Valid Reasons Research Articles

Factors that Influence the Buying Behaviour of Ready to Eat Food Products

The present investigated was conducted at Dadri, Gautam Buddh Nagar, UP. Out of 50 respondents this data has been collected from research area. 13% people opinion is about RTE food is easily available now days in the market. 14% consumers purchase the food on the basis of their taste. About 8% people buying that food because their family preferand like the ready to eat food and 1% people are those who are buying that food to influence by other and 10% also those were convenient from other users. Mostly around 15% consumers were those always buying consuming the RTE food for saving their cooking and preparation time. In the end rest 0% people nil due to the no data.
 On the other hand, there were few respondents out of 100% those have valid reason based on their past consumption experience to purchase ready to eat (RTE) food. Firstly, there was around 4% people those were unable to buy RTE food due to the lack of their awareness and knowledge also. Approximately 6% consumers were those who dislike the RTE products due to any valid reason. Around 26% people were not able to buy the RTE food products due to the high price of product. Nearby 20% consumers dislike the products due their low quality.
 4% consumers were unable to buy the RTE food products due to the unavailability. Approximately 34% people dislike the products because according to them, Ready to Eat food are too much health conscious because those are available in the form of extra fat, extra fibers, etc. Less than 6% consumers are those who haven’t any valid reason to buy RTE food products.

The AIUM Practice Parameter for the Performance of the Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Examination.

The AIUM Practice Parameter for the Performance of the Musculoskeletal Ultrasound Examination.

외국인의 인권

In 2001, the Korean Constitutional Court recognized the fundamental rights of non-citizens under the Korean Constitution by referencing them as “human rights.” The landmark decision had a significant meaning that the legal protection under the Constitution would be extended to non-citizens despite the textual limitations of the Constitution, which could have been interpreted that it confers fundamental rights only to citizens. Over the past around twenty years since then, however, the Court, in its rulings on the issues of migrants and refugees, retreated from protecting the rights of non-citizens on equal footing as citizens.
 Based on the review of the rulings since 2001, this article criticizes that the Court has rendered arbitrary and incongruent decisions that allow, as well as normalize, discriminatory treatment against migrants and refugees. The Court decided to grant constitutional protection to non-citizens only when the Court recognizes certain rights as a “human right,” as opposed to “citizens’ rights,” but it did so without any reference to specific criteria for judgment including international human rights law. The Court then relaxed the standard of review on constitutionality when the issues concern the restrictions against non-citizens, by explicitly stating that the level of constitutional protection for non-citizens may not be same as for citizens.
 In legitimizing the restrictions of fundamental rights against non-citizens, the Court relied on the assumption that foreigners are presumptively potential ‘illegal migrants’ who would harm social order. It also considered that the interests and benefits of citizens make valid reasons to justify the restrictions on non-citizens’ rights. This article discusses the irony how the Court in its rulings has undermined the principles of human rights while referencing to “human rights” as the basis of recognizing the constitutional rights of non-citizens.

Restorative justice in cases of gender-based violence against women: perspectives on shame, symbolic interactionism and agency

This article addresses the debated issue of the appropriateness of restorative justice programmes in cases of gender-based violence against women perpetrated by men. After brief references to the literature on the topic, a few points for reflection will be offered combining different perspectives. Some concern the role of shame, from the victim blaming phenomenon – which often affects women victims of gender-based violence – to the so-called ‘reintegrative shaming’ of the offender theorised by Braithwaite. Others are drawn from symbolic interactionism, applied to restorative processes involving these types of crime. Finally, the importance of agency – a key point in restorative practices – is emphasised as it fosters the self-esteem of the victim and the rehabilitation of the perpetrator. These perspectives support the conclusion that there are no valid reasons to exclude restorative justice in cases of gender-based violence against women.

"Blue balls" and sexual coercion: a survey study of genitopelvic pain after sexual arousal without orgasm and its implications for sexual advances.

