Valid Justification Research Articles

Cognitive ease at a cost: LLMs reduce mental effort but compromise depth in student scientific inquiry

This study explores the cognitive load and learning outcomes associated with using large language models (LLMs) versus traditional search engines for information gathering during learning. A total of 91 university students were randomly assigned to either use ChatGPT3.5 or Google to research the socio-scientific issue of nanoparticles in sunscreen to derive valid recommendations and justifications. The study aimed to investigate potential differences in cognitive load, as well as the quality and homogeneity of the students' recommendations and justifications. Results indicated that students using LLMs experienced significantly lower cognitive load. However, despite this reduction, these students demonstrated lower-quality reasoning and argumentation in their final recommendations compared to those who used traditional search engines. Further, the homogeneity of the recommendations and justifications did not differ significantly between the two groups, suggesting that LLMs did not restrict the diversity of students’ perspectives. These findings highlight the nuanced implications of digital tools on learning, suggesting that while LLMs can decrease the cognitive burden associated with information gathering during a learning task, they may not promote deeper engagement with content necessary for high-quality learning per se.

The impact of (the absence of) recognition on the use of force

The impact of (the absence of) recognition of an entity as a State on the application of the prohibition to use force relates to the personal scope of application of the prohibition to use force. So far, it has not been analysed in-depth, many writings focusing rather on the possibility to invoke self-defence against non-state actors. Referring to the explanatory note to article 1 of resolution 3314 as interpreted by existing practice (notably the Russian-Ukrainian War), the authors argue against the possibility to invoke any (absence) recognition as a valid justification to use of force.

Biometric Harm

This article argues in favour of the recognition of biometric harm, which is a specific type of harm arising from the use of biometrics to identify and classify people without a valid legal justification. The importance and pervasiveness of biometric technologies have increased. The development of biometric systems is rapidly advancing; however, their potential negative implications for individuals and society are routinely dismissed or willingly ignored. Biometrics deeply affects some of the basic needs of humans, including the need to step out of one’s social identities to enjoy unobserved time and the need to self-represent oneself in all social relationships. Such necessities are preserved by the legal system via high-ranked provisions that protect personhood, dignity, the right to private life and the right to express one’s personality. Because of these negative effects on core human necessities and legal values, this paper submits that biometric identification should be considered harmful, unless justified by another equally fundamental legal value. In line with other restrictions of the involved fundamental values, necessity and law enforcement purposes may justify biometric identification. Conversely, it is submitted that consent, while essential, does not fulfil the requirements of a stand-alone justification for biometric harm.

Legal custom and other rules established by practice: issues of correlation

The article is devoted to the issues of the comparison between legal custom and other rules, formed by practice. In particular, the correlation of legal custom with the practice of state authorities, legal precedent and personal business practice is considered. Identifying the relationships between them makes it possible to understand the meaning of the corresponding phenomena. Differences in the legal nature of the mentioned phenomena cause the fact that some are sources of law, while others are not. The acquisition or loss of certain parameters (features) can lead to the transition (transformation) of one phenomenon into another with corresponding consequences.
 It is explained, that the practice of state authorities is not an independent form of law, but can create such forms - legal custom, legal precedent, etc. It can also create quasi-legal phenomena – agreements between governing subjects, clerk habits, etc. The criteria for distinguishing between legal custom and legal precedent are defined: subjects, the nature of law-making practice, the intensity of such practice, the justification of validity and content, the level of certainty and formalization, as well as the scope of legal action. A legal custom is a general social practice, which consists in repeating certain actions several times or refraining from them by a wide range of subjects. Instead, legal precedent is formed by the special practice of the competent authority in the course of law enforcement, which is most often expressed in a specific judicial or administrative decision.
 It has been found, that business practice is able to create two basic types of rules for contracting parties – legal customs and rules of personal business practice. The first of them are characterized by generality and in terms of legal consequences are equated to the norms, contained in the legislation. Instead, the latter bind only specific counterparties, and therefore are equivalent to the terms of the contract, concluded between them. The use of the term "custom" to delineate the rules, formed by personal business practice, is not only contrary to its nature, but also creates a terminological imbalance in law of obligations

