedsQL 3.0 ESRD Module Bahasa Melayu version demonstrated good internal consistency (Cronbach alpha 0.82). There was good agreement between child self-report and parent proxy report in all domains; average intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were 0.78, 95% CI (0.71, 0.84). Scores obtained from Generic 4.0 scales correlated with the disease-specific ESRD 3.0 scale, Spearman's rho = 0.32, p = 0.007. The Kruskal-Wallis H test indicated that there were no significant differences between stages of CKD and their respective mean HRQoL score, χ2(2) = 2.88, p = 0.236. The PedsQL 3.0 ESRD Module Bahasa Melayu version is a reliable and feasible tool for cross-cultural adaptation. A longer prospective study may help better illustrate the quality of life in this group of children.

Turkish Validity and Reliability of the Satisfaction with Simulation Experience Scale

Objective: Research on simulation-based experience focuses primarily on the student's level of knowledge, skills, self-confidence, and satisfaction. There is only one scale in Turkish that can be used to measure satisfaction with the simulation experience. The aim of this study was to establish the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Satisfaction with Simulation Experience Scale (SSES).&#x0D; Methods: The study sample consisted of 130 nursing students from two universities. Data were collected using a student information form, the Turkish version of the Satisfaction with Simulation Experience Scale (SSES-TR) and the Scale of Student Satisfaction and Confidence in Learning (SSSCL). The original SSES was translated into Turkish. Thirteen academics, who were experts in nursing and simulation, were consulted for content validity. Expert feedback was collected in a form to determine the content validity ratio using Lawshe's technique. The Turkish adaptation of the SSES was performed by four linguists to ensure linguistic validity. The correlation between the SSES-TR and SSSCL was determined using concurrent validity and Pearson’s Correlation. Internal consistency tests were used to test reliability. The SSES-TR was administered to 35 students as a test-retest with an interval of two weeks to determine its consistency across time. Construct validity was evaluated by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA).&#x0D; Results: The scale had a content validity index (CVI) of 0.86. The SSES-TR had a Cronbach’s alpha (α) of 0.928. The correlation between SSES-TR items and total and subscale scores ranged from 0.492 to 0.749. Test-retest reliability coefficients showed that the SSES-TR total score and subscale scores were compatible. The fit statistics of the 3-factor scale structure according to CFA are at the level of "acceptable fit" according to RMSEA (0.095) and SRMR (0.090).&#x0D; Conclusions: The SSES-TR is a reliable and valid measure that can be used to assess nursing students’ satisfaction with simulation-based experience.

Translation and linguistic validation of the Pittsburgh Fatigability Scale for Korean breast cancer survivors: A cognitive interviewing study.

Fatigability-the perception of fatigue contextualized to activities of fixed intensity and duration-has received growing attention in oncology research. This study aimed to translate and linguistically validate a Korean-language version of the Pittsburgh Fatigability Scale. Following the Linguistic Validation Manual for Health Outcome Assessment, we applied a multi-stage cognitive interviewing (CI) method to ensure accurate translation and interpretation of the Pittsburgh Fatigability Scale. After forward- and backward-translation were completed, three rounds of CI regarding the translated instrument were performed with 18 participants having or not having breast cancer. The first round of CI showed that seven items of the 10-item Korean-language instrument required revision to reflect the physical abilities of breast cancer patients with similar levels of physical activity. After the second round, two additional items were revised to reflect the cultural context and gender roles. During the third round, all participants exhibited full understanding of the Korean-language instrument. The translated instrument, its quality enriched by cross-cultural linguistic validation in combination with CI, can be effectively used to assess perceived physical and mental fatigability. Use of the Pittsburgh Fatigability Scale can facilitate oncology nurses' assessment of perceived fatigue levels in cancer patients and can expand understanding of how patients' fatigue perceptions are related to their exercise capacity. This study is valuable as an example of how a multi-stage CI process can be effectively applied in cross-cultural oncology research.

Linguistic validation of the Spanish version of the Anal Cancer High-Grade squamous intraepithelial lesions outcomes Research Health-Related Symptom Index (A-HRSI): AMC-A04

ObjectivesThe Anal Cancer High-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) Outcomes Research (ANCHOR) Health-Related Symptom Index (A-HRSI) is a 25-item measure that assesses physical symptoms and impacts, and psychological symptoms. To promote generalizability and equity in the capture of these concepts in Spanish-speaking participants, we linguistically validated a Spanish version of A-HRSI.MethodsFollowing independent forward translation and reconciliation of A-HRSI from English to Spanish, two rounds of cognitive interviews were completed with ANCHOR participants who had been diagnosed with anal HSIL in the prior nine months and preferred delivery of their healthcare in Spanish. Interviews were coded to highlight any items and concepts that were reported as being difficult for any reason by ≥ 3 participants, with such items revised during a research team panel discussion and tested in a second round of interviews if applicable.ResultsSeventeen participants representing 8 nationalities were enrolled (Round 1 n=10, Round 2 n=7); 7 participants reported not completing high school (41.2%). No difficulties were reported with respect to the theoretical concepts measured by A-HRSI. We made modifications to the Spanish translation of eight items and two response option terms in cases where participants had difficulty understanding a term, experienced problems in discriminating between terms, or preferred the use of an alternative term to represent the concept(s).ConclusionThe Spanish version of A-HRSI is a linguistically valid tool that can be used to assess physical symptoms, impacts, and psychological symptoms related to anal HSIL.Plain English SummaryLanguage is a tremendous barrier to enrolling patients to clinical trials. The anal cancer high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) outcomes research [ANCHOR] trial is a randomized clinical trial that recently established that the treatment of anal HSIL, versus active monitoring, is effective in reducing incidence of anal cancer in persons living with HIV (PLWH). The ANCHOR Health-Related Symptom Index (A-HRSI) is a 25-item patient-reported outcomes measure that was developed to assess physical symptoms, physical impacts, and psychological symptoms related to anal HSIL. As approximately 10% of ANCHOR participants preferred the delivery of their healthcare in Spanish, the purpose of the present study was to linguistically validate a Spanish version of A-HRSI. Based on feedback from interviews with 17 participants from the ANCHOR trial who had been diagnosed with anal HSIL in the prior nine months and preferred delivery of their healthcare in Spanish, we made modifications to the Spanish translation of eight items and two response option terms in cases where participants had difficulty understanding a term, experienced problems in discriminating between terms, or preferred the use of an alternative term to represent the concept(s). The Spanish version of A-HRSI is a linguistically valid tool that can be used to assess physical symptoms, impacts, and psychological symptoms related to anal HSIL as part of clinical trials or routine care.

