Valeriana Jatamansi Research Articles

Performance of Valeriana jatamansi in Hill Zone of West Bengal Concerning Manure Sources

The organic source of nutrients would be a promising practice for Valeriana jatamansi cultivation which maintains its curative value. A set of experiments was conducted at Hill Zone of West Bengal, Kalimpong for two consecutive cycles to standardize organic nutrient management in V. jatamansi for optimum growth and economic yield. Different organic sources of nutrients such as farm yard manure (FYM), bio-fertilizer (BF), and vermicompost (VC) were applied at various doses along with a recommended dose. We applied the treatments as follows: T1= FYM (5 t.ha-1), T2= VC (2 t.ha-1), T3= FYM (5 t.ha-1) + VC (2 t ha-1), T4= FYM (5 t.ha-1) + PSB, T5= VC (2 t.ha-1) + PSB, T6= FYM (5 t.ha-1) + VC (2 t.ha-1) + PSB, T7= Control, T8= RDF through inorganic fertilizers (50:25:25 kg.ha-1 as N, P2O5, and K2O). The use of organic manures and PSB significantly (P<0.05) increased the rhizome yield and soil-available macronutrients in V. jatamansi due to the release of nutrients from the decomposition of organic manures. The addition of T6 resulted in a maximum canopy height (18.28 cm), plant fresh biomass (16.42 t.ha-1), dry biomass (3.19 t.ha-1), rhizome fresh weight (3.16 t.ha-1), and dry weight (1.16 t.ha-1), as well as highest organic carbon content (0.75%), nitrogen (221 kg.ha-1), phosphorus (46.70 kg.ha-1), and potassium (201 kg.ha-1). Applying FYM, vermicompost, and PSB combination would be a promising strategy for growing V. jatamansi.

Diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the rhizosphere of Angelica glauca and Valeriana jatamansi in NW Himalaya, India

Abstract. Tapwal A, Kumar A, Sharma S. 2023. Diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the rhizosphere of Angelica glauca and Valeriana jatamansi in NW Himalaya, India. Asian J For 7: 89-97. The diverse mycorrhizal association helps to conserve plant biodiversity, ecosystem function, and the accumulation of pharmaceutically important compounds in medicinal plants. Climate change may have an impact on plant diversity as well as on associated microbiota. The mycorrhizal association and diversity of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) in the rhizosphere of two important medicinal plants of the North-Western (NW) Himalayas were explored during different seasons in two distant locations. The endomycorrhizal association in Angelica glauca Edgew. and Valeriana jatamansi Jones was confirmed by morpho-anatomical characterization of the roots. Microsclerotia, vesicles, and intracellular hyphal coils were found in the roots of both medicinal plant species. The research revealed 24 AMF representing eight genera in the rhizosphere of A. glauca and 19 AMF representing seven genera in the rhizosphere of V. jatamansi. The AMF colonization varied between 55.63-86.34% in the roots of A. glauca and 55.23-78.74% in V. jatamansi. The Spore Density (SD) in the rhizosphere soil of selected medicinal plants was highest during the winter season. The rhizosphere soil of A. glauca exhibited a rich diversity of AM fungi during the rainy season. On the other hand, in various seasons and locations, the maximum diversity of AM fungi was observed during the summer season in V. jatamansi. The genera–Glomus and Acaulospora had the highest species in both study sites.

11-Ethoxyviburtinal improves chronic restraint stress-induced anxiety-like behaviors in gender-specific mice via PI3K/Akt and E2 /ERβ signaling pathways.

