Valid Transactions Research Articles

Theoretical and practical aspects of invalidation of a transaction in civil proceedings in Ukraine and foreign countries

The paper examines the doctrinal foundations and legal grounds for invalidation of transactions under the civil law of Ukraine and foreign countries. The author highlights the main problems of national and foreign judicial practice in challenging typical transactions. The author establishes that valid transactions play a primary role in establishing, modifying and terminating legal relations between subjects of civil turnover. Invalidity is a specific result of assessing a transaction for compliance with applicable civil law, and the place of the institution of transaction invalidity in the system of civil procedure law of Ukraine is determined by the need to protect the violated rights of bona fide persons in cases where the requirements of civil law regarding a transaction are not met. The author analyzes and establishes that a transaction is void if its invalidity is established by law (voidable transaction), and no court invalidation is required. In contrast to a voidable transaction, a transaction is disputed if one of the parties denies its validity and tries to prove such a legal fact in a court proceeding. The study has determined that in domestic civil law, the rule that a disputed transaction can be invalidated only through the involvement of a court is mandatory. However, as practice shows, the judicial process in Ukraine has a number of drawbacks, in particular, due to the length of the proceedings. In view of this, many European countries have an out-of-court procedure for invalidating transactions, which is implemented by filing a statement of challenge. Such a mechanism has at least one obvious advantage - the speed of resolving the issue of invalidity of a transaction. The prospect of introducing an out-of-court procedure for challenging typical transactions will allow Ukraine to reduce the burden on the judicial system and speed up the process of considering other, equally important, civil cases.

High Secure Data Transactions in AXI System Bus using Firewall Protection

Abstract: An open-standard, on the chip interconnection protocol called the Advance Microcontroller Bus Architecture (AMBA) is used to link and manage functional blocks in systems on chip (SoC) architectures. An interface definition called Advanced eXtensible Interface (AXI) specifies the IP block interface rather than the connection itself. The point-to-point connections between a supervisor as well as subordinate are defined by the AXI protocol in terms of their signals and time. The existing AXI protocol only has the response mechanism for the slave error and the valid transactions. In this work the high secure data transactions in AXI system bus is introduced using the firewall protection where a certain range of address are protected to access from other master peripherials

A study on Diem and Aptos distributed ledger technology

ABSTRACT In the paper, Diem Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) and Aptos blockchain data are examined. First, the paper presents a general overview of the Diem project from a technical point of view. Second, it presents a study that aims to collect and analyze data from the Diem and Aptos blockchain, in order to verify some properties declared in the technical paper. For instance, a relevant property of the Diem and Aptos blockchains is their transactions' throughput, i.e. the rate at which valid transactions are committed into a block by the Diem blockchain in a one-second interval of time (transactions per second, TPS) and the interval of time for a transaction to be confirmed. In the case of the Diem blockchain, the data were collected over three months (January 1–March 31, 2022) while in the case of the Aptos blockchain, the data were collected over a month (December 1 - December 31, 2022). These data can be found on a GitHub repository that is publicly accessible. The results of the data analysis show that the average transactions' throughput is about 60 TPS and the waiting time is on average 1 minute and 40 seconds. Moreover, the paper sheds light on some Diem features that are unique when compared to similar blockchains, such as Ethereum. Some of these unique features are the consensus mechanism based on the BFT consensus protocols (Byzantine Fault Tolerance, 2017), its accounting system based on a hierarchical model and its programming language, Move, used to code smart contracts. Through this study, the capabilities of both Diem and Aptos blockchains will be explored in more depth.

