Valid Instrument For Assessment Research Articles

Development of an integrated ability assessment instrument in reaction rate material

This research aimed to develop a valid and reliable integrated ability assessment instrument (IAAI) to measure the multiple representations and chemical literacy of senior high school students related to the reaction rates. The framework developed in this research was implemented based on a 4-D model (defining, designing, developing, and disseminating). The integrated assessment consisted of five items of essay questions. The preliminary version of the IAAI was initially piloted on reviews by experts, and the paper-pencil test was given to a group of students. The obtained data were analyzed using Item Response Theory (IRT). In addition, Generalized Partial Credit Model (GPCM) model was conducted to examine the parameter quality, which estimated the test items. The content validity, construct validity, and quality of the items suggest that the integrated assessment ability instrument has a high score in validity and reliability. The analysis results of the instrument trial data indicate that the integrated abilities of students are in the medium category.

Validity and reliability of the Persian version of illness invalidation inventory (3*I) among patients with non-inflammatory rheumatic painful disorders

BackgroundThe Invalidation Illness Inventory (3*I) is an instrument that assesses invalidation (including discounting and lack of understanding dimensions) experienced by patients with rheumatic disorders. This study aimed to translate and validate the 3*I in Iran.MethodsFollowing translation of the 3*I into the Iranian language (Persian), a cross-sectional study was conducted. A consecutive sample of females with chronic non-inflammatory rheumatic painful diseases completed the questionnaire. Patients also completed the Revised Symptom Impact Questionnaire (SIQR) and the Short Form Health Survey-12 (SF-12). To examine convergent validity, the correlation between the 3*I, the SIQR, and the SF-12 was assessed. The reliability of the 3*I was examined by internal consistency (the Cronbach's alpha coefficient) and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC).ResultsIn all 196 patients participated in the study. The mean (SD) age of patients was 45.62 ± 10.70 years. Several significant correlations between the Invalidation Illness Inventory (discounting/lack of understanding) with the symptom impact (SIQR) and the short form health survey (SF-12) were observed lending support to the convergent validity of the 3*I. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficients were acceptable for most dimensions and sources, ranging from 0.52 to 0.88. Most ICC values for the dimensions of 3*I were above 0.75.ConclusionsThe findings indicated that the Persian version of Illness Invalidation Inventory (3*I) is a valid instrument for invalidation assessment in patients with chronic pain. Given the high frequency of perceived invalidation among patients with rheumatic painful disorders, serious attention is needed to the issue in clinical and research settings.

An analysis of Course‐based Undergraduate Research Experience (CURE) efficacy at community colleges, primarily undergraduate, and research institutions

Course‐based Undergraduate Research Experiences (CUREs) have emerged as a well supported high‐impact practice for improving both retention of students in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) disciplines and overall achievement of students in STEM coursework. While considerable scholarship has been performed on the overall efficacy of CUREs as a teaching approach, comparatively little work has been done to uncover the more nuanced data on how CUREs serve students at different types of undergraduate institutions (community colleges, primarily‐undergraduate institutions (PUIs), and research‐intensive institutions) as well as students characterized as Persons Excluded due to Ethnicity or Race (PEER). In this study, we leverage the Malate Dehydrogenase CURE Community, a CURE network focused on bringing research experiences in protein biochemistry to undergraduates, to collect data on student achievement and attitudes. Using several validated assessment instruments, we considered how effective the MCC CURE experience was at each type of institution as well as for PEER students versus their White/Asian counterparts. Our data revealed that the CURE approach to instruction was especially effective at PUIs, with significantly‐higher levels of student collaboration and overall positive attitudes about STEM careers found in comparison to community colleges and research‐intensive institutions. Community colleges reported the most significant gains with respect to PEER student achievement relative to White/Asian students as well as enthusiasm among PEER students for conducting future research. Taken together, the data suggest that while all undergraduates may expect to benefit from exposure to CUREs, the specific benefits vary by the type of institution as well as the PEER status of student. The outcomes of this research will ultimately enable institutions to provide biochemistry‐focused high‐impact educational experiences for undergraduates tailored to the needs of these institutions to enable them to become a well‐equipped next generation of life scientists.