Anxiety disorder is a chronic and disabling psychiatric disorder that is more prevalent in females than in males. 11-Ethoxyviburtinal is an iridoid extracted from Valeriana jatamansi Jones, which has anxiolytic potential. The aim of the present work was to study the anxiolytic efficacy and mechanism of 11-ethoxyviburtinal in gender-specific mice. We first evaluated the anxiolytic-like efficacy of 11-ethoxyviburtinal in chronic restraint stress (CRS) mice of different sexes through behavioral experiments and biochemical indexes. In addition, network pharmacology and molecular docking were used to predict potential targets and important pathways for the treatment of anxiety disorder with 11-ethoxyviburtinal. Finally, the influence of 11-ethoxyviburtinal on phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) signaling pathway, estrogen receptor β (ERβ) expression, and anxiety-like behavior in mice was verified by western blotting, immunohistochemistry staining, antagonist intervention methods, and behavioral experiments. 11-ethoxyviburtinal alleviated the anxiety-like behaviors induced by CRS and inhibited neurotransmitter dysregulation and HPA axis hyperactivity. It inhibited the abnormal activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, modulated estrogen production, and promoted ERβ expression in mice. In addition, the female mice may be more sensitive to the pharmacological effects of 11-ethoxyviburtinal. 11-ethoxyviburtinal may exert its anxiolytic-like effects through PI3K/Akt and E2/ERβ signaling pathways. Meanwhile, by comparing the male and female mice, gender differences may affect the therapy and development of anxiety disorder.

Comparative assessment of morphological, physiological and phytochemical attributes of cultivated Valeriana jatamansi Jones in Uttarakhand, West Himalaya

Medicinal plants are global sources of herbal products, drugs, and cosmetics. They are disappearing rapidly due to anthropogenic pressure, overexploitation, unsustainable harvesting, lack of knowledge on cultivation, and the availability of quality plating materials. In this context, standardized in-vitro propagation protocol was followed to produce Valeriana jatamansi Jones, and transferred in two locations at Kosi-Katarmal (GBP) Almora (1200 masl) and Sri Narayan Ashram (SNA) Pithoragarh (Altitude 2750 masl), Uttarakhand. Over the three years of growth, plants were gathered from both locations for determining biochemical and physiological parameters, and growth performance. The plants growing at Sri Narayan Ashram (SNA) showed considerably (p < 0.05) higher amounts of polyphenolics, antioxidant activities, and phenolic compounds. Similarly, physiological parameters (transpiration 0.004 mol m−2 s−1; photosynthesis 8.20 μmol m−2 s−1; stomatal conductance 0.24 mol m−2 s−1), plant growth performance (leaves number 40, roots number 30, root length 14 cm) and soil attributes (total nitrogen 9.30; potassium 0.025; phosphorus 0.34 mg/g, respectively) were found best in the SNA as compared to GBP. In addition, moderate polar solvent (i.e., acetonitrile and methanol) was found suitable for extracting higher bioactive constituents from plants. The findings from this study revealed that large-scale cultivation of V. jatamansi should promote at higher elevation areas such as Sri Narayan Ashram to harness the maximum potential of the species. Such a protective approach with the right interventions will be helpful to provide livelihood security to the local populace along with quality material for commercial cultivation. This can fulfill the demand through regular supply of raw material to the industries and simultaneously promote their conservation.

Comparative study of essential oil in wild and in vitro cultures of Valeriana jatamansi Jones in Nepal

Comparative study of essential oil in wild and in vitro cultures of Valeriana jatamansi Jones in Nepal

A new iridoid from the roots of Valeriana jatamansi Jones with α-glucosidase activity

One new iridoid namely rupesin F (1) together with four known ones (2–5) were isolated from the roots of Valeriana jatamansi Jones. The structures were established using spectroscopic methods (1D and 2D NMR including HSQC, HMBC, COSY and NOESY) and by comparison with previously published literature data. The isolated compounds 1 and 3 exhibited strong α-glucosidase inhibition activity with IC50 values of 10.13 ± 0.11 and 9.13 ± 0.03 μg/mL, respectively. This study enriched the chemical diversity of metabolites and provides a direction for the development of antidiabetic agents.