A novel approach to detect fraud in Ethereum transactions using stacking

AbstractEver since Ether is launched as a digital currency, its rise has been rapid. It is currently the second most valuable digital currency in the world. There are more than 1 million transactions happening on the Ethereum network every day, and this number is expected to continue to increase. Due to the increasing number of transactions, fraudulent transactions have also increased, which has resulted in a large amount of money being lost and has also destroyed the livelihoods of many individuals. Due to their similarity to valid transactions, it is extremely difficult to distinguish between them. Additionally, Ethereum's pseudo‐anonymity adds to the difficulty of identifying the parties involved. Since there are millions of transactions every day, it would be difficult to manually verify each one. Therefore, a mechanism for validating these transactions is needed. In this context, this paper proposes a novel approach to detecting fraudulent accounts associated with these transactions by implementing machine learning algorithms among the given set of transactions. We propose a framework for creating a stacking classifier by combining several standalone classification algorithms and creating a meta‐learner based on the output of each base algorithm. The algorithms include Logistic Regression, Naive Bayes, Decision Trees, Random Forests, AdaBoosts, KNNs, SVMs, and Gradient Boosts. As a result of combining these algorithms, a powerful classifier with the ability to detect fraudulent transactions. A variety of machine learning models were trained and evaluated on the test set using various metrics. Based on the results of the individual algorithm the Random Forest algorithm achieved the highest accuracy of 95.47%, followed by Gradient Boosting at 94.61% which is an ensemble algorithm using the boosting technique. The Stacking classifier that combines Multinomial Naive Bayes and Random Forest as the base learners and logistic regression as the Meta learner achieved the highest accuracy of 97.18% with an F1 score of 97.02%. Based on the results of all the stacking models developed, it is concluded that algorithms tend to perform better when combined properly. When compared to the other approaches, the proposed approach has outperformed the others, making it feasible in the real world to detect fraudulent transactions.

A Provable Softmax Reputation-Based Protocol for Permissioned Blockchains

We consider a hierarchical structure of a permissioned blockchain with three types of participant: providers, collectors, and governors. Providers forward transactions to collectors; collectors upload received transactions to governors after verifying and labeling them; and governors validate a portion of the labeled transactions they receive, pack valid transactions into a block, and append the block to the ledger. This model has various fields of application including data collection from the Internet-of-Things and second-hand markets. Our main contribution is to propose a reputation-based protocol to help governors evaluate the reliability of collectors. Specifically, given a transaction, each governor runs a softmax-based function to calculate a probability for each collector that sent and labeled this transaction. The probabilities, calculated using collectors' reputations as inputs, represent the likelihood of the lead governor selecting the labeled transaction from collectors to consider for further validation. After the lead governor verifies a transaction, all collectors' reputations are updated in line with the agreement of their labeling and the validity of the transaction as found by the lead governor. We show, both theoretically and empirically, that our protocol can significantly reduce governors' verification workloads while maintaining firm liveness and high incentives.

Juxtaposing Sampling Techniques for Credit Card Fraud Detection

Abstract: Dealing with the class imbalance issue in the data is a big problem when creating fraud detection systems since valid transactions exceed fraudulent transactions by a large degree. Fraudulent transactions generally make up less than 1% of all transactions. This is a crucial field of research because it can be challenging to discern between a positive instance (a fraudulent case), and it gets tougher when more data are collected and a smaller percentage of such cases are represented. Eight distinct sampling techniques and two classifiers were used in this investigation, and the results of each methodology are reported. The results of this study point to favourable outcomes for sampling methods based on SMOTE. The best F1 score score obtained was with SMOTE sampling strategy on Random Forest classifier at 0.867.

Delegated Proof of Accessibility (DPoAC): A Novel Consensus Protocol for Blockchain Systems

As the backbone of every blockchain application, the consensus protocol is impacted by numerous risks, namely resource requirements and energy consumption, which limit the usage of blockchain. Applications such as IoT/IIoT cannot use these high-cost consensus methods due to limited resources. Therefore, we introduce Delegated Proof of Accessibility (DPoAC), a new consensus technique that employs secret sharing, PoS with random selection, and an interplanetary file system (IPFS).DPoAC is decomposed into two stages. During the initial stage, a secret is generated by a randomly chosen super node and divided into n shares. These shares are encrypted and stored in different n nodes on the IPFS network. The nodes will compete to access these shareholders to reconstruct the secret. The winning node will be awarded block generation rights. PoS with random selection is used in the second stage to compute the appropriate hash value and construct a block with valid transactions. In this novel approach, a node with few computational resources and small stakes can still obtain block generation rights by providing access to secret shares and reconstructing the secret, making the system reasonably fair. We qualitatively analyze and compare our scheme based on performance parameters against existing mainstream consensus protocols in the context of IoT/IIoT networks.

