Validated Assessment Tools Research Articles

Developing a Cross-Cultural Competence Scale for Pre-Service Teachers: A Filipino Case Study

As classrooms grow increasingly diverse, cross-cultural competence (CCC) becomes imperative for pre-service teachers to create inclusive, equitable learning environments. Hence, this study focuses on developing a cross-cultural competence scale specifically for pre-service teachers that highlights the dynamic nature of education and the need to foster inclusivity amid increasing classroom diversity, aiming to address gaps concerning assessment tools dedicated explicitly for pre-service teachers. Exploratory factor analysis of an initial 29-item scale assessing knowledge, teaching flexibility, willingness to engage students, and cultural empathy administered to 109 Filipino pre-service teachers' responses ultimately yielded a 22-item, two-factor structure with sound psychometric properties: "Attitudes Toward Culturally Diverse Students" and "Cultural Knowledge and Teaching Flexibility." The factors align well with the conceptual domains of cognitive, affective, and psychomotor learning. This research significantly contributes a contextualized CCC instrument that enhances multicultural education and evaluates pre-service teachers' readiness for diverse classrooms, aligning with the educational dynamic imperative. In summary, this research makes an invaluable contribution to teacher training and multicultural education by developing a targeted and rigorously validated assessment tool.

Predictors of 30-Day Mortality for Surgically Treated Patients with Spontaneous Supratentorial Intracerebral Hemorrhage and Validation of the Surgical Swedish Intracerebral Hemorrhage Score: A Retrospective Single-Center Analysis of 136 Cases

We aimed to: identify independent risk factors of 30-day mortality in patients with surgically treated spontaneous supratentorial ICH, validate the SwICH Score within Polish Healthcare System, and compare the SwICH Score to the ICH Score.We carried out a single-centre retrospective analysis of the medical data juxtaposed with CT scans of 136 ICH patients treated surgically between 2008 and 2022. Statistical analysis was performed using the same characteristics as in the SwICH Score and the ICH Score. Backward stepwise logistic regression with both 5-fold cross-validation and 1000x bootstrap procedure was used to create new scoring system. Finally predictive potential of these scales were compared.The most important predictors of 30-days mortality were: ICH volume (p<0.01), GCS at admission (p<0.01), anticoagulant status (p=0.03), and age (p<0.01). The SwICH score appears to have a better predictive potential than the ICH score, although this did not reach statistical significance [AUC: 0.789 (95% CI: 0.715-0.863) vs. AUC: 0.757 (95% CI: 0.677-0.837)]. Moreover, based on the analysed characteristics, we developed our score (encompassing: age, ICH volume, anticoagulants status, GCS at admission), [AUC of 0.872 (95% CI: 0.815-0.929)]. This score was significantly better than previous ones.Differences in healthcare systems seem to affect the accuracy of prognostic scales for patients with ICH, including possible differences in indications for surgery and postoperative care. Thus, it is important to validate assessment tools before they can be applied in a new setting and develop population-specific scores. This may improve the effectiveness of risk stratification in patients with ICH.

Problem-based life situational issues exploration–Taking the learning effectiveness of artificial intelligence in natural sciences

This research focuses on problem-based learning (PBL) teaching methods and designs artificial intelligence (AI) in facial recognition systems, smart streetlights, and drone as teaching materials. To integrate teaching materials of life situation issues into the natural general curriculum and develop a learning perception questionnaire (LPQ) with validity and reliability to evaluate students’ perception of the curriculum. Based on a valid assessment tool, 56 college students were assessed on their learning of emerging technology contextual issues to evaluate their satisfaction, learning situation, and learning effectiveness. The results of the study are, as follows:&lt;br /&gt; (1) construct teaching materials for AI application in face recognition systems, street lights, and drone situations; (2) develop an LPQ with reliability and validity; (3) most students are satisfied with the integration of AI into PBL teaching; (4) most students believe that the integration of cross-domain learning in different subjects can help improve self-learning effectiveness and ensure continuous learning interest; and (5) many students agree that this course can improve learning outcomes. In the future, the focus will be on teaching practice, incorporating easy-to-use AI textbook content, and enhancing the opportunities for interactive learning; in addition, increasing the number of effective samples in the research to improve the depth of the experiment and the breadth of research.