Overexpression of geraniol-10-hydroxylase improves valtrate accumulation in Valeriana jatamansi

AbstractValtrate is the major active component of iridoids in Valeriana jatamansi plants, and has been widely used for the treatment of various diseases, giving rise to rapidly increasing market demands. The gene VjG10H from V. jatamansi encoding geraniol 10-hydroxylase (G10H) was introduced into V. jatamansi hairy roots and a transgenic hairy root culture system of V. jatamansi with good valtrate production ability was successfully established for the first time. The valtrate content of VjG10H-transformed lines ranged from 8.12 to 10.77 mg/g, with an average valtrate content (9.52 mg/g) of all the four G lines being higher than the non-transgenic hairy root line. Overexpression of VjG10H significantly improved valtrate production, indicating that G10H played an important role in stimulating valtrate accumulation. MeJA treatment stimulated valtrate accumulation in all of the VjG10H overexpression recombinant lines compared to untreated cultures, indicating that methyl jasmonate treatment was another effective regulation target for metabolic engineering of valtrate biosynthesis in V. jatamansi. Thus, transgenic hairy root technology coupled with elicitor treatments may be a promising strategy to increase valtrate yield in V. jatamansi.

Ethno-medicinal plants of indigenous people: A case study in Khatling valley of Western Himalaya, India

Background: Khatling valley is an unexplored and remote region located in the Uttarakhand state of Indian Himalaya, the area possesses rich medicinal flora, and local inhabitants using these plants since generations. The majority of primary health care depends upon traditional medicine due to the unavailability of a modern medicinal facility, however, the identity of medicinal plants is limited to traditional healers or elder people in the region thus the documentation of such important medicinal knowledge is a dire need for sustainable use. Methods: An ethnomedicinal survey was carried out in this region from 2018 to 2020. Ethnomedicinal data were collected from 82 informants through semi-structured questionnaires and group conversations. To check the popular and frequently used species URs and Informant consensus factor (ICF) were calculated for the collected data. Results: The present study recorded 68 plants from 63 genera and 35 families utilized for treating various disorders. The dominant families were Asteraceae (7) and Rosaceae (6) followed by Apiaceae, Lamiaceae, Ranunculaceae, Polygonaceae, Zingiberiaceae (4 species each). The majority of the useful plants were herbaceous (78%) followed by trees (12%), shrubs (9%), and climbers were the least in number (1%). Most of the plant parts used were leaves and roots 25% each, followed by rhizome, aerial part and tuber (9% each), seeds, fruits, and whole plant (5% each), bark (4%) while, stem, flower, resin, and the bulb has less proportion (1% each). Five drug formulations were used by the local inhabitants of which paste was the most common (32%) followed by powder (31%), decoction (19%), raw (12%), and juice (6%). Some important medicinal plants based on use reports (URs) were Valeriana jatamansi Jones (300 URs and 5 uses), Aconitum lethale Griff. (275 URs and 5 uses), Nardostachys jatamansi (D. Don) DC (250 URs and 4 uses), Solanum nigrum (L.) (234 URs and 5 uses), Paeonia emodi Royle (230 URs and 4 uses). ICF values ranged between 0.96 and 1. The highest ICF value (1) was recorded for mental disorders (ICD code F) and epilepsy (ICD code G) while a minimum of 0.96 was recorded for blood problems (ICD code I). Conclusion: Ethnomedicinal plants having high URs and ICF can be a good source for novel phytoconstituents and novel drug discoveries, apart from this documentation of traditional knowledge will be helpful for the new generation, researchers, and policymakers for sustainable use of the species. Keywords: Ethnomedicine; Indigenous knowledge; Medicinal plants; Remote region

Distribution of important medicinal plant species in Nepal under past, present, and future climatic conditions