Validation of the psychometric properties of a "Modified Version of the Hornheider Screening Instrument" (HSI-MV) using a sample of outpatient and inpatient skin tumor patients.

The basis for adequate psycho-oncological care is the identification of patients with psychosocial support needs. The German Working Group for Psychooncology also recommends the Hornheider Screening Instrument (HSI) for this purpose. The question, "Is anyone in your family particularly burdened by the hospital stay?" is intended to capture disease-related family stress. But is this item equally suitable for outpatients and inpatients? The study objective was to examine how replacing the original item affects the test performance of this modified version of the HSI and the frequency of psychosocial stress. 92 outpatients and 98 inpatients with skin tumors assessed their psychosocial situation using different questionnaires. Compared to inpatients, less than half as many outpatients answered the item in the affirmative. If the question was replaced by: "Is someone in your family particularly burdened by your disease or the course of the disease?" this setting-related difference did not arise. The "Alternative item" and the "Modified version of the HIS" (HSI-MV) proved to be superior to the original item and the original HSI with regard to all examined criteria. The HSI-MV can be used as a reliable and valid instrument for the systematic assessment of psychosocial care needs in outpatient and inpatient settings. Depending on care capacity, a threshold of ≥5 or ≥4 is appropriate. In addition to screening, the desire for support should be enquired.

Development and Validation of Instrument Measuring Perception of Healthcare Provider on Cost Containment and Related Practices in Hospital Setting

Introduction: Healthcare system is struggling to overcome challenges in cost-containment and to maintain expenditure levels conceivable for an efficient operation. A new instrument measuring cost containment practices in healthcare are essential to provide genuine information to prevent unnecessary expenses and excessive spending. Objective of the Study: To develop and validate the instruments for measuring staff perception on Cost Containment Practices (CCP) and related factors in the hospital setting in the North Region in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Methodology: The study instruments consist of 11 items measuring cost containment practice (CCP), 11 items measuring healthcare quality (HQ) and 8 items measuring staff attitude (SA) were newly constructed. Otherwise, the 17 items measuring health information technology (HIT) and another 17 items for measuring organization empowerment (OE) were adapted and modified from previous studies. All items were measured using the ten-point interval scale. The instrument was developed in stages: reviewing the literature and development of the item, experts’ verification for content validity, and face validity. Later, this study employed a cross-sectional design in two phases. In the pilot study stage, 170 respondents were sampled using a stratified random sampling method. The selected respondents were given an online self-administered questionnaire for data collection. Then, the researchers conducted exploratory factor analysis (EFA) to assess the usefulness of every item for measuring their respective construct. In the actual field study, another 247 respondents were sampled from two other hospitals to provide data for confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to assess the instruments’ construct validity, convergent validity, and discriminant validity as well as its composite reliability. Results: The EFA results showed the extraction method of Principal Component with Varimax Rotation was significant. The Bartletts’ Test of Sphericity and the sampling adequacy by KMO test confirmed sufficiency of samples. None of the items were removed as all the items in all five constructs showed factor loading of more than 0.6. The reliability of all constructs was achieved by Cronbach’s Alpha above 0.8; CCP=0.805, HIT=0.890, OE=0.890, HQ=0.834 and SA=0.910. Furthermore, the CFA results for each construct fulfilled the construct validity through acceptable factor loadings (more than 0.6) and fitness indexes values achieved the threshold for all constructs and respective items. The fitness indexes were namely RMSEA, the Incremental Fit category; the CFI, the Parsimonious Fit category, and the ratio of Chisq/df. The study also revealed all Average Variance Extracted (AVE) and Composite Reliability (CR) results exceeded their threshold values of 0.5 and 0.6 respectively, which fulfilled the model Convergent Validity and Composite Reliability. In addition, the Discriminant Validity assessment ensured that no redundant constructs occur in the model and no multi-collinearity problem. Conclusion: The study produces a valid and reliable instrument for better assessment and understanding of practices on healthcare cost based on staff perception. It potentially reflects and explains the reasons behind the success or failure of cost containment initiatives. The present findings indicate applicability of the proposed instrument to measure cost containment practices in hospitals.