Blue balls/vulva has received increasing interest from the public in recent years, sparking debate about genital physiology, controversy around "sexual release" as a treatment for this type of pain, and sexual consent. This cross-sectional, mixed-methods online study aimed to evaluate the general understanding and frequency of blue balls/vulva and whether individuals have ever been pressured to continue sexual activity because of a partner's fears of experiencing pain without orgasm. A total of 2621 individuals with a penis (n = 1483) or vagina (n = 1138) were recruited for an online survey on the experience of "blue balls/vulva." Quantitative analyses consisted primarily of descriptive statistics and chi-square analyses. Between-group differences were analyzed (based on whether respondents reported having a penis or vagina), and responses to open-ended questions were examined via thematic analysis. The primary outcomes of interest were reports of the belief in blue balls/vulva, the frequency and pain characteristics of blue balls/vulva, and the incidence of being pressured to continue sexual activity due to a partner's fears of experiencing pain without orgasm. Results indicated that significantly more individuals with a penis than a vagina reported believing that blue balls are real, endorsed experiencing pain when they approached orgasm but did not ejaculate, and reported moderate and severe pain. Significantly more individuals with a vagina than a penis reported being pressured into a sexual act due to a partner's fear of experiencing pain without orgasm. Results from the thematic analysis indicated that participants recognized that those with a vagina are expected to act sexually to prevent their partners' experience of blue balls, despite agreement that this phenomenon should not be used to coerce or manipulate partners into engaging sexually. Education on the frequency of this phenomenon and methods to relieve pain alternative to partnered sexual activity should be addressed in patients who present with this condition. Although the survey was brief, it provided information from a relatively large sample about whether people believe that this phenomenon exists, how many experience it, how painful it is, and how often it has been used as an excuse for a partner to continue sexual activity. Results indicated that severe pain exists in a minority of individuals, that solitary sexual and nonsexual activities can help to alleviate the discomfort, and that this pain is not a valid reason to continue unwanted sexual activity.

Knocking on the Doors of Perception: the role of psilocybin in substance use disorder treatment

IntroductionSubstance use disorders(SUDs) are a major health concern and current treatment interventions have proven only limited success. Despite increasing effectiveness, still about 50–60% relapse within 6–12 months after treatment [Cornelius et al., Addict Behav. 2003;28 381-386]. SUDs are defined as chronic disorders of brain reward system, motivation, and memory processes that have gone awry. Medication reducing craving and substance use is mainly available for alcohol dependence and to a lesser extent for other substances.Hallucinogens may represent a group of agents with potential anti-craving properties subsequently reducing substance use in SUD patients. For instance, lysergic acid diethylamide(LSD) and psilocybin have previously been shown to effectively alleviate symptoms of alcohol and nicotine dependence.ObjectivesNew treatments preferably focusing on reducing craving and subsequent substance use are therefore urgently needed. The hallucinogen psilocybin may provide a new treatment option for SUD patients, given the beneficial results observed in recent studiesMethodsSystematic revision of literature.ResultsIn the 1950s, a group of drugs with potential to alter consciousness were discovered (hallucinogens). Several studies suggested their anti-SUD potential, improving self-acceptance and interpersonal relationships, reducing craving and alcohol use. As a result of its recreational popularity during the 1960s, they were banned in 1967, greatly hampering scientific research in this field. Recently, psilocybin, an hallucinogenic substance in psilocybin-containing mushrooms has gained popularity in neuropsychological research, showing to increase trait openness, cognitive and behavioral flexibility, and ratings of positive attitude, mood, social effects, and behavior and even reported persistent positive changes in attitude and behavior. These findings might suggest a valuable compound for the treatment of psychiatric conditions with several additional studies providing supportive evidence for the therapeutic potential of psilocybin for SUD treatment and relapse prevention.ConclusionsWith the reported limited amount of side effects and potential beneficial effects of psilocybin in SUD, there are valid reasons to further investigate the therapeutic efficacy and safety of psilocybin as a potential SUD treatment. On the one hand, psilocybin may exert its anti-addictive properties by beneficial effects on negative emotional states and stress. On the other hand, psilocybin may improve cognitive inflexibility and compulsivity. Research on the efficacy of psilocybin on SUD is still limited to a handful of published studies to date. As a result, many important questions related to the use of psilocybin as a complement to current treatment of SUD and its working mechanisms remain unanswered. Before psilocybin can be implemented as a treatment option for SUD, more extensive research is needed.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Challenges in Treating Schizophrenia with LAIs – Analysis of Own Results