Climate change is causing shifts in the habitat, distribution, ecology, and phenology of Himalayan plants. These changes are predicted to continue, jeopardizing the survival of medicinal plant species and local livelihoods that rely on them. We analyzed the present and future diversity and distribution of medicinal plant species influenced by different climate change scenarios, and calculated the climatic niche of the species using ensemble species distribution modeling (eSDM). We compiled 1041 (N) geospatial data of seven high-value medicinal plant species of Nepal: Aconitum spicatum (n = 100), Allium wallichii (n = 151), Bergenia ciliata (n = 48), Nardostachys jatamansi (n = 121), Neopicrorhiza scrophulariiflora (n = 94), Paris polyphylla (n = 310) and Valeriana jatamansi (n = 217) including over 85 % from field surveys and the rest from literature and online database. We used bioclimatic variables from Models for Interdisciplinary Research on Climate (MIROC) of version MIROC6, and selected Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSP)2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5 for the year of 2050 and 2070 for modeling. We found elevation, mean diurnal and annual temperature ranges (BIO2 and BIO7), and precipitation of warmest and coldest quarters (BIO18 and BIO19) to be the most high weight cofactors for projecting the future potential distribution of high-value medicinal plants in Nepal. Results showed that the suitable range of distribution for high-value medicinal plants would increase and concentrate in mountainous areas of central Nepal, but decline in (sub)tropical and temperate areas, suggesting both in-situ and ex-situ conservation practices, respectively.

Comparative Pharmacognostic study of market samples of Tagara collected from five different markets of Kerala with the official source plant Valeriana jatamansi Jones ex Roxb.

Tagara is a very popular Ayurveda herb used in the treatment insomnia, epilepsy, neurosis, hepatoprotective, anticancerous, and analgesic. Characteristic smell is the typical feature of it. As per the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India and many other classical texts, rhizomes of Valeriana jatamansi of the family Valerianceae is the accepted source of the drug. From some of the reports from early 1980s, it was found that roots of some aquatic plants such as Nymphoides macrospermum, Nymphoides hydrophylla, Nymphoides indica, and Limnanthemum cristatum were said to be used as Tagara instead of V. jatamansi in the South Indian markets. This study proposed to assess the present status of Tagara available in herbal raw drug markets of Kerala. Five market samples of Tagara were collected from selected markets of Kerala, and some of the reported aquatic plants, collected from natural habitats nearby. Macroscopic, microscopic, histochemical, and powder microscopic characterization of all these samples were done as per the standard procedure mentioned in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India and characters observed were compared with official source plant and pharmacopoeial standard. Morphological characters of market samples of Tagara collected from the various markets of Kerala were not matching with the rhizomes of genuine drug V. jatamansi and that of Uttarakhand sample. The microscopic and histochemical examination also gave the same result. However, these samples showed similarities with the roots of Nymphoides macrospermam. Sample collected from Uttarakhand was the rhizome of V. jatamansi. The collected market samples of Tagara from various Kerala markets were not the rhizomes of V. jatamansi but the roots of N. macrospermam.

Reviewing the medicinal potential of Valeriana jatamansi Jones: its traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacological activities

Reviewing the medicinal potential of Valeriana jatamansi Jones: its traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacological activities

The chemical constituents from Valeriana jatamansi and their anti-influenza virus and anti-inflammatory effects

Twenty-seven compounds, including six new iridoids, valeransins A−F ( 1 − 6 ), were isolated from the n -BuOH soluble fraction of Valeriana jatamansi . Structurally, compounds 1 and 2 are rare 8, 11-epoxy iridoids, and their absolute configuration was determined based on their experimental and calculated electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra. In addition, compounds 5 and 24 exhibited significant anti-influenza virus activities, with IC 50 values of 7.23 and 19.83 μM, respectively. Additionally, compound 24 showed inhibition of NO production stimulated by lipopolysaccharide in RAW 264.7 cells, with an IC 50 value of 27.22 μM. • Six new iridoids, valeransins A−F, were isolated from Valeriana jatamansi . • Valeransins A and B are two rare 8, 11-epoxy iridoids. • Valeransin E and ferulaldehyde showed significant anti-influenza virus activities. • Ferulaldehyde exhibited inhibitory effect on NO production.