Effects of different exercise interventions on chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment in patients with breast cancer: a study protocol for systematic review and network meta-analysis

IntroductionBreast cancer stands as the most prevalent type of cancer affecting women globally, and chemotherapy plays a pivotal role in its treatment by diminishing tumour recurrence and enhancing the survival...

Measurement properties of the Mental Health Literacy Scale (MHLS) validation studies: a systematic review protocol

IntroductionMental Health Literacy (MHL) is important for improving mental health and reducing inequities in treatment. The Mental Health Literacy Scale (MHLS) is a valid and reliable assessment tool for MHL....

Separation anxiety

Anxiety disorders are the most common mental disorders in children and are often under-recognized. Untreated anxiety disorders in children can significantly affect the quality of life. They can lead to comorbid psychiatric conditions and interfere with social, emotional and academic development, including in adulthood. Separation anxiety disorder is one of the most common childhood anxiety disorders. It involves an exaggeration of the anxiety typical for the developmental process and is manifested by excessive distress at separation from the attachment figure or family environment. The etiology of separation anxiety disorder points to the interaction of biological and environmental factors, particularly the family environment in early childhood. Diagnostic criteria for SAD are provided by DSM-V and are used in the comprehensive assessment of the disorder, in combination with other internationally validated assessment tools. The diagnosis provides essential information for the elaboration of the therapeutic approach by the clinical specialists. In this sense, there are conclusive data on the effectiveness of combining psychotherapy with pharmacotherapy to achieve lasting results. Furthermore, the importance of coordinating inter-professional efforts is essential for the effectiveness of the comprehensive approach to TAS.

Management of Persistent Postnasal Drip Without Sinus Affection

Persistent postnasal drip (PPND), characterized by chronic mucus sensation in the throat without evident sinus involvement, poses challenges in otolaryngology. This study aimed to evaluate low dose, long duration Clarithromycin’s efficacy in managing PPND symptoms, addressing the limitations of existing therapies. A prospective, randomized, controlled trial was conducted with 50 participants (18-65 years) diagnosed with PPND but without sinus pathology (proved by sinus clear CT Paranasal sinus scans). They received either Clarithromycin (250 mg daily) or a placebo for 12 weeks. Validated assessment tools, such as the nasal symptom score (NSS), visual analog scale (VAS), and Sino-nasal outcome test-22 (SNOT-22), measured treatment outcomes. Current therapies addressing associated symptoms exhibit limited efficacy, prompting the need for novel treatment strategies. The study revealed a significant improvement in PPND symptoms with low-dose, long-duration Clarithromycin treatment. Participants exhibited reduced throat-clearing frequency, cough episodes, and subjective mucus sensation. Objective assessments showed enhanced nasal pathology and mucociliary clearance post-treatment. Low-dose, long-duration Clarithromycin treatment demonstrated promising efficacy in ameliorating PPND symptoms and improving quality of life without sinus involvement. These findings emphasize the potential therapeutic role of macrolides in addressing PPND’s underlying pathophysiology. Further research, including larger trials, is essential to validate these outcomes and establish effective clinical guidelines for managing PPND.

Development and validation of the clinical judgment capability questionnaire in nurses: A sequential exploratory mixed method study

BackgroundClinical judgment is one of the most important competencies required for safe care, decision-making, and diagnosis in nursing profession. Therefore, it is necessary to examine clinical judgment in nursing care. Existing a standard questionnaire based on cultural and social conditions can accurately evaluate clinical judgment in nurses. ObjectiveThe present study aimed to develop and validate clinical judgment capability questionnaire in nurses. DesignThe current research was a sequential exploratory mixed method study. SettingThe teaching hospitals affiliated to Jahrom University of Medical Sciences in the South of Iran in 2023. ParticipantsTwelve clinical nurses were included in the qualitative part and 181 nurses in the quantitative part. MethodsThe study was conducted in two parts: one qualitative and one quantitative. In the qualitative part, the concept of clinical judgment was explored using qualitative content analysis. Then, the initial pool of items was generated to develop a questionnaire. In the quantitative part, psychometric properties of the questionnaire were evaluated including face, content, and structure validity and reliability (internal consistency and stability). ResultsAfter examining the psychometric properties, 22 items were developed for the final questionnaire. The results of factor analysis led to the extraction of four factors, including noticing, interpreting, responding, and reflecting. The internal consistency of the questionnaire was confirmed with a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.95 and its stability with an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.84. ConclusionThe developed 22-item questionnaire is a valid and reliable tool for assessment of clinical judgment capability in nurses.