Development of Stem-Based Learning Tools to Increase the HOTS of Class X SMA Students on Environmental Change Materials

Pery Jayanto, Development of STEM-Based Learning Tools to Increase HOTS of Class X SMA Students on Change Material. Yogyakarta: Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Yogyakarta State University, 2021. The objectives of this research are (1) to produce STEM-based learning device products in the form of RPP, LKPD and valid assessment instruments so that they are feasible to be applied in learning activities, (2) produce practical STEM-based learning device products that are easy to apply in learning activities, and (3) produce effective learning equipment products to increase the HOTS of class X SMA students on Environmental Change Material. This research is a research and development (R&D) using the ADDIE model which consists of the stages of analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation. STEM-based learning tools developed are evaluated for the validity of the learning tools developed determined from the opinions of experts. Experts in this case are UNY Postgraduate lecturers, material experts and instrument experts who will provide suggestions and assessments related to the validity of the learning tools developed and then tested for practicality on the developed learning tools that can be determined through teacher and student assessments. This assessment is used to determine the responses of users of the learning tools developed. This assessment is about how suitable and easy the learning device is to apply and test its effectiveness on class X SMA students using a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest control group design. Data collection used interview guides, needs analysis questionnaires, validity assessment questionnaires for material experts and learning experts, practical assessment questionnaires by biology teachers and students and students' HOTS tests. The data analysis technique used n-gain and independent sample t-test. The results obtained based on the research that has been carried out show (1) according to the results of the validation of material experts and instrument experts, the STEM-based learning tools developed are declared valid and suitable for use in terms of construction, material and language aspects (2) the use of STEM-based learning tools in activities practical learning to use according to the teacher's assessment which is assessed from the material aspects, lesson plans and student worksheets, while the practicality of learning tools by students is assessed from the aspect of ease and assistance of students in using LKS, and (3) learning using STEM-based learning tools can increase participant HOTS SMA XI class students on environmental change material with a value <0.05.

Development of Academic Writing Block Scale (AWBS): A Validity and Reliability Study

Academic writing block is a psychology-based writing problem that has a productivity-lowering effect on the publishing process. This study aimed to develop a valid and reliable assessment tool to measure academic writing block. To this end, during the pre-trial and trial applications, academicians were interviewed face to face. The main application was realized through the online form. A pre-reliability test, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and total item correlation were conducted in the trial application. In the main application, reliability test, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and total item correlation were performed for construct validity. After the trial application, it was determined that the scale has a four-factor structure consisting of 23 items. Cronbach Alpha values were calculated to determine the preliminary reliability of the scale. CFA was conducted to test the construct validity of the Academic Writing Block Scale (AWBS). It was observed that the structure with four implicit variables determined in CFA was confirmed by the remaining 18 items in the scale. Besides, the total item correlation was used to test construct validity. Cronbach Alpha values were calculated to determine the reliability of AWBS. According to these values, it can be said that AWBS is a valid and reliable assessment instrument that can be used to measure academic writing block.

Comic Media on Force Topic in Science Lessons for Grade IV Elementary School

Learning media used in uncertain situations during pandemics such as today must have a flexible, efficient and practical nature. This research aims to find out the feasibility of Comic media on the content of natural science grade IV elementary school style material. This type of research is development research using the ADDIE (Analyze, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation) model. Data collection uses the questionnaire method. Validation of assessment instruments is carried out by 3 experts consisting of content experts, design experts, and media experts and 26 students on field tests. This study obtained excellent results, as evidenced by validation results by content experts, design experts, and media experts obtained scores of 93%, 97%, and 92% respectively. While for field tests obtained a score of 92%. From these results it can be concluded that this developed comic media is suitable for use on natural science material style content for grade IV elementary school. The implication of this research is that this comic media can be used in online and offline learning.

Assessing attack-related fear in headache disorders-Structure and psychometric properties of the Fear of Attacks in Migraine Inventory.