TINJAUAN HUKUM ISLAM TERHADAP PRAKTEK HUTANG PIUTANG MELALUI MEDIA APLIKASI GOJEK PADA PENGGUNA GOPAYLATER

Lending and borrowing in this millennial era is not limited to face-to-face. The emergence of FinTech makes it easy for people to transact with various products, one of which is online credit. With online credit, people can shop now and pay later with the PayLater feature. The PayLater feature is widely used by various platforms, one of which is Gojek with its GoPayLater. The research method used is library research, which is a research approach that uses published sources of information such as books, journal articles, reports and other documents as the main basis for collecting data and analyzing it. This research is also called secondary data research. In the Gojek application, it imposes excessive interest or additional fees in loan transactions because additional costs exceed the principles of justice and without any valid justification, this can be considered as usury which is contrary to Islamic law

Military Assistance to Ukraine: Enquiring the Need for Any Legal Justification under International Law

Abstract Since the invasion of Ukraine by Russia on 24 February 2022, Western states have provided significant military support to the Ukrainian armed forces, through the supply of arms or intelligence. This article enquires whether those states need any legal justification to make such support lawful under international law and, more particularly, under the law on the use of force, the law of neutrality and the regulation of arms transfers. It concludes that such justification might be required in certain circumstances and that the supporting states’ narrative, namely helping Ukraine to exercise its right of self-defence in response to a blatant armed attack, might act as a valid justification, except with respect to certain regulations on arms transfer.

Оценка частот акустических колебаний в выходном диффузоре газотурбинной установки

Calculated estimation of acoustic resonances in the flow part of gas turbines in the outlet diffusers is a current problem. Its solution will improve vibration reliability of essential elements of gas turbine plant (GTP) – the rear bearing housing support and the blade apparatus. At present there are only a limited number of calculated and experimental works devoted to the study of acoustic resonance effect in the output devices of gas turbines. The objective of this paper is to estimate frequencies of acoustic oscillations in the GTP output diffuser. It allows to avoid coincidence of the indicated frequencies with the frequencies of natural oscillations of GTP structural elements. The results of the analysis of frequencies of acoustic oscillations should be confirmed in further experimental studies of the specified output device, i.e., the output diffuser. The method to solve the problem is computational. The results of numerical calculations of acoustic resonances in the GTP outlet diffuser are used for the analysis. The calculations have been performed in the Modal Acoustics ANSYS Workbench program. The model is described and the computational program to calculate the acoustic modes in the output diffuser is specified. The boundary conditions to perform the specified numerical acoustic calculations are proposed. The modes and corresponding frequencies of acoustic oscillations that are possible in the GTP outlet diffuser are considered. Justification of validity of the results of numerical calculations is their partial comparison with analytical solution for the simplest acoustic model, as well as with the preliminary result of the experimental research. The results of the acoustic calculations of the model of the GTP outlet diffuser allow to determine the modes of acoustic oscillations, and to estimate the frequency range of these modes. To substantiate the calculated estimates of frequencies of acoustic pressure pulsations, as well as to clarify the amplitudes of these pulsations, experimental aerodynamic studies of the model of the outlet diffuser with a rotating turbine stage at the inlet are necessary. Refined calculation model of acoustic resonances in the GTP outlet diffuser will contribute to the offset of frequencies of acoustic gas vibrations from the natural frequencies of vibrations of the GTP structural elements, adjacent to the diffuser. The indicated frequency offset will improve the GTP vibration reliability at the design stage.

초등학생의 나눗셈과 비례배분 포함관계 정당화 분석

Objectives This study seeks to derive implications for teaching and to learn to strengthen the awareness of internal connectivity in mathematics and justification activities in mathematics teaching and learning situations through the problem of justifying the inclusion relationship of division and proportional distribution.
 Methods Through theoretical consideration, various aspects of division and proportional distribution inclusion relationships were actualized, an analysis framework for justification for inclusion relations was prepared, and the problem of inclusion relations of division and proportional distribution was presented to 100 elementary school students in metropolitan city. The justification process was analyzed.
 Results As a result of the analysis, 46% of elementary school students paid attention to the operation symbol when presenting the justification for the inclusion relationship of the two operations, and 21% of the students performed valid justification in the process of justifying the inclusion relationship. The characteristics of the students who performed valid justification were that they were able to pay attention to the meaning of the sign during the justification process and were able to categorize the meaning of the sign by acting a progressive disentanglement of the meaning and connecting the two operations through various visual representations.
 Conclusions As an implication of mathematics teaching and learning through this study, students are likely to pay attention to specific target symbols rather than the meaning of abstract operations when justifying, and a progressive disentanglement of concepts and various visual applications is needed to strengthen students' recognition of good internal connectivity. Based on this, it is necessary to provide an opportunity for a connection between the two concepts. In providing this opportunity, the justification task allows one to recognize different grounds within the same assertion, suggesting that it is a valuable activity for connectivity guidance.