Abstract P441: Alcohol Consumption and Incident Heart Failure, Ischemic Heart Disease and Atrial Fibrillation Among Current Drinkers: The All of Us Research Program

Background: The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT-C) is a clinically validated assessment tool with components that quantify last-year frequency of alcohol use, quantity consumed per drinking day and frequency of binge drinking. We determined the associations between AUDIT-C scores, their components and risks of heart failure (HF), ischemic heart disease (IHD) and atrial fibrillation (AF). Methods: In the NIH-sponsored ‘All of Us’ Research Program, we followed participants free of HF, IHD and AF who had consumed alcohol in the past year. We created Cox proportional hazards models for incident HF, IHD and AF that simultaneously adjusted for all 3 components of the AUDIT-C, sociodemographic factors, prevalent diseases and smoking status. We also created restricted cubic splines (RCS) regression models to determine the dose-response relationships between AUDIT-C scores and incident HF, IHD and AF. Results: The final sample size was 133,025 adults with a mean age of 50 years. There were 1,411 HF, 3793 IHD and 1072 AF cases over a median follow-up of 45 months. RCS demonstrated a J-shape association between total AUDIT-C scores and HF, an L-shaped association with IHD and a positive but non-significant association with AF. For AUDIT-C components, frequency of intake was associated with incident HF and IHD. Compared to drinking monthly or less, drinking 2-4 times/month, 2-3 times/week and 4 or more times per week were all associated with lower risk of incident IHD. Drinking 2-4 times/month and 2-3 times/week were negatively associated with incident HF. We observed no comparable associations of drinking quantity or binge drinking with risk of HF, IHD or AF. Conclusion: The AUDIT-C provides a quick, straightforward, and informative assessment of alcohol consumption. Among current drinkers, drinking frequency is associated with lower risk of HF and IHD but not AF. Greater quantity consumed per drinking day and episodes of binge drinking are not associated with lower risk of major cardiac diseases and should be discouraged.

People with Intellectual Disabilities, Dysphagia and Post-Covid Syndrome.

People with Intellectual Disability (ID) were more likely to contract COVID-19 infection and more likely to die from the consequences. However, there is no evidence on the long-term impact of COVID-19 infection in people with ID. Post-Covid Syndrome (PCS) is an established diagnosis that requires specialist clinical support. To date there is no data on how common PCS is in people with ID, or how symptoms present. Dysphagia is identified as a clinical marker because of the known association with PCS, and the clear objective diagnostic criteria applicable through specialist assessment. This investigation presents a cohort of people with ID, who developed dysphagia/worsening of dysphagia post diagnosis with COVID-19. Cases were identified through support from the Royal College of Speech and Language Therapists. Data was collected by electronic survey, including application of the COVID-19 Yorkshire Rehabilitation Scale-modified (C19-YRSm). The C19-YRSm is a validated assessment tool for PCS and it's impact upon functional disability. This case series identifies that symptoms consistent with PCS are present in people with ID, post-COVID-19 infection. The risk of diagnostic overshadowing or misdiagnosis is high due to the subjective nature and the quality of PCS symptoms. People with ID who develop PCS may not be readily identified by clinical services and therefore not be accessing the specialist medical support required. Furthermore, changes in behaviour secondary to PCS may lead to unnecessary increased prescribing of psychotropic medication which in itself risks worsening dysphagia. Dysphagia could be an important bellwether to identify PCS in people with ID.

Assessment and Improvement of Nutritional Knowledge among Hospitalized Cancer Patients: Gaps, Sources, and Educational Strategies

This study explores the nutritional knowledge, its acquisition, and assessment among hospitalized cancer patients, revealing significant gaps and the influence of demographic factors. The research identifies the predominance of informal and unreliable sources for nutritional information, such as internet searches and peer advice, highlighting the inadequacy in patient education provided by healthcare professionals. Additionally, the study addresses the lack of validated assessment tools for evaluating patients' nutritional knowledge, emphasizing the need for comprehensive and accessible educational resources and standardized measurement instruments. The findings advocate for an integrated approach involving personalized nutritional guidance and the development of validated tools to improve cancer patients' nutritional knowledge and health outcomes.

Persons with mental disorders and assisted dying practices in Spain: In response to Ramos et al.