IntroductionSchizophrenia is a multifactorial and multifarious disorder with an unidentified etiology and pathogenesis, various clinical symptoms, unpredictable course and definite social significance. It’s social significance manifests in the long inability to work, the decrement of qualification and the burdening of family and social services. Patients find following therapy difficult; they often stop it altogether, which leads to new exacerbations and maintaining a vicious cycle.ObjectivesTo present an analysis of the results of the treatment of patients with LAIs – Trevicta and Xeplion in General Psychiatry Ward of UMBAL "Dr. Georgi Stranski” - Pleven for the period October 2016 – October 2022.MethodsOur retrospective research includes 17 patients treated in General Psychiatry Ward of UMBAL “Dr. Georgi Stranski”- Pleven. A treatment with LAI’s – Trevicta and Xeplion (Paliperidone palmitate) had been initiated in these patients. In consideration of the correct applications of the medication, they are always made by qualified personnel who received training for that purpose in the Ward. For assessment of the patients’ condition are used: Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and Personal Social Performance (PSP). Standard statistic methods are used for processing results.ResultsOur research includes 17 female patients as the Ward’s profile is such, with the average age of 38.65 years at the initiation of the treatment with Xeplion. Some were later introduced to Trevicta. Of all who participated in the research, 12 patients continue their treatment with regular applications, 2 have changed their address and by unreliable data still continue their treatment and for the other 3 we have no information of their status of treatment. The average count of admissions in the Ward before the initiation of treatment with LAI’s is 3.88 against 0.88 after the initiation. Regarding the PANSS scale – all score in the interval 75-100 points before initiation as opposed to the scores marked after the initiation of the medication that vary in the interval 34-48 points with definite distinctions in P and G items. Regarding the PSP scale – all participants score between 50 and 70 points before the initiation of the treatment as opposed to the scores of 89-95 points after the initiation. During the regular check-ups the patients report of subjective improvement, coupled with reports of objective and positive improvement by family.ConclusionsTreatment with LAIs – Xeplion and Trevicta has an unquestionable positive and lasting effect in the treatment of schizophrenia. Proof of that is the definite improvement of the symptoms, the increased social engagement and interpersonal communication. Everything mentioned is a valid reason to direct the treatment of schizophrenia in the direction of preservation of the personality of the patients.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

어떤 자유?

The aim of this work is to shed light on the ideal of “another freedom” expressed by Pushkin in the poem “From Pindemonte” in the context of modern concepts of freedom. It specifically intends to argue against the view of A. Etkind, who understands “another freedom” as equivalent to Isaiah Berlin's “negative freedom.” Whether Etkind's view is valid is examined in the context of the debate over Berlin's theory of freedom in modern political philosophy. Pushkin, who belongs to liberals, shares with Berlin the position of anti-rationalism and anti-utopianism. Modern republican critique of Berlin's liberal view of freedom can also be applied to Pushkin's political ideal of “enlightened despotism” in his later years. As such, there are several valid reasons to regard Pushkin's “another freedom” as the same paradigm as Berlin's “negative freedom.” However, Pushkin's position is different from Berlin's value pluralism. Pushkin's “another freedom” is not limited to “negative freedom.” In Pushkin's poem, both ‘autonomy’ and ‘authenticity’ of “positive freedom” are embodied. In a strict sense, Pushkin's “another freedom” differs from Western liberals' understanding of freedom. “Another freedom” that Pushkin wants is ‘anarchist individualism’ in its essence. The fundamentally different attributes of Pushkin's “another freedom” and Berlin's “negative freedom” in pursuit of the universal ideal of freedom of private life raise the issue of cultural differences in understanding the concept of freedom, which will be discussed in another study.