Do green financial markets offset the risk of cryptocurrencies and carbon markets?

The current controversies raised due to cryptocurrency mining and their hazardous impact on the environment have spurred the need of the current study to investigate whether green markets offset the risk of cryptocurrencies and carbon markets. We took five categories of financial markets, for instance, bonds, stocks, commodities, cryptocurrencies, and carbon markets to measure their tail risk at 5% value-at-risk (VaR). Moreover, we employed the novel technique of conditional autoregressive value-at-risk (CAViaR) along with time-varying parameters vector autoregressions (TVP-VAR) to indicate asymmetries among these financial markets. We found strong intra-class connectedness clusters with little interconnectedness among the markets. Subsequently, the time-varying trends highlighted extreme risk spillovers during the crisis times. Our findings offer valid justifications for policymakers, stakeholders, regulators, investors, and financial market participants.

История промысла среднеазиатской черепахи Agrionemys hors-fieldii (Testudinidae, Reptilia) в Узбекистане и его влияние на численность популяций

The harvesting of the Central Asian tortoise has been a longstanding practice in Uzbekistan. Throughout the 1930s–1950s, this species was harvested to feed farm livestock and shepherd dogs, and during the World War II, tortoise meat was used to provide additional nutrition to the people. The 1960s marked the start of commercial trade in tortoises. The annual volumes of legal harvesting of wild tortoises started to grow in the late 1990s, and reached 85 thousand specimens per year by 2017. The size of the populations at regular harvesting locations has dropped, and their gender and age composition has changed. The CITES export quota for tortoises bred in captivity was increased in 2018–2019 without valid justification, although small breeding centers have no capacity to breed the manifested quantities of animals. Consequently, Uzbekistan currently exports ranched individuals as well as young wild tortoises, mis-declared as bred in captivity. The export of Central Asian tortoises from Uzbekistan should be suspended temporarily until an expert assessment of the situation is made, and penalties for poaching these animals should be made more severe.

Chemometrics validation of adsorption process economy: Case study of acetaminophen removal onto quail eggshell adsorbents

The potential of quail eggshells for acetaminophen (PCM) removal in aqueous solution was studied. Calcination greatly increased the surface area of the raw quail eggshell (RQES). Hence, surface area as determined by the Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET) surface and porosity analyzer are 680.80 m2/g for RQES while calcinated quail eggshell (CQES) had 927.30 m2/g. The scanning electron microscopic (SEM) analysis revealed pores useful for uptake of PCM. Adsorption process for the uptake of PCM onto RQES and CQES was pH-dependent with optimum pH of 7 and 6 respectively. The Freundlich adsorption isotherms suggested a multilayer adsorption of PCM unto RQES and CQES. The Dubinin Raduskevich (D-R) model best described the adsorption processes. The energy of adsorption obtained from the model for the two adsorption systems were 23.57 and 8.4515 kJ.mol−1 suggesting that chemisorption occurred within the systems. The maximum monolayer adsorption capacities were 10.00 and 15.15 mg/g for uptake of PCM unto RQES and CQES respectively. Pseudo-second-order model best explained the kinetics of the adsorption processes, adsorption process was established to be feasible and feasibility increased with temperature. The process economy validation by Ordinary Least Square (OLS) cum ridge estimator followed by model performance judgment using the test mean squared error (TMSE) revealed 32% and 22.8% in PCM quantity adsorbed per unit changes in time and temperature respectively. Hence, a valid justification for economy friendliness of the prepared adsorbents in acetaminophen removal.