Ramos et al. paper offers a narrative review of Spanish Organic Law 3/2021, which regulates euthanasia, focusing on its application to individuals with mental disorders. Ramos et al. examine the application of legal prerequisites from an ethical-legal perspective to ascertain the conditions under which psychiatric euthanasia might be considered legitimate and compliant with legal stipulations. Nevertheless, it is apparent that the core ethical inquiries linked to this matter have not been exhaustively investigated. The criteria laid out are, in our assessment, still open to further debate and broader deliberation. Our article emphasizes the need for a comprehensive ethical and legal debate in Spain regarding psychiatric euthanasia. Competency assessment is central to the legislation, but there are concerns about the validity of assessment tools and the subjective nature of interviews. Furthermore, defining irreversible suffering in mental health contexts poses challenges. The article advocates for a deeper understanding of the needs of individuals with mental disorders before considering euthanasia and emphasizes the importance of comprehensive care and psychosocial interventions in reducing the desire for euthanasia. Ultimately, it underscores the ethical complexities of euthanasia in mental health and the necessity of prioritizing comprehensive care in addressing these complexities.

Validation of a measure of hospital maternal level of care for the United States

BackgroundLack of a validated assessment of maternal risk-appropriate care for use in population data has prevented the existing literature from quantifying the benefit of maternal risk-appropriate care. The objective of this study was to develop a measure of hospital maternal levels of care based on the resources available at the hospital, using existing data available to researchers.MethodsThis was a secondary data analysis. The sample was abstracted from the American Hospital Association Annual Survey Database for 2018. Eligibility was limited to short-term acute general hospitals that reported providing maternity services as measured by hospital reporting of an obstetric service level, obstetric services, or birthing rooms. We aligned variables in the database with the ACOG criteria for each maternal level of care, then built models that used the variables to measure the maternal level of care. In each iteration, the distribution of hospitals was compared to the distribution in the CDC Levels of Care Assessment Tool Validation Pilot, assessing agreement with the Wilson Score for proportions for each level of care. Results were compared to hospital self-report in the database and measurement reported with another published method.ResultsThe sample included 2,351 hospitals. AHA variables were available to measure resources that align with ACOG Levels 1, 2, and 3. Overall, 1219 (51.9%) of hospitals reported resources aligned with Maternal Level One, 816 (34.7%) aligned with maternal level two, and 202 (8.6%) aligned with maternal level Three. This method overestimates the prevalence of hospitals with maternal level one compared to the CDC measurement of 36.1% (Mean 52.9%; 95% CI47.2%—58.7%), and likely includes hospitals that would not qualify as level one if all resources required by the ACOG guidelines could be assessed. This method underestimates the prevalence of hospitals with maternal critical care services (Level 3 or 4) compared to CDC measure of 12.1% (Mean 8.1%; 95%CI 6.2% – 10.0%) but is an improvement over hospital self-report (24.7%) and a prior published method (32.3%).ConclusionsThis method of measuring maternal level of care allows researchers to investigate the value of perinatal regionalization, risk-appropriate care, and hospital differences among the three levels of care. This study identified potential changes to the American Hospital Association Annual Survey that would improve identification of maternal levels of care for research.

Schober test is not a valid assessment tool for lumbar mobility

The Schober test is considered reliable in evaluating lumbar mobility and its impairment. Especially in patients with chronic low back pain (cLBP) identification of functional restriction is important. We aimed to investigate whether the 5 cm Schober cut-off provides a valid distinction between unrestricted and restricted mobility in participants with and without cLBP (18–65 years). cLBP is defined as LBP persisting for ≥ 12 weeks. We analyzed agreement between the Schober test with two measurement devices (Epionics SPINE®; Idiag M360®) and the influence of lumbar lordosis (LL) on their agreement. Also, the sensitivity and specificity of the Schober test was evaluated. For 187 participants (49.6%) Epionics SPINE® RoF and Schober test matched (either ≥ 5 cm; > 40.8° RoF or ≤ 5 cm; < 40.8° RoF), for 190 participants (50.4%) the two measurements did not. Idiag M360® RoF of 190 participants (50.4%) showed corresponding results (either ≥ 5 cm; > 46.0° RoF or ≤ 5 cm; < 46.0° RoF). Non-agreement was seen in 187 participants (49.6%). LL differed significantly in the Epionics SPINE® cohort (p < 0.001). Regarding the Epionics SPINE® cohort, Schober test showed a sensitivity of 79.6% with a specificity of 36.1%. For the Idiag M360® cohort, Schober test showed a sensitivity of 68.2% and a specificity of 46.6%. Our results do not establish a consistent matching between Schober test and the device measurements. Therefore, Schober test may not be valid to predict impairment of lumbar mobility. We recommend Schober test as an add-on in monitoring of an individual relative to its case.