A Proof-of-Transactions Blockchain Consensus Protocol for Large-Scale IoT

Blockchain technology can benefit Internet of Things (IoT) in terms of message exchange, access control and management, however, existing blockchain consensus protocols cannot provide sufficient performance without compromising security and fairness. This paper proposes a round-based two-stage blockchain consensus protocol called Proof-of-Transactions (PoT) for a variety of requirements such as performance and security of large-scale IoT. In the first stage of each round, all nodes pre-construct new blocks and exchange information about the number of valid transactions contained in each other’s blocks. The block containing most valid transactions is broadcasted in the second stage and examined by all nodes of the cluster before being received as the new block in the global blockchain ledger. The consensus reaching of a new block requires only two rounds of message exchange process. Theoretical analysis and experimental results verify the feasibility and superiority of the proposed protocol.

Credit Card Fraud Detection System

Abstract: Credit Cards are quite useful for day to day life. The main aim of this project is to detect fraud accurately. With the increase in fraud rates, researchers have started using different machine learning methods to detect and analyze frauds in online transactions. 'Fraud' in credit card transactions is unauthorized and unwanted usage of an account by someone other than the owner of that account. Fraud detection involves monitoring the activities of users in whole in order to estimate, perceive or avoid objectionable behavior, which consist of fraud, intrusion, and defaulting. The problem itself is more challenging with respect to data science since the number of valid transactions far outnumber fraudulent ones. Also, the transaction patterns often change their statistical properties over the course of time. However, the massive stream of payment requests is quickly scanned by automatic tools that determine which transactions to authorize. Also, Messages are generated to confirm with the owner about the transactions. Machine learning algorithms are employed to analyze all the authorized transactions and report the suspicious ones. These reports are investigated by professionals who contact the cardholders to confirm if the transaction was genuine or fraudulent. This project also designs and develops a novel fraud detection method for Streaming Transaction Data, with an objective, to analyze the past transaction details of the customers and extract the behavioral patterns. To name a few techniques which we are going to implement are Isolation Forest Algorithm, Random Forest Algorithm, Logistic Regression, Confusion Matrix and Sliding-Window method. Keywords: Credit card fraud, isolation forest, local outlier factor, random forest, confusion matrix

DAGmap: Multi-Drone SLAM via a DAG-Based Distributed Ledger

Simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) in unmanned vehicles, such as drones, has great usability potential in versatile applications. When operating SLAM in multi-drone scenarios, collecting and sharing the map data and deriving converged maps are major issues (regarded as the bottleneck of the system). This paper presents a novel approach that utilizes the concepts of distributed ledger technology (DLT) for enabling the online map convergence of multiple drones without a centralized station. As DLT allows each agent to secure a collective database of valid transactions, DLT-powered SLAM can let each drone secure global 3D map data and utilize these data for navigation. However, block-based DLT—a so called blockchain—may not fit well to the multi-drone SLAM due to the restricted data structure, discrete consensus, and high power consumption. Thus, we designed a multi-drone SLAM system that constructs a DAG-based map database and sifts the noisy 3D points based on the DLT philosophy, named DAGmap. Considering the differences between currency transactions and data constructions, we designed a new strategy for data organization, validation, and a consensus framework under the philosophy of DAG-based DLT. We carried out a numerical analysis of the proposed system with an off-the-shelf camera and drones.

Analysis on Different Strategies Used in Blockchain Technology

Blockchain technology is a distributed ledger, it’s reliable, transparent, secure, trust-worthy, confidential and authenticate. Blockchain is a combination of blocks which contains the header of valid transactions using one of the best hashing algorithm (SHA-256 bits). Different strategies will be used in blockchain i.e., private blockchain, public (Example: Ethereum and bitcoins) and consortium blockchain. In this paper, we discuss about basic process of E-voting, IOT with blockchain, financing and blockchain technology helps for providing highest performance in rural areas.