This study aimed to develop a self-report questionnaire for the assessment of attack-related fear in migraine, and to determine its factor structure as well as its psychometric properties by the primary analysis of a cross-sectional survey's data. High fear of attacks in migraine increases the burden of disease and is assumed to have a negative impact on the course of the disease. Little is known about the structure and dimensionality of attack-related fear, and a valid instrument for the comprehensive assessment is lacking. Based on a literature search and interviews with persons with migraine as well as with experienced practitioners, a 46-item self-report questionnaire, the Fear of Attacks in Migraine Inventory (FAMI) was developed. A cross-sectional online survey comprising an assessment of diagnostic criteria of migraine and a battery of questionnaires including the FAMI was conducted (N=387 persons with migraine, 364/387 [94.1%] women, M=40.9 [SD= 13.1] years, migraine without aura: 153/387 [39.5%], migraine with aura: 85/387 [22.0%], and chronic migraine: 149/387 [38.5%]). Item selection led to 29 items for the FAMI. Exploratory factor analysis resulted in three clearly interpretable factors (fear of negative consequences; attention and anticipation; fear-avoidance); a confirmatory factor analysis yielded an acceptable to good model fit (χ2 (3)=1328.84, p=0.001, χ2 /df=3.55, RMSEA=0.085, SRMR=0.073, CFI=0.98, and TLI=0.97). Reliability was good (fear-avoidance, ω=0.85; attention and anticipation, ω=0.88) to excellent (fear of negative consequences, ω=0.91). Correlational analyses confirmed the convergent validity of the FAMI. The FAMI appears suitable and promising for the assessment of attack-related fear in migraine research and clinical care.

TikTok as an Information Hodgepodge: Evaluation of the Quality and Reliability of Genitourinary Cancers Related Content.

BackgroundTikTok is the world’s fastest-growing video application, with 1.6 billion users in 2021. More and more patients are searching for information on genitourinary cancers via TikTok. We aim to evaluate the functional quality and reliability of genitourinary cancer-related videos on it and share our thoughts based on the results for better public health promotion.Materials and MethodsWe retrieved 167 videos on bladder, prostate, and kidney cancer from TikTok. Only 61 videos (36.53%) met the inclusion criteria and were eventually regarded as sample videos. Each video’s length and descriptions, hashtags, number of views/likes/comments, forms of expression, and the uploader’s profile were included. Three validated assessment instruments: the Hexagonal Radar Schema, the Health on the Net Code scale, and the DISCERN instrument, were used for evaluating the quality and reliability of the information. All misinformation was counted and categorized. Univariate analysis of variance was performed for analyzing the results. The Post-Hoc least significant difference test was conducted to explore further explanation.ResultsAmongst 61 sample videos, healthcare practitioners contributed the most content (n = 29, 47.54%). However, 22 posts (36.07%) were misinformative, and the most common type was using outdated data. More than half of the videos could provide good (> 1 point) content on the diseases’ symptoms and examinations. However, the definition and outcomes were less addressed (tied at 21%). The HONcode scale and the DISCERN instrument revealed a consistent conclusion that most videos (n = 59, 96.72%) on TikTok were of poor to mediocre quality. Videos published by media agencies were statistically better in terms of reliability and overall score (P = 0.003 and 0.008, respectively). Fifty-three videos (86.89%) had at least two unexplained medical terms. Healthcare professionals tend to use professional terms most (mean = 5.28 words).ConclusionsMost videos on genitourinary cancers on TikTok are of poor to medium quality and reliability. However, videos posted by media agencies enjoyed great public attention and interaction. Medical practitioners could improve the video quality by cooperating with media agencies and avoiding unexplained terminologies.

Development of a quizmaker ispring approach assessment instrument to measure understanding of student concepts

The purpose of this study is to produce a valid, practical and effective Ispring Quizmaker Application Assisted Instrument. The development model of the assessment instrument used is the Plomp model which includes three stages of development, namely: preliminary research (preliminary research), the development phase or prototype (development of prototypephase), and the assessment phase (Assessment phase). The results of the study have produced a valid, practical and effective Ispring Quizmaker application-assisted assessment instrument. The instrument is valid both in terms of material, construction, media and language with an average value of 78.76% with a very valid category. The practicality of the media has an average value of 92.06% with a very practical category, while for the effectiveness of understanding physics concepts based on questions per item of indicators understanding the concept of 65, 11% with the effective category.