Construct validity, responsiveness, minimal detectable change, and minimal clinically important difference of the stroke self-efficacy questionnaire in individuals receiving stroke rehabilitation

Purpose To assess the clinimetric properties of the Stroke Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (SSEQ) and estimate the minimal detectable change (MDC) and minimal clinically important difference (MCID) from the database of our randomized controlled trials (RCT) of individuals receiving stroke rehabilitation. Methods We retrieved the pre- and post-intervention scores of the SSEQ and Stroke Impact Scale (SIS) from 80 stroke survivors. The analysis of clinimetric properties was performed using: (1) confirmatory factor analysis and item response theory modeling (IRT) for construct validity; (2) standardized response mean and Glass’s delta for responsiveness; (3) MDC based on the standard deviation (SD) or standard error of measurement (SEM) of the SSEQ change scores; (4) MCID determined by the external anchor–SIS; (5) conditional MDC (cMDC) derived from the IRT analysis. Results There was a bi-factorial construct with excellent model-data fit and marked responsiveness. The MDC determined by the SD and SEM were 1.5 and 3.0, respectively, and the MCIDs were 3.3 and 3.7. Conclusions This study confirmed that SSEQ is a valid and reliable assessment tool for patients receiving stroke rehabilitation. We also provided practical threshold values, especially demonstrating the benefit of using individualized cMDC, to help clinicians better interpret the change in the SSEQ scores.

Research on the Design of Adaptive Testing Based on Multiple Intelligences Theory and Its Impact on Student Learning Outcomes

This paper examines the transformative potential of incorporating Howard Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences Theory (MIT) into adaptive testing frameworks within the United Kingdom’s educational settings. By moving beyond traditional, one-dimensional assessments that prioritize linguistic and logical-mathematical intelligences, MIT-based adaptive testing aims to offer a more personalized and inclusive approach to evaluating student capabilities. Through a comprehensive review of recent research, this study explores the theoretical underpinnings of MIT, the design and implementation of adaptive testing models that accommodate a broader spectrum of intelligences, and the empirical impacts of such assessments on student engagement, motivation, and academic achievement. The findings highlight the benefits of adaptive testing for fostering a more equitable educational environment, while also addressing the challenges and considerations for successful implementation. The discussion underscores the need for ongoing research, professional development for educators, and the development of reliable and valid assessment tools. Ultimately, this paper contributes to the dialogue on enhancing educational practices to better meet the diverse needs of learners, advocating for assessment models that recognize and value the wide array of human intelligences.

Validating the Korean shorter Diagnostic Thinking Inventory in medical education: a pilot study.

Developing clinical reasoning across the medical curriculum requires valid, reliable, and feasible assessment tools. However, few validated tools are available for the convenient and efficient quantification of clinical reasoning. Thus, this study aimed to create a shorter version of the Diagnostic Thinking Inventory (DTI) and validate it in the Korean medical education context (DTI-SK). The DTI-SK was constructed using content validity and a translation and back-translation process. It comprises two subcategories and 14 items. Its validity and reliability were explored using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, mean comparisons of four medical student groups (med 1 to med 4), and internal consistency using Cronbach's α. Two hundred medical students were invited to participate through email, and the survey was administered for 2 weeks. Data from 136 students were analyzed. Exploratory factor analysis revealed two factors with eigenvalues greater than 1.0 and they together explained 54.65% of the variance. Confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated that the model had acceptable level of fit and convergent validity. Discriminant validity was confirmed using heterotrait-monotrait criterion. Group comparisons demonstrated that the med 4 students showed significantly higher scores than the med 1 and 2 students. The inventory exhibited strong internal consistency for all items (Cronbach's α=0.906). The findings indicated that the DTI-SK is a reliable and valid tool for measuring medical students' clinical reasoning in the context of Korean medical education.

Adaptation of the Australian National University Alzheimer's Disease Risk Index-Short Form (ANU-ADRI-SF) into Turkish.