Legal Views on Menstrual Delays in Ramadhan

Fasting during Ramadan is obligatory for every Muslim/Muslimah who is mature, intelligent, clean from menstruation and childbirth for women, and who does not have a valid reason, such as travelers and sick. Meanwhile, menstruation is a natural process that occurs in every woman. With the current breakthroughs in medical science, drugs have emerged that can delay menstruation experienced by women, making it possible to carry out Ramadan fasting without obstacles. This type of research is library research (library research). With a historical approach. The data collection method is using a literature study, in which in this section the author will collect MUI fatwas and fiqh books on the topic being researched. Then read and trace the legal istinbath method. The results of the study show that the negative impact of this drug affects the body's work system, so its use in an inappropriate place is not recommended. While the positive impact on health, the authors assume there is no. Because this drug aims to block the natural cycle that occurs in women. Then the use of drugs that are not on target or used in the long term or made from inappropriate ingredients, will certainly have implications for the body. Meanwhile, Nash has not yet regulated the legal status of delaying menstruation. So ijtihad is needed in this case by looking at the benefits. If you delay your menstrual period using drugs, you will examine the side effects. If it causes harm to the body, it is better to avoid it. However, if it does not cause harm then it is permissible. As stated in the MUI fatwa No. 2 of 1979.

Alternative health groups on social media, misinformation, and the (de)stabilization of ontological security

Through 19 semistructured interviews, we explore why people join and participate in “alternative health” Facebook groups and Reddit subs. Participation in these groups creates an ontological circle where people’s feelings of fear, desperation, and distrust in the systems and actors that comprise our government, health, and news systems inspire alternative information and support-seeking in these groups and subs. While participation assuages those feelings and stabilizes people’s sense of ontological security, it also destabilizes it, reinforcing and legitimizing feelings of fear, desperation, and distrust. This circle contributes to favorable receptive conditions for spreading unproven and dangerous health misinformation. We argue that it will be difficult to address misinformation (1) without considering and rectifying people’s often valid reasons for feelings of fear, desperation, distrust, and their desires for information and (2) without considering the relationships between alternative health social media groups and subs and the (de)stabilization of ontological security.

SISTEM PENGUPAHAN DALAM PERSPEKTIF HUKUM ISLAM

This research was conducted to determine the wage system in the perspective of Islamic law, with data collection techniques using observation and documentation methods. Data analysis in this study will use qualitative data analysis which is constructive, develops and discovers social theories. The results obtained from this study are that the wage payment system must be in accordance with the agreement, so that wage earners can overcome some of the economic difficulties that are needed daily. The act of delaying the payment of wages without a valid reason is very contrary to Islamic law and is classified as an unjust act, what is more important in the matter of wages is that before working as a girlfriend, both parties first inform or provide an explanation regarding the amount of wages that must be received or arrested. so that there is no interpretation at a later date. Islam also explains that in the wage payment system, the wages that workers will receive

Stigma Toward Peer Specialists on Inpatient Units.

Stigma Toward Peer Specialists on Inpatient Units.

A review of environmental friendly green composites: production methods, current progresses, and challenges

The growing concern about environmental damage and the inability to meet the demand for more versatile, environmentally friendly materials has sparked increasing interest in polymer composites derived from renewable and biodegradable plant-based materials, mainly from forests. These composites are mostly referred to as "green" and they can be widely employed in many industrial applications. Green composites are less harmful to the environment and could be potential substitutes for petroleum-based polymeric materials. It is helpful to limit usage of fossil oil assets by developing biopolymer matrices such as cellulose-reinforced biocomposites using renewable assets such as plant oils, carbohydrates, and proteins. This paper focuses on green composites processing utilizing a variety of naturally available resources, sustainable materials which are not detrimental to the environment, new scientific signs of progress in achieving green sustainable development, as well as nanotechnology and its environmental consequences. Additionally, the environmental impacts of different composite materials are examined in this paper, along with their production from eco-friendly materials. Moreover, the manufacturing aspects of green composites and some concerns related to their production are also discussed. The merits of green composite materials and valid reasons why they are a valuable substitute for the traditionally used composite materials are also covered.