Lignans from the root of Valeriana jatamansi and their biological evaluation

Investigation on the chemical components of Valeriana jatamansi Jones (Caprifoliaceae), a new lignan with pyran-ring, dipsalignan G (1), along with eight known compounds (2–9) were isolated. Their structures were elucidated by extensive analysis of 1D, 2D NMR and HR-ESI-MS spectroscopic data. Additionally, possible biosynthetic pathway of 1 was proposed. Finally, biological evaluation results showed that 8 had significant scavenging ability to ABTS and DPPH free radicals, with IC50 values of 1.35 ± 0.01 and 2.94 ± 0.01 μg/ml, respectively.

Jatavaleridoids A-H, eight new iridoids from the roots and rhizomes of Valeriana jatamansi Jones

Eight new iridoids, jatavaleridoids A-H (1–8), were isolated from the roots and rhizomes of Valeriana jatamansi. Their structures and absolute configurations were elucidated based on NMR and HRESIMS spectroscopic data, as well as quantum chemical calculation. Structurally, compounds 1–5 and 8 were rare iridoids with long-chain fatty acid esters at C-10. In addition, compound 7 showed cytotoxicity, while compounds 1 and 2 exhibited inhibition on NO production.

Valeridoids G - Q, Eleven seco-Iridoids from Valeriana jatamansi and Their Bioactivites.

Eleven new seco-iridoids, valeridoids G-Q (1-6 and 8-12), along with four known products, 9-epi-valtral C (7), desacylbaldrinal (13), 11-methoxyviburtinal (14) and baldrinal (15), were obtained from Valeriana jatamansi. Among them, the new compounds were identified by their NMR, HR-ESI-MS spectroscopic data and ECD calculation. Moreover, valeridoid N and O were a pair of C3 epimers, whose ether bonds between C-1 and C-3 opened, and new ether bonds formed between C-3 and C-6. Valeridoid Q belonged to the C-1 degradation of seco-iridoids. As a result, 9-epi-valtral C displayed significant inhibition on Streptococcus agalactiae, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus argenteus, Shigella flexneri and Klebsiella pneumoniae, and valeridoid Q exhibited the most significant inhibition against Salmonella enteritidis. 9-Epi-valtral C and baldrinal selectively inhibited the growth of human glioma stem cells. Valeridoid Q exhibited significant anti-influenza activity, while valeridoid O inhibited nitric oxide production.

Antidiarrheal activity of the extracts of Valeriana jatamansi Jones on castor oil-induced diarrhea mouse by regulating multiple signal pathways

Ethnopharmacological relevanceValeriana jatamansi Jones, a traditional medicine, is used for various medicinal purposes worldwide. This species is popular for its gastro-protective properties and has been verified to exert antidiarrheal effects. Qiuxieling mixture, an oral liquid preparation used to treat diarrhea in children in clinical practice, was extracted from V. jatamansi Jones.Aim of the study: Although Qiuxieling mixture has a good preventive effect on diarrhea children, the disgusting smell makes it intolerable. Therefore, we extracted odorless products from V. jatamansi Jones and Qiuxieling mixture. The present study is aimed to investigate the protective effects of two ethanolic extracts of V. jatamansi Jones and Qiuxieling mixture against castor oil-induced diarrhea and their possible mechanisms in mice. Materials and methodsThe two extracts of V. jatamansi Jones and Qiuxieling mixture were detected by HPLC. A castor oil-induced diarrheal model was used to evaluate the antidiarrheal effects. The expression of Occludin in the small intestine was measured by IHC. Western blotting and immunofluorescence were used to detect the expression of proteins related to the oxidative stress and GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis signaling pathways. ELISA was used to detect the expression of IL-6 and IL-1β in the small intestine of mice with diarrhea. ResultsThe two extracts of V. jatamansi Jones and Qiuxieling mixture dose-dependently reduced the diarrhea index and the diarrhea rate, delayed the onset of diarrhea, and decreased the weight of the intestinal content. Meanwhile, they reversed the decreased expression of Occludin and restored the activity of Na+-K+-ATPase in the intestines of diarrheal mice. In addition, they reversed the depletion of GSH, attenuated the activation of the ERK/JNK pathway, promoted the Nrf2/SOD1 signaling pathways, and decreased the release of ROS in the intestines of diarrheal mice. Moreover, they suppressed GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis by downregulating the NLRP3/caspase-1/GSDMD signaling pathway. ConclusionsThe two extracts of V. jatamansi Jones and Qiuxieling mixture exerted protective effects on castor oil-induced diarrhea in mice through a variety of mechanisms, including antioxidant stress, restoration of tight junctions between intestinal mucosal cells and regulation of the GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis pathway.