Prisma-P and Prospero

Systematic review and meta-analysis (SRMA) are the supreme collective scientific evidence available in our literature. Conducting a SRMA is a time consuming, relatively expensive team work. There are many funding options for a relevant SRMA. Hence it is advisable to check whether our proposed SRMA is unique or whether someone else is currently doing it. One can do it by searching PROSPERO maintained by University of York, Cochrane library, PubMed and Google Scholar. It is mandatory to register SRMA; PROSPERO is a major registration option. PROSPERO doesn’t allow multiple registrations of the same topic unless a valid justification can be given. PROSPERO requires a registration which is free of coast. Registration can be done by visiting https:// www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/ . After login, we can either register our SRMA or we can search ongoing SRMA. Having a protocol as per PRISMA-P guidelines is mandatory for a smooth registration process. Registration increases the credibility of the SRMA and eliminates the chance of unnecessary duplication of the work. Protocol helps to plan and anticipate problems associated with SRMA. There are different methods for preparing the protocol; Cochrane protocols and PRISMA-P protocols. This editorial will deal with PRISMA-P protocols. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) was published in 2015 ( Moher D, Shamseer L, Clarke M, Ghersi D, Liberati A, Petticrew M, Shekelle P, Stewart LA. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement. Syst Rev. 2015;4(1):1. doi: 10.1186/2046-4053-4-1). PRISMA-P specifically talks about protocols, PRISMA about manuscript writing and PRISMA-S about reporting search strategies. PRISMA-P statement (http://www.prisma-statement. org/Extensions/Protocols ) contains some very important items. Administrative information includes identification (Title, original or updated SRMA), registration details, author information (primary and contributors), amendments (indicate ONLY if the protocol is a modification of the earlier one) and support (information regarding funding). Introduction includes rationale and objectives. Methods include eligibility criteria (study characters like PICO, study design and setting, time frame etc.), information sources (all intended digital and other sources), search strategy (MESH terms, Boolean operators, synonyms etc.), study records (data management methods like Rayyan, selection process like who screens the data and data collection process like MS excel / spread sheet), data (define al variables), role of bias in individual studies (describe methods for assessing risk of bias at study level or outcome level or both), data synthesis (describe the statistical aspects), meta bias (publication bias among studies, possibility of selective reporting) and confidence in cumulative evidence.

Comrades or contenders: A corpus-based study of China's Belt and Road in US diplomatic discourse

China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) has received both praise and criticism within global settings. American stance, however, has been interesting sounding diplomatically more intricate. BRI’s opponents view it being hampered by impediments rather than facilitated with opportunities, while its advocates see opportunities instead of challenges because of its being in global limelight. While all parties have valid justifications for their express or tacit positions, they emphasize on the legitimacy of the status quo. To investigate these significant researchable inquiries, the study exclusively aims at examining the inherent ideologies and inconsistencies witnessed in the presentation and re-presentation of China's Belt and Road Initiative in US public diplomacy media outlets. Our findings reveal that China's image has been constructed differently at US diplomacy public media outlets hence establishing it as a major dimension worth inquiry. The study also shows that media attention and direct responses to the BRI in the United States view it through a lens of politically engineered problems. However, the diplomatic logic of the United States differs from the entire philosophy behind the BRI project as the BRI image has observed a drastic change from positive in re-presentation to being neutral rather somewhat negatively perceived.

Rule-based Clinical Decision Support System using the OpenEHR Standard

Clinical Decision Support Systems present diverse ramifications that ultimately help healthcare professionals in their decision-making process. These systems can manifest themselves in the form of computerized guidelines that, depending on their goal and stipulated directives, help and optimize healthcare professional’s daily tasks. However, nowadays there is a certain resistance from the healthcare community towards using these systems, with valid justifications such as: the absence of transparency in defined rules, the lack of interoperability within these systems and the difficulty in their usage as they prove themselves unintuitive and hard. With the intention of culminating these flaws, a clinical decision support system was developed based on the openEHR module in order to ensure standardization and semantic interoperability. This system will be oriented towards management and creation of clinical guidelines based on the specifications of the openEHR standard.

The Slippery Slope Argument in the Context of Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide

This article analyzes the slippery slope argument and its application to the problem of legalizing euthanasia and physician-assisted suicide. The argument is often referred to in discussions of abortion, in vitro fertilization, etc., but it has been little developed in the Russian-language literature. This explains the relevance and novelty of this article. The focus is on the ways of representation of the argument in research. It distinguishes its main types: logical (disintegrating into no-principle distinction argument and the soritical argument), empirical (or psychological argument), and non-logical (metaphorical). Each of these types of argument is constructed according to a certain principle and has a number of features and critiques. A common place for criticism of an argument is its focus on the future so that it makes reasoning probabilistic. The logical type of argument is centered around denoting the transition between the original event and its adverse consequences and denotes the action of social factors to accelerate the transition. The no-principal distinction argument implies that there is no moral distinction between the events at the beginning and the end of the slope. The soritical argument involves intermediate steps between questionable and unacceptable practices. The conceptual slope is another variant of the logical kind of argument. The empirical argument illustrates a situation of changing societal values which results in an easier acceptance of morally disapproved practices. The metaphorical argument is used to illustrate the metaphor of slope and the situation of the accumulation of small problems that lead to serious undesirable results. The non-logical kind of argument centers around the routinization of practice, desensitization, and exploitation of unprotected groups in society. Exploitation can be called the victims' slope. It grounds its consideration on the abuse of the practice being administered. Application of the ethical methodology (theoretical-logical and empirical-historical) to the types of arguments and ways of their application allows us to highlight the value component of the argument, to determine its dilemma nature and to correlate it with bioethical principles. The application of bioethical principles to suppress the transition to undesirable consequences is critiqued on the basis of particularly difficult cases in which one is unable to articulate one's decision. The criticism of the argument is built on the probabilistic nature of the reasoning, the lack of reflection on the underlying premise and the lack of empirical evidence. It concludes that the slippery slope argument is incapable of being the only valid justification for rejecting the practices of physician-assisted suicide and euthanasia.

Adapt to Translate

The article presents the advantages and limitations of adaptive clinical trials for assessing the effectiveness of medical interventions and specifies the conditions that contributed to their development and implementation in clinical practice. I advance two arguments by discussing different cases of adaptive trials. The normative argument is that responsible adaptation should be taken seriously as a new way of doing clinical research insofar as a valid justification, sufficient understanding, and adequate operational conditions are provided. The second argument is historical. The development of adaptive trials can be related to lessons learned from research in cases of urgency and to the decades-long efforts to end the productivity crisis of pharmaceutical research, which led to the emergence of translational, personalized, and, recently, precision medicine movements.

Hypothermia for neonatal encephalopathy: how do we move forward?

Tagin and Gunn suggest that the current criteria from randomised controlled trials of hypothermia for moderate or severe encephalopathy are limiting the application to infants with perinatal hypoxia-ischaemia.1 They propose...

Comments on “Design of momentum fractional LMS for Hammerstein nonlinear system identification with application to electrically stimulated muscle model”

The purpose of this article is to discuss some aspects of the convergence analysis performed in the paper (Design of momentum fractional LMS for Hammerstein nonlinear system identification with application to electrically stimulated muscle model, Eur Phys J Plus 134: 407, 2019). It is highlighted that the way the authors prove convergence suffers a lack of correct and valid mathematical justifications.

Misinterpretation of zircon ages in layered intrusions

Abstract A recent re-interpretation of the Bushveld Complex and other layered intrusions as stacks of randomly emplaced, amalgamated sills is mostly fuelled by finding of zircon ages that are not getting progressively younger from the base upwards, as expected from a classical model for the formation of layered intrusions. Rather, they display several reversals from older to younger ages and vice-versa with moving up-section through the layered intrusions. Here, we show that the reported zircon ages are at odds with the relative ages of rocks as defined by cross-cutting relations in potholes of the Bushveld Complex. This indicates that interpretation of the zircon isotopic data as the emplacement age of the studied rocks/units is incorrect, making a new emplacement model for layered intrusions baseless. This conclusion is further buttressed by the phase equilibria analysis showing that regular cumulate sequences of layered intrusions are not reconcilable with a model of randomly emplaced sills. In this model, the late sills are free to intrude at any stratigraphic position of the pre-existing rocks, producing magmatic bodies with chaotic crystallization sequences and mineral compositional trends that are never observed in layered intrusions. There are thus no valid justifications for the re-evaluation of the current petrological model of the Bushveld Complex and other layered intrusions as large, long-lived and largely molten magma chambers. A fundamental implication of this analysis is that the current high-precision U-Pb TIMS ages from layered intrusions are inherently unreliable on the scale of several million years and cannot therefore be used for rigorous estimations of the timing of crystallization, duration of magmatism, and cooling of these intrusions.

The Economics of Insurance: A Derivatives-Based Approach

This article revisits the economics of insurance using insights from derivatives pricing and hedging. Applying this perspective, I emphasize the following insights applicable to insurance. First, I provide a valid justification for the use of arbitrage-free insurance premiums. This justification applies in both complete and incomplete markets. Second, I demonstrate the importance of diversifiable idiosyncratic risk for the determination of insurance premiums. And third, analyzing the insurance industry using the functional approach, I show the importance of derivatives and the synthetic construction of derivatives for reducing an insurance company's insolvency risk.