Common Statistical Errors in Scientific Investigations: A Simple Guide to Avoid Unfounded Decisions.

During my experience as an author, peer reviewer, and editor during COVID-19, I have encountered - and committed - various errors related to the interpretation and use of statistical measures and tests. Primarily concerning health sciences such as epidemiology, infodemiology, and public health, the evidence used to inform a conclusion carries an extremely high weight as it translates into decisions made to preserve the population's well-being. Therefore, the aforementioned evidence must be reliable. This short guide discusses the most common and dangerous mistakes I have experienced during my scientific journey. Real and invented examples have been proposed and analyzed in detail, showing possible interpretations, both correct and incorrect, and their consequences. Such a framework makes it clear that a statistical test alone cannot answer any scientific questions. Indeed, the interpretation of results and the verification of assumptions and test eligibility - subject to the author's evaluation - are crucial components of the integrity of the scientific investigation. Before using a test or adopting a measure, we must ask ourselves the following fundamental questions: Are there valid reasons to explore my research question? Am I sure my approach can fully and adequately answer my research question? Am I sure that my model's assumptions - basic and hidden - are sufficiently satisfied? How could violating those assumptions affect the validity of the results and stakeholders? Is the effect size relevant regardless of statistical significance?

The silent shot: An analysis of the origin, sustenance and implications of the MMR vaccine – autism rumour in the Somali diaspora in Sweden and beyond

ABSTRACT This article traces the origin, sustenance and implications of a persistent rumour that is responsible for low measles mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccination uptake in the Somali diaspora in a number of countries across the globe. The rumour stipulates that the MMR vaccine – the silent shot – causes autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Although the association between MMR and ASD is non-causal, and various public health initiatives have promoted health information campaigns, the rumour continues to circulate in the Somali diaspora in many countries, including Sweden. This paper shows that there are valid reasons for this. The findings from this paper draw on a systematic scoping review and qualitative interview data from Sweden. The results show that the Somali community experiences higher than average rates of ASD compared to the general population. Moreover, ASD does not exist in the Somali language or their home country, is considered a Western disease that only affects Somali children in the diaspora, and is a highly stigmatised disease. Also, the Somali diaspora has had negative experiences with ASD diagnosis and care. The rumour has been sustained by the absence of an answer to their ASD fear and through active diaspora networks on social media. The network that surrounds the rumour has arguably further helped to create an epistemic community for a community whose concerns have been silenced.

Институт увольнения работника по инициативе работодателя в 1970-1980-х гг. как отражение проблем позднего советского трудового права