A comparison between measurement properties of four shoulder-related outcome measures in Nepalese patients with shoulder pain

PurposeThe Patient-Specific Functional Scale (PSFS), Disability of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH), Quick-DASH, and Shoulder Pain and Disability Index (SPADI) are frequently used instruments in shoulder functional assessment. They are available in Nepali and all but the PSFS has been validated for shoulder assessment. Therefore, the aim of this study was to validate the Nepali PSFS in shoulder pain patients and to compare validity, reliability, and responsiveness of all four instruments to provide a recommendation for their use.MethodPatients attending physiotherapy completed the Nepali PSFS at baseline and follow-up (1–3 weeks). It was tested for reliability using internal consistency (Cronbach’s α), intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), construct validity by hypothesis testing and responsiveness by anchor-based method using Area Under the Curve (AUC). The instruments were compared based on reported measurement properties and patients’ preference.Results156 patients enrolled at baseline and 121 at follow-up. The PSFS showed sufficient reliability (α = 0.70, ICC = 0.82), construct validity (all three hypotheses met) and responsiveness (AUC = 0.83). Measurement property comparison demonstrated adequate reliability and validity, while PSFS was the most responsive instrument. Patients favoured the verbal rating scale of the DASH/Quick-DASH. The DASH had a lower completion rate for ‘culturally sensitive’ and ‘uncommon’ activities.ConclusionThe Nepali PSFS is a reliable, valid, and responsive instrument in shoulder functional assessment. The combined use of the Quick-DASH or SPADI with the PSFS is recommended for a comprehensive assessment of Nepali shoulder pain patients in clinical and research settings. They are shorter, more appropriate to the Nepali context and provide balanced self-evaluation.

Validation of the Swedish Watson Dysphagia Scale for adult patients with eosinophilic esophagitis.

SUMMARY Background: The Swedish Watson Dysphagia Scale (S-WDS) has been used to assess dysphagia in patients with eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) but has not been validated for this patient group. The aim of this study was to validate the S-WDS for adult patients with EoE. Methods: Ninety-seven Swedish adult patients with EoE and 97 controls without dysphagia filled out the S-WDS, the Swedish Eosinophilic Esophagitis Activity Index (S-EEsAI) and a set of supplementary questions. The reliability of the S-WDS was evaluated using Cronbach’s alpha, Pearson correlation of items and total score, and test–retest analysis (n = 29). Validity was investigated using Spearman correlations of the S-WDS items, S-EEsAI domains and a self-assessment score, and by investigating floor and ceiling effects. Results: The Cronbach’s alpha of the S-WDS was 0.77 and all items demonstrated moderate to strong correlation to the S-WDS score (r = 0.40–0.81) indicative of sufficient reliability of the instrument. In addition, the test–retest results reflected excellent reliability with an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.85 for the S-WDS score. Adequate validity of the instrument was demonstrated, the S-WDS score correlated moderately with the self-assessment score and with 4/6 S-EEsAI domains, and strongly with the remaining two domains. Floor effects were more common for liquids and soft-textured foods and ceiling effects increased with increasing food consistency. The S-WDS scores of the patient group were significantly different from those of the nondysphagia control group (P < 0.001). Conclusion: The S-WDS instrument is an appropriate and valid instrument for assessment of dysphagia in patients with EoE.

Dental Fear and Anxiety in 9-12 Years Old Children in Clinical Setting in Bosnia and Herzegovina: Normative Values and Types of Informant.