Valeriana pilosa Roots Essential Oil: Chemical Composition, Antioxidant Activities, and Molecular Docking Studies on Enzymes Involved in Redox Biological Processes.

Valeriana pilosa is usually employed in Peruvian folk medicine in the form of infusion to treat stomach pain, and has antispasmodic, relaxing, sleep-promoting, and sedative properties, as well as is an anti-inflammatory. In this study, Valeriana pilosa essential oil (VPEO) was obtained by hydrodistillation, analyzed by GC and GC/MS, and 47 compounds were identified. Major oil components were α-patchoulene (5.8%), α-humulene (6.1%), seychellene (7.6%), and patchoulol (20.8%). Furthermore, we assessed the in vitro antioxidant activities, molecular docking, and Ligand Efficiency studies on enzymes involved in cellular redox pathways such as CYP2C9, catalase, superoxide dismutase, and xanthine oxidase. Essential oil antioxidant activities were assessed by FRAP, ABTS•+, and DPPH• radical scavenging activity. VPEO displays high antioxidant activity as compared to essential oils of Valeriana jatamansi and Valeriana officinalis oil roots. In addition, molecular docking and ADMET prediction was employed to compare the absorption, metabolism, and toxicity properties of Valeriana pilosa compounds. In the molecular docking studies, limonene, p-cimene, carvone, α-cubebene, cyclosativene, α-guaiene, allo-aromadendrene, valencene, and eremophyllene were the compounds with the best docking score on CYP2C9 and xanthine oxidase. Thus, volatile components of Valeriana pilosa could be associated with the detected antioxidant activity, acting as putative inhibitors of CYP2C9 and xanthine oxidase.

Study on heavy metals in some Ayurvedic herbal products and risk assessment of their calculated average daily dose intake in humans

IntroductionAccording to the World Health Organisation, 80% of the world population relies on plant material based herbal medicines for primary health care. Nine herbal products used in Ayurvedic medicine were studied for heavy metal content and assessed for their health risks. MethodsNine herbal plant products Tagar (Valeriana jatamansi), Arjun (Terminalia arjuna), Guggulu (Commiphora wightii), Pushkarmoola (Inula racemosa), Shilajeet (Asphaltum punjabianum), Shallaki (Boswellia serrata), Haritaki (Terminalia chebula), Neem (Azadirachta indica), and Bahera (Terminalia bellirica), were collected from the local market and analyzed for heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Zn, Ni, Fe, Cu, Mn, Cr) using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The risk assessment of heavy metals in Ayurvedic herbal products in terms of the Average Daily Dose was calculated to assess the long-term consumption risk of the medicine, the estimated daily intake (EDI) was determined and the health risk due to the consumption of herbal medicine is described in term of target hazard quotient (THQ). The health risk of each herbal medicine due to the cumulative effect of the heavy metals was assessed in terms of hazard index (HI). ResultAll the Ayurvedic products tested contained heavy metals, in low quantities. Chromium was below the detectable limit. Discussions and conclusionsIn terms of standards given by various agencies for heavy metals dietary intake the studied Ayurvedic products when consumed in the recommended dose were found to contain heavy metals within the standard limits and pose insignificant health risks (HI= >1). The essentiality of certain heavy metals at low and ultra-low concentrations, for proper growth and physiological functioning in animals, is discussed. The study concludes that the human uptakes of heavy metals through the recommended medicinal dose of the studied Ayurvedic plant products are within the safe limits recommended by various agencies and pose a minimal health risk in short term as well as in long term consumption.