By the beginning of the 1980s, the legal regulation of relations on termination of an employment contract at the initiative of the employer remained unchanged for a decade. The prevailing volume of norms was fixed in 1970. Fundamentals of the legislation of the USSR and the Union Republics on Labor and the Labor Code of the RSFSR of 1971 Article 254 of the Labor Code of the RSFSR of 1971 fixed additional grounds for the release of certain categories of workers. The grounds for dismissal of employees with a special legal status were also fixed in the branch Charters on labor discipline. Disciplinary dismissals occupied a place in a more extensive system of punishments than today. In addition, a remark, reprimand, strict reprimand, transfer to a lower-paid job could be applied to an employee with a general status. During the period under study, many constructive approaches to the interpretation of legislation and filling in gaps were developed by judicial practice. In the field of dismissal due to loss of trust, the interpretation of categories of persons serving monetary or commodity values has been formed. Relevant to Soviet practice was the modern problem of the absence of a normative list of persons directly servicing monetary or commodity values. The judicial practice of the late Soviet period also contained ambiguous approaches. Thus, during the period under review, the tradition of Soviet and Russian courts to interfere in the employer's decision to dismiss for violation of labor duties without valid reasons took root. Contrary to the ideological attitude towards the withering away of the right, the reverse process unfolded. The volume of regulatory prescriptions in the field of dismissal at the initiative of the employer has been continuously increasing, theoretical and practical developments have been introduced, legal conflicts have been overcome. However, technical and legal development did not solve the main problem of late Soviet labor law - a large-scale decline in labor discipline in all sectors of the national economy. Difficulties with the behavior of employees and employees can be traced both directly, through legislative and party acts, and indirectly, through a significant mass of publications on the relevant topic. The constructiveness of the scientific search of the 1980s was to a certain extent reduced by its ideologization. It was politically impossible to admit that the Soviet economic organization alienated the worker from the result of labor to a greater extent than the capitalist one. New means of ensuring labor discipline were developed in an axiomatic coordinate system. The key characteristic of the institution of dismissal of an employee at the initiative of the employer during the 1970s and 1980s was the undesirability of termination of the employment contract. This attitude can be traced in legislation, judicial practice, scientific works, statistical data. Its reasons are explained by "staff turnover", i.e. the free movement of workers in the labor market. At the same time, in order to ensure the recovery of the national economy, disciplinary sanctions were required. The desire of the state to avoid termination of the employment contract in every possible way formed the practice of impunity, entailed a further decline in labor discipline. The author declares no conflicts of interests.

ДЕЯКІ ПИТАННЯ ІНСТАНЦІЙНОЇ ЮРИСДИКЦІЇ АДМІНІСТРАТИВНИХ СУДІВ

Purpose. The purpose of the article is to determine the rules of instance jurisdiction, thelegal consequences of their violation in administrative proceedings, and to develop proposalsfor improving the current legislation of Ukraine in this area. Methods. The theoretical andmethodological basis of the research is general scientific and special methods. With the help of theuniversal dialectic method, the problems of determining the instance jurisdiction in administrativeproceedings in the procedural law and the consequences of its violation in their complexity andcontradictions were investigated, as well as ways of improving legal regulation in this area were determined. The use of the special-legal method and the method of systemic analysis, as wellas the logical-legal method, made it possible to investigate the content of individual norms ofadministrative procedural legislation related to the topic of the work, in their systemic connection.Results. It is noted that the legislator understands the type of administrative jurisdiction underthe instance jurisdiction, which determines the court authorized to consider and decide theadministrative case on the merits, from among the courts of different levels, to review the courtdecisions adopted in the administrative case in the appellate and cassation procedures. It hasbeen proven that under the current administrative procedural legislation of Ukraine, violationof the rules of instance jurisdiction entails a consequence in the form of annulment of the court'sdecision at the stages of appeal and cassation proceedings with referral of the case to the court offirst instance under the established jurisdiction for a new trial.It was concluded that in аrt. 22 of the Сode of administrative proceedings of Ukraine is notabout jurisdiction, but about jurisdiction. The need to exclude аrt. аrt. 23-24 of the Сode ofadministrative proceedings of Ukraine from paragraph 2 of chapter 2 of section I of the Сodeof administrative proceedings of Ukraine. The inexpediency of granting the Supreme Courtthe authority to consider some categories of administrative cases on the merits is indicated. Itis substantiated that the administrative cases provided for in рart 3 of аrt. 22 of the Сode ofadministrative proceedings of Ukraine, must be considered by district administrative courts ascourts of first instance.Conclusions. It is proposed to change the title of Chapter 2 of Section I to «AdministrativeJurisdiction and Jurisdiction of Administrative Matters», and the title of Paragraph 2 of Chapter2 of the Section to «Instance Jurisdiction», to provide for such a consequence of violation of therules specified in аrt. 22 of Сode of administrative proceedings, when considering a case in thecourt of first instance as a transfer of the case to another court by appropriateness, to establishthat the annulment in the appellate procedure of the court decisions that ended the considerationof the case is not allowed, if the party to the case who filed the appeal, without valid reasons, doesnot declared that the case was not subject to jurisdiction in the court of first instance.