Background:The most commonly used diagnostic tests for evaluation of the dental fear and anxiety (DFA) presence in children were psychometric scales, where interpretation in determining and using of their cut-off scores sometimes was not completely exact. Also, several studies have been conducted where the results were conflicting in terms of who better assessed the DFA presence - the children, their parents, or dentists.Objective:To determine the normative values in the child and parental versions of the Modified version of the CFSS-DS scale (CFSS-DS-mod scale) and to compare the ways in which children, their parents, and the dentist assessed the DFA presence in the dental office.Methods:Survey sample consisted of 200 children aged from 9 to 12 years, whose DFA presence was determined by the CFSS-DS-mod scale. Child parents answered to their version of this scale, and the dentist observed the child behavior in the dental office during the treatment using Venham Anxiety and Behaviour Rating Scales.Results:Parental version of the CFSS-DS-mod scale found to be reliable (Cronbach alpha = 0.955) and valid (67.87% of variance explained) instrument for assessment of the DFA presence in children. Two cut-off scores were determined in a child (37 and 43), as well as in a parental version of CFSS-DS-mod scale (36 and 44), respectively. Dentists assessed the DFA presence in child patients most accurately.Conclusion:The normative values of psychometric instruments should be considered prior to their use. The borderline area of DFA presence should also be taken into account in the future studies. Children could underestimate DFA existence by themselves while interviewing.

Development and Validation of the Greek version of Self-Care Heart Failure Index (Gr-SCHFI) in Patients with Heart Failure

Background: Self-care of patients with heart failure (HF) is essential for the effective self-management of their disease, especially during the pandemic era. Self-care assessment instruments give the opportunity to Health Professionals to early recognize possible self-care needs and management of patients with HF. Aim: The translation and validation of the Greek version of the instrument “Self-Care of Heart Failure Index’’ (Gr-SCHFI), as well as the investigation of the psychometric properties of the instrument in a Greek-speaking population with HF. Methods: It’s a methodological study of an instrument validation. The psychometric properties of the Greek version of Gr-SCHFI were evaluated through reliability factors (Cronbach’s a and Composite Reliability), reliability of repeat test-retest and validity measures (content validity and concurrent validity). Brislin's (1970) methodology was used to translate the instrument to Greek language. Results: The study involved 176 patients, of whom 138 (78%) were men with an average of 69 years old. Most participants were in the NYHA III category [76 (57%)]. Confirmatory factor analysis showed very good measurements in the criteria: RMSEA = 0.07, CFI = 0.97, GFI = 0.98, AGFI = 0.98, NFI = 0.95, TLI = 0.97. The Cronbach's alpha index and the Composite reliability index had satisfactory internal coherence indicators (Cronbach's alpha 0.80-0.92, and Composite reliability 0.88-0.96, respectively). Conclusions: The Gr-SCHFI scale is a reliable and valid self-care assessment instrument for patients with HF. Self-care is necessary in HF where the evaluation and assessment of the self-care of the specific population is very important along the trajectory of the disease.

The development of an instrument to predict patients’ adoption of mHealth in the developing world

IntroductionThere are many tools for measuring patient's potential adoption of mHealth (i.e. mobile health) in the developed world, but none of these instruments provides a comprehensive means for measuring critical issues affecting the adoption of mHealth by patients in the developing world. The aim of this paper was to develop a valid and reliable assessment instrument for predicting mHealth adoption by patients in the developing world. MethodA Patients mHealth Technology Adoption Questionnaire (PmTAQ) was developed based on themes identified through a prior published structured literature review of factors affecting patients’ mHealth adoption in the developing world, from which eight constructs evolved. Face and content validity was confirmed by 15 mothers who had used mHealth (the Mobile Technology for Community Health (MoTeCH) service) for maternal care, and the findings were used to improve the instrument. To assess the validity and reliability of the instrument at least 64 mothers who used MoTeCH were randomly selected from each of nine clusters of health posts in one district in Ghana. The assessment instrument consisted of 39 items, categorised under eight components: Cost and ownership, user characteristics, language and literacy, infrastructure, collaboration and funding, governance, system utility, and intention to adopt. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis were performed. ResultsThe data from 585 mothers were analysed. Exploratory factor analysis showed the eigenvalue of all eight components to be significant (cumulative total greater than 1.0). Bartlett's test of sphericity was significant, the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin value was 0.84 and the mean Cronbach's α value was 0.82 (range 0.81–0.83). The components were found to be valid. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that all indices for the measurement model were within acceptable limit leading to the use of structural equation modelling to show the causal relationship between components, resulting in the development of the mHealth Adoption Impact Model (mAIM). The mAIM shows a strong relationship between latent constructs for patients' mHealth adoption. ConclusionThe study presents an evidence-based, reliable and valid instrument and model for application in future research, policy development, and implementations related to patient mHealth adoption in the developing world.