Dose Optimization of Anxiolytic Compounds Group in Valeriana jatamansi Jones and Mechanism Exploration by Integrating Network Pharmacology and Metabolomics Analysis.

Anxiety disorder impacts the quality of life of the patients. The 95% ethanol extract of rhizomes and roots of Valeriana jatamansi Jones (Zhi zhu xiang, ZZX) has previously been shown to be effective for the treatment of anxiety disorder. In this study, the dose ratio of each component of the anxiolytic compounds group (ACG) in a 95% ethanol extract of ZZX was optimized by a uniform design experiment and mathematical modeling. The anxiolytic effect of ACG was verified by behavioral experiments and biochemical index measurement. Network pharmacology was used to determine potential action targets, as well as predict biological processes and signaling pathways, which were then verified by molecular docking analysis. Metabolomics was then used to screen and analyze metabolites in the rat hippocampus before and after the administration of ZZX-ACG. Finally, the results of metabolomics and network pharmacology were integrated to clarify the anti-anxiety mechanism of the ACG. The optimal dose ratio of ACG in 95% ethanol extract of ZZX was obtained, and our results suggest that ACG may regulate ALB, AKT1, PTGS2, CYP3A4, ESR1, CASP3, CYP2B6, EGFR, SRC, MMP9, IGF1, and MAPK8, as well as the prolactin signaling pathway, estrogen signaling pathway, and arachidonic acid metabolism pathway, thus affecting the brain neurotransmitters and HPA axis hormone levels to play an anxiolytic role, directly or indirectly.

Chemical Diversity of Essential Oil of Valeriana jatamansi from Different Altitudes of Himalaya and Distillation Methods.

Valeriana jatamansi is an important temperate herb that is used in the pharmaceutical and essential oil industries. In India, this species is now on the verge of extinction due to the over-exploitation of its rhizomes from its natural habitat. It is hypothesized that the variations in bioactive compounds in its essential oil are very high among the wild populations as well as cultivated sources. Thus, this study was conducted to evaluate the chemical profiling of essential oil of four wild populations (Rupena, Kugti, Garola, and Khani) and two cultivated sources (CSIR-IHBT, Salooni), which were distilled at three consecutive days. The variation in oil concentration in roots/rhizomes was found significant (p ≤ 0.05), and the maximum value (0.35%) was registered with the population collected from Kugti and Khani. In essential oil, irrespective of population and distillation day, patchouli alcohol was the major compound, which ranged from 19 to 63.1%. The maximum value (63.1%) was recorded with the essential oil obtained from Garola’s population and distilled on the first day. The percentage of seychellene was abruptly increased with subsequent days of extraction in all the populations. The multivariate analysis revealed that the essential oil profiles of Rupena, Kugti, Garola, and CSIR-IHBT populations were found to be similar during the first day of distillation. However, during the second day, Rupena, Kugti, Khani, and CSIR-IHBT came under the same ellipse of 0.95% coefficient. The results suggest that the population of Kugti is superior in terms of oil concentration (0.35%), with a higher proportion of patchouli alcohol (63% on the first day). Thus, repeated distillation is recommended for higher recovery of essential oil. Moreover, repeated distillation can be used to attain V. jatamansi essential oil with differential and perhaps targeted definite chemical profile.