Vacuum Unit Research Articles

Analysis of the possibility of using R718 for a heat pump of a heating system based on a liquid-vapor ejector

The study explores the possibility of using water (R718) as a refrigerant for a heat pump installation of a heating system. This unit is a vapor compression heat pump with a regenerative heat exchanger in which the vacuum unit based on a liquid-vapor ejector is used instead of a scroll refrigeration compressor. The working process of such an apparatus is based on implementing a fundamentally new cycle that does not require the supply of working steam from the outside. Instead, steam is generated inside the vacuum unit. The article describes the proposed installation and its differences from the traditional one, both in terms of circuit solutions and in terms of the operating cycle. A thermodynamic calculation was performed for the proposed installation with R718 as the working medium and the traditional heat pump systems operating on refrigerants R142b, R254fa, and R410a. As a result of the calculation, the parameters of all the devices included in these schemes were obtained, and the conversion factors of the cycles were determined. To assess the feasibility of using R718 as a working substance and replacing the scroll refrigeration compressor with a liquid-vapor ejector, an exergy analysis was performed. This made it possible to fairly accurately determine the effectiveness of each circuit, since it implemented the possibility of comparing systems using several types of energy (for example, electrical and thermal). As a result, the values of exergetic efficiency of traditional and proposed schemes were obtained. The final stage of the study was the performance of a thermoeconomic analysis. The estimated cost was determined for a unit of heat quantity per ton of the product and per unit of the heated area obtained in a unit with the working substance R718 and traditional installations with the working substances R142b, R254fa, and R410a

Coupled Simulation of a Vacuum Creation System and a Rectification Column Block

The purpose of this study was the coupling simulation of the vacuum block of the ethanolamine mixture separation unit to determine the optimal layout of the vacuum creation system. For this, a computational model of the vacuum unit, which was identified by comparing the computational data with the data of an industrial study of vacuum rectification columns, was synthesized in the Unisim Design R461 software package. To determine the required load on the vacuum system, a numerical experiment was carried out, during which it was discovered that the load on the system would be 9600 m3/h. It was proposed to replace individual column vacuum pumps with a single vacuum-generating system (VGS) based on a liquid ring vacuum pump (LRVP). When defining the layout, two possible schemes were considered, the models of which were created in Unisim Design R461. The system layout was determined by matching the characteristics of the system elements with the characteristics of the vacuum columns. A technical and economic comparison of the proposed solutions was carried out and the payback period for capital costs was calculated, which for Scheme 1 was 4.14 years, and for Scheme 2–3.59 years.

Structural properties of carbon composites doped with boron

The article considers morphology, chemical and phase composition of composite boro-carbon coatings, received by ion-plasma synthesis, depending on the boron content. Specimens of carbon coating doped with boron were obtained in vacuum unit by combined method coupled with co-deposition of carbon layer from pulse carbon plasma and its doping with boron atom flow. The obtained specimens of composite CC had embedded boron atoms with various concentration (NB), namely, 2.3 at.% were contained in ɑ-С91.2:B2.3, in ɑ-С79.3:B17.4 — 17.4 at.%, in ɑ-С53.3:B43.2 — 43.2 at.%. Carbon structures and carbon clusters graphitizationwere examined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy. Aiming at chemical interaction between carbon and boron in CC establishment we conducted mathematical processing of XPS for energy states C1s, B1s, O1s of carbon, boron and oxygen atoms. XPS C1s was presented as peaks superposition with centers located at 284.5; 285.5; 283.5 and 288 eV and consequently responsible for Csp2, Csp3, C–B and C–О carbon atom interaction. With the growth of NB in boron-doped carbon coating a grain structure is formed, its size and grain orientation regarding the surface of the substrate increase, resulting in a decrease in the coating layer surface roughness.

DEVELOPMENT A MACHINE FOR PICKING CALENDULA INFLORESCENCES TO SUIT THE SMALL HOLDING FARMERS

The experiments were carried out at Tamiya, Fayom, Egypt for developing a Calendula inflorescence picking machine suit to the small holding farmers. The machine was consisted of a cutting head and knapsack air vacuum unit. The cutting head was equipped with two saw discs rotating underneath calibration fingers. These fingers were used to measure the correct flowering stem length before cutting. Three types of cutting saw discs (plan,50teeth, and 100 teeth) were used at five disc speeds of 2.78,4.17,5.56,6.97, and 8.34 m/s to determine the optimum disc type and disc cutting speed that fitful a higher ratio of correct cutting stem length. Also, the same procedures were made with the optimum disc linear speed 6.97 m/s, and 100 teeth discs with fingers lengths of (125mm,150mm,175mm, and 200mm) at three fingers angles (0 o,10 o, and 20 o). The results indicated that the optimum parameters were at 6.97 m/s disc linear speed, 100 teeth discs type, 150 mm finger length, and finger angle 10o that gave average percentage of a correct stem cut length 93.31 %. The machine productivity at the optimum parameters was 0.0576 Mg/h from freshly cut flower gave 0.01973 Mg/h dried flowers. The total operating costs were 33.07 EGP/h. The machine indicated NPV of 2747.24 EGP at 14 % interest rate, and payback period 1.28 year with rental price 60 EGP/h. The cost of one Megagram of dry crop harvested by the machine was 1676.51EGP/Mg against 7785.89EGP/Mg of the crop collected by hand.

Modeling and Analysis of the Cleaning System of a Reconfigurable Tiling Robot

Cleaning robots have been gaining traction amongst various industries globally, with domestic floor cleaning robots being the most widespread. These robots usually employ brushes with a vacuum unit for dry cleaning purposes. For a self-reconfigurable tiling-based floor cleaning robot, hTetro, a modular sweeping module was developed. This robot consists of four rectangular blocks connected via passive hinges and each block consists of a steering unit with two conventional wheels following the differential drive principle. This paper presents the navigation and operational principle of the hTetro robotic platform and the detailed mechanical and hardware design of two different iterations of its cleaning module. The