Linguistic and Cultural Adaptation and Validation of the Vocal Fatigue Index into Polish

The purpose of the present study was the cross-cultural and linguistic adaptation and validation of the Vocal Fatigue Index (VFI) in the Polish language. The Vocal Fatigue Index was adapted into Polish and was administered to 323 subjects (216 with voice disorders, and 107 without voice disorders). One hundred and four participants with voice disorders completed the VFI a second time to evaluate test-retest reliability. VFI was assessed for internal consistency, test-retest reliability, discriminant validity, criterion validity, and sensitivity and specificity. The Polish VFI exhibited satisfactory psychometric properties. A high Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the three factors (α=0.971 for Factor 1, α=0.929 for Factor 2, α=0.930 for Factor 3) was obtained. Significantly higher scores were revealed in subjects with voice disorders (48.88±11.73 [mean±SD]) in comparison with vocally healthy subjects (12.25±6.75 [mean±SD]) in the total VFI score as well as in the three factors (all P-values < 0.01). The best cut-off for VFI Total Score was set at a 32.5 score with sensitivity of 0.931 and specificity of 0.991. The translated version of the VFI is a valid and reliable tool for identifying vocal fatigue symptoms in the Polish-speaking population.

Translation and Validation Scale for Assessment and Rating of Ataxia in Urdu Language for Cerebral Palsy Patients

Aim: To translate the Scale for assessment and rating of Ataxia from English to Urdu language Methods: The study employed a linguistic validation study design with a non-random sample approach and was done at different clinical setups of Lahore. Parents of children with ataxic cerebral palsy with children aged 2 to 15 years old who speak Urdu should contact us. Sara's English version was translated into Urdu by two translators, one with a medical background and the other with a technical background in Urdu, both proficient in Urdu and English. Two individuals with medical and technology backgrounds who are competent in Urdu to English translation reverse translated the translated versions of SARA-Urdu I and SARA-Urdu II into English. The re-translated versions of SARA-Urdu I and SARA-Urdu II were translated back into English (SARA English III and SARA English IV). The translated versions were compared and generated a new Urdu version SARA Urdu-V. The data was entered into the SPSS version 23 application, which was also used to analyze it. Results: The translated version of the SARA scale has a Cronbach's alpha of 0.883. The inter-item correlation between the total SARA score and the eight domains of gait, stance, sitting, speech disturbance, finger chase, nose finger test, fast alternating hand movements, and heel shin slide was 0.131, 0.046, 0.159, 0.188, 0.136, 0.400, 0.698, and 0.450, respectively, after the translation of the Urdu version of SARA. For test retest reliability, the Pearson correlation value varied from 0.400 to 0.842. Conclusion: The Urdu version of SARA has appropriate internal consistency and fair inter-item correlation, and hence may be utilized by Urdu speakers. Keywords: Cerebral palsy, Cerebellar ataxia, Scale for assessment and rating of Ataxia

Development of Student Worksheets by Using the Context of Riau Traditional Houses on Quadrilaterals and Triangles

This study aims to produce teaching materials in the form of student worksheets by using the context of Riau traditional house on the material of quadrilaterals and triangles for class VII of Junior High School. This developmental research uses Plomp model which consists of a preliminary analysis stage, development stage, and assessment stage. The test subjects in this study were seventh grade students of SMP N 2 Kampar Utara which consisted of 18 students and one mathematics teacher. The subjects of this research were seventh grade students of SMP N 2 Kampar Utara which consisted of 18 students and one Mathematics teacher. The result of this study is to produce student worksheets by using Riau traditional house context on valid, practical, and effective quadrilateral and triangle material.It can be seen that based on the results of the validation of content experts, an average of 3.42 was obtained in the very valid category, the results of the validation of linguists and cultural experts obtained an average of 3.25 which was included in the very valid category.The results of the practicality of student worksheets at the One-to-One and Small Group stages are 87.6% which are included in the very practical category, and the results of the practicality of student worksheets by the teacher are 87.5% in the very practical category. Furthermore, based on the results of effectiveness, it was found that student worksheets using the context of the Riau traditional house were very effective and suitable for use in the classroom.