Blockchain and supply chain relations: A transaction cost theory perspective

Blockchain is projected to be the latest revolutionary technology and is gaining increasing attention from academics and practitioners. Blockchain is essentially a distributed and immutable database that enables more efficient and transparent transactions. The consensus-based record validation can eliminate the need for a trusted intermediary. We utilize the transaction cost theory to create a better understanding of how blockchain might influence supply chain relations, specifically in terms of transaction costs and governance decisions. Conceptually developing a set of six propositions, we argue that blockchain limits opportunistic behavior, the impact of environmental and behavioral uncertainty. Blockchain reduces transaction costs, as it allows for transparent and valid transactions. We explore several areas for future research on how blockchain might shape supply chain management in the future.

Recovery of business intelligence systems: Towards guaranteed continuity of patient centric healthcare systems through a matrix-based recovery approach

With the intensive use of the internet, patient centric healthcare systems shifted away from paper-based records towards a computerized format. Electronic patient centric healthcare databases contain information about patients that should be kept available for further reference. Healthcare databases contain potential data that makes them a goal for attackers. Hacking into these systems and publishing their contents online exposes them to a challenge that affects their continuity. Any denial of this service will not be tolerated since we cannot know when we need to retrieve a patient’s record. Denial of service affects the continuity of the healthcare system which in turn threatens patients’ lives, decreases the efficiency of the healthcare system and increases the operating costs of the attacked healthcare organization. Although there are many defensive security methods that have been devised, nonetheless malicious transactions may find a way to penetrate the secured safeguard and then modify critical data of healthcare databases. When a malicious transaction modifies a patient record in a database, the damage may spread to other records through valid transactions. Therefore, recovery techniques are required. The efficiency of the data recovery algorithm is substantial for e-healthcare systems. A patient cannot wait too long for his/her medical history to be recovered so that the correct medication be prescribed. Nevertheless, in order to have fast data recovery, an efficient damage assessment process should precede the recovery stage. The damage assessment must be performed as the intrusion detection system detects the malicious activity. The execution time of the recovery process is a crucial factor for measuring the performance because it is directly proportional to the denial of service time of any healthcare system. This paper presents a high performance damage assessment and recovery algorithm for e-healthcare systems. The algorithm provides fast damage assessment after an attack by a malicious transaction to keep the availability of the e-healthcare database. Reducing the execution time of recovery is the key target of our algorithm. The proposed algorithm outperforms the existing algorithm. It is about six times faster than the most recent proposed algorithm. In the worst case, the proposed algorithm takes 8.81 ms to discover the damaged part of the database; however, the fastest recent algorithm requires 50.91 ms. In the best case, the proposed algorithm requires 0.43 ms, which is 86 times faster than the fastest recent work. This is a significant reduction of execution time compared with other available approaches. Saving the damage assessment time means shorter denial of service periods, which in turn guarantees the continuity of the patient centric healthcare system.

Notarial form ad solemnitatem in Montenegrin law

The paper considers the notarial form of legal transactions in Montenegrin law. Notarial legal transactions constitute a novelty within a legal system of Montenegro. Notaries started their work only five years ago. The author hereto pays special attention to the significance and functions of notarial form. The law provides for a notarial form as a prerequisite of validity of a number of the most significant contracts in the area of inheritance, family and obligations law. The author has analysed regulations pertaining to notary activities when making legal transactions in a form of notarial deed and specified that a constitutive form of certain legal transactions has given positive results in practice. Legal certainty has increased, especially in legal transactions pertaining to real estate. By impartial instructions to the parties, a notary makes sure the contracts constitute a result of true will of the parties engaged, that parties understand the legal consequences of undertaken transaction, that valid transactions are concluded and that conduct of court cases is avoided. If these contracts are not concluded in the form of notarial deed, they will not be legally effective. Notarial deed on any legal transaction shall acquire the status of public document and under certain conditions it may also obtain the status of executive title. The probative force of a legal transaction shall thus be increased in general and shall provide the execution without the participation of the court.

Interactions between acquisitions system expenditure reports and university financial services payment systems: WLN ACQ to WSU's PAPR

The interaction of payment transactions between WLN Acquisitions and Washington State University's “PAPR” system is described and analyzed. The preparation of WLN Acquisitions Receiving Reports is considered from the standpoint of editing them so that they will pass over into the WSU PAPR Request Payment Report function as valid transactions. The Geac Acquisitions-to-Lehigh University FRS interaction is briefly discussed as well.