The 'Australian National University Alzheimer's Disease Risk Index' (ANU-ADRI) assesses the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD) and is a potential tool for its prevention. The aim of this study is to adapt the ANU-ADRI-SF (the short version of ANU-ADRI) into the Turkish language and Turkish cultural context. The study was methodological and involved the translation and intercultural adaptation of the ANU-ADRI-SF into the Turkish language. The study included 384 community-based participants from a province in the Western Black Sea Region of Türkiye. Data was collected via an online form prepared using Google Forms. The index was translated from its original language, English, into Turkish and then retranslated to English by bilingual translators. It was then reviewed and evaluated for possible issues related to translation and degrees of equivalence. When TR-ANU-ADRI-SF levels were compared according to sex, the mean risk scores were found to be 11.25 ± 7.02 for males and 11.69 ± 7.99 for females. After cross-cultural adaptation, the TR-ANU-ADRI-SF was conceptually intelligible to Turkish adults. The TR-ANU-ADRI-SF is a valid and reliable AD risk assessment tool. Given the increase in AD and its impact on people's health, there is a great need for strategies to be implemented by health professionals to improve the lifestyle of the adult population. For use in conjunction with these strategies, a localised AD risk assessment tool that can be applied by clinicians or by individual patients has been adapted and introduced to the Turkish literature.

Effectiveness of Community-Based Rehabilitation (CBR) Centers for Improving Physical Fitness for Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

To synthesise the best available evidence for the effectiveness of interventions delivered in community-based rehabilitation (CBR) centers on physical fitness, for community-dwelling older adults living in Asian countries. This study is a systematic review and meta-analysis. Seven English and two Chinese electronic databases were searched for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quasi-experimental studies that were conducted by centers providing CBR. Independent reviewers screened, quality-appraised and extracted data. The primary outcome was physical fitness measured by validated assessment tools, including the Timed Up and Go Test (TUG), gait speed, hand grip strength, Functional Reach Test (FRT), and one-leg standing test. Assessments of activity of daily living and quality of life using tools including the Barthel Index, Short Form (SF)-12, and SF-36 were secondary outcomes. After screening 5,272 studies, 29 studies were included (16 RCTs, 13 quasi-experimental studies) from four countries. Meta-analyses found that CBR programs significantly decreased TUG time (mean difference [MD], -1.89 seconds; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], -2.84 to -0.94; I2=0%; Z=3.90, p<0.0001), improved gait speed (MD, 0.10 m/s; 95% CI, 0.01-0.18; I2=0%; Z=2.26, p=0.02), and increased one-leg standing time (MD, 2.81 seconds; 95% CI, 0.41-5.22; I2=0%; Z=2.29, p=0.02). Handgrip strength and FRT showed no statistically significant improvement in the meta-analyses. CBR may improve aspects of physical fitness for older adults in Asian countries. However, variability in intervention components and measurement tools reduced the ability to pool individual studies. Further trials are required with robust designs including standardised measures of physical fitness.

Validating an Assessment Tool for Oral Health and Oral Care Procedures Performed by Healthcare Workers for Older Residents in Long-Term Care Institutions.

Poor oral health is a growing concern among older populations. It is often caused by a failure to maintain proper oral hygiene and inaccessible dental care. Poor oral health in older individuals in long-term care institutions (LTCIs) can be attributed to the fact that healthcare workers might be poorly trained in oral care assessment and practice. To address this issue, an assessment tool has been developed and validated to guide and evaluate healthcare workers' oral care practices, ensuring the delivery of adequate care and early detection of dental diseases in LTCIs. The tool includes an oral health assessment and an assessment of oral care procedures. It was developed following a robust literature review, two stages of expert reviews, content validity checks, and a pilot study. A total of twenty-three items were developed and validated, with seven items related to oral health assessment and sixteen related to oral care procedures. The items were assessed for content validity and relevance, with high values of 1 obtained for all Item-level Content Validity Index (I-CVI), Scale-level Content Validity Index (S-CVI), and S-CVI/Universal Agreement (UA) scores. This indicates a high level of agreement among the experts (n = 12) regarding the relevance and importance of the items. A pilot study involving 20 nursing students confirmed the tool's reliability, applicability, and feasibility, demonstrating its high appropriateness and applicability. The newly developed and validated assessment tool can effectively guide and evaluate healthcare workers' oral care practices, enhancing their competence and improving the oral health of older residents.