Особенности специального субъекта и объективной стороны в составе неоказания помощи больному, повлекшего по неосторожности смерть больного или причинение тяжкого вреда его здоровью

The importance of the presented topic is explained by the high social risk expressed in the occurrence of medical negligence’s adverse consequences, especially when it entails serious harm to the patient’s health or his death. The aim is to establish the revealing proper crime subject peculiarities of non-assistance to patient, which caused by negligence the death or serious harm to health infliction and the causal link between his act and the adverse consequences. The study of the signs of a special subject in the considered corpus delicti, objective side’s conditions and containment identification, as well as the criminal cases consideration practice analysis and the criminal record status under part 2 of article 124 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation are defined as tasks. The empirical basis is provided by statistical data on the criminal record for the studied crime, as well as judicial practice materials, in which the author conducted a content analysis. According to the research results it is noted that the key criterion distinguishing the crimes committed under part 2 of article 124 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation from crimes under part 2 of article 109 and part 2 of article 118 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation is professional-destructive (bona fide) medical defect expressed in the criminal legislation as special subject omission without valid reasons.

Virtual Microscopy Goes Global: The Images Are Virtual and the Problems Are Real.

For the last two centuries, the scholarly education of histology and pathology has been based on technology, initially on the availability of low-cost, high-quality light microscopes, and more recently on the introduction of computers and e-learning approaches to biomedical education. Consequently, virtual microscopy (VM) is replacing glass slides and the traditional light microscope as the main instruments of instruction in histology and pathology laboratories. However, as with most educational changes, there are advantages and disadvantages associated with a new technology. The use of VM for the teaching of histology and pathology requires an extensive infrastructure and the availability of computing devices to all learners, both posing a considerable financial strain on schools and students. Furthermore, there may be valid reasons for practicing healthcare professionals to maintain competency in using light microscopes. In addition, some educators may be reluctant to embrace new technologies. These are some of the reasons why the introduction of VM as an integral part of histology and pathology instruction has been globally uneven. This paper compares the teaching of histology and pathology using traditional or VM in five different countries and their adjacent regions, representing developed, as well as developing areas of the globe. We identify general and local roadblocks to the introduction of this still-emerging didactic technology and outline solutions for overcoming these barriers.

Failure of the defendant to appear at the court as a ground for postponement of criminal proceedings: Problem aspects in practice

The non-arrival of the defense attorney during the trial is one of the main grounds for postponement of the trial in criminal proceedings. The analysis of judicial practice made it possible to conclude that the absence of a defense attorney at a court hearing, if participation is mandatory, is also a fairly common reason for annulment of decisions and sentences of the court of first instance with the appointment of a new trial in connection with the violation of the requirements of the criminal procedural law. At the same time, it is known that the non-appearance of a party to a criminal proceeding does not prevent the proceedings only if the person was properly notified of the date, time and place of the trial and did not provide valid reasons for his non-appearance. In view of this, the question of classifying the reasons for the defense attorney's non-appearance as legitimate remains a difficult one. Criminal procedural legislation leaves the resolution of the specified issue entirely to the discretion of the court. The exception is Art. 138 of the Criminal Procedure Code of Ukraine, which establishes a list of valid reasons for a person's non-arrival at a summons, but this list is not exhaustive. In addition, the Bar Council of Ukraine adopted a decision regarding the validity of the reasons for the absence of lawyers to participate in court hearings during the consideration of cases, investigative actions and other jurisdictional procedures under martial law. Therefore, it is important for an in-depth study of the non-appearance of a defense attorney at a court session to conduct an analysis of court practice in Ukraine.