Management of Psychiatric Disorders with HIV and Dermatological Disorders.

Management of Psychiatric Disorders with HIV and Dermatological Disorders.

The Validity of an Instrument The Assessment of Higher Order Thinking Skills About Metabolism

Background: The test results of the higher-order thinking skills assessment instrument of students at several high schools in West Sumatra obtained an average score of 17.88-35.19 which is still low. One way to overcome students' low level of high-order thinking skills is to develop an instrument for assessing higher-order thinking skills. This study aims to produce a valid, practical, and good quality item assessment instrument of students' high order thinking about metabolic material for class XII SMA / MA. Methods: This study uses a 4-D development model. The subjects of this study were 3 validators and 27 students of class XII SMA. The data collection instrument was a validity questionnaire and a practicality test. Results: The data obtained are logical validation with an average percentage of 84.90% valid criteria, empirical validity with a correlation between 0.27-0.54 with valid criteria. Has an average percentage on practical criteria of 86.64%, reliability 0.83 with high categories Conclusions: Instruments for assessing the ability to think at a high level about metabolic material are logically valid and empirically valid, practical, reliable, moderate difficulty level, distinguishing power and good quality options.

Spiritüel İyilik Ölçeği’nin Türkçe Geçerlilik ve Güvenilirlik Çalışması

Objective: The study's goal was to determine the validity and reliability of the Spirituality Index of Well-Being by adapting it to Turkish in accordance with the methodological research type. Methods: This study was conducted on 107 elderly people who applied to four family health centers in the Kars province's center between May 2017 and January 2018 and met the research criteria. A written permission was obtained from the index's creator, the ethical committee, the institution, and individuals. Tools such as the "Introductory Information Form" and the "Spirituality Index of Well-Being" were used to collect data. Results: For the language validity of the index, expert opinions were taken, and a factor analysis was performed for construct validity. According to explanatory factor analysis, it was found out that the index demonstrates a two-factor construct and factor values are in an appropriate range, and according to confirmatory factor analysis it was determined that the two-factor construct of the index is valid and the fit values are appropriate. It was found out that the Cronbach alpha coefficient is 0.858 and total item score correlation coefficient takes value above 0.44. Conclusion: The Spirituality Index of Well-Being was determined to be a valid and reliable assessment instrument for Turkish society. As a result, it was determined that the scale can be used in clinical practices and research to assess the spiritual well-being of elderly individuals in Turkish society.

THE SCALE OF KNOWLEDGE AND AWARENESS ABOUT CHILD MOLESTERS (KACMS): VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY STUDY

The purpose of this research is to develop the Child Molesters Knowledge and Awareness Scale (KACMS), and examine the psychometric properties of the scale. Two study groups were conducted among a total of 610 (366+244) Turkish adults aged from 18 to 49. According to explanatory factor analysis results, it was found that the KACMS had two-factors and this model explained 48.80% of variance related to the attribute it measured. In confirmatory factor analysis, fit index values were found as χ2= 132.26, df= 50 (χ2/df=2.64), RMSEA= .08, SRMR=.065, NFI= .94, RFI= .92, IFI= .96, CFI= .96, and TLI= .95. Factor loadings ranged from .40 to .91. In the concurrent validity, the KACMS had significant relationship with the Perceptions toward Criminals Scale (r= .64). Cronbach’s alpha internal consistency coefficient was α=.94 for the whole scale, α=.96 for the grooming methods, α=.75 for the characteristics of child molesters. Corrected item-total correlations ranged from .32 to .85. According to these results, it can be said that the scale is a valid and reliable assessment instrument in order to scale knowledge and awareness level of undergraduates (school counseling, social work, psychology, pedagogy, forensic psychiatry, and other fields) who are able to work children on sexual molesters and their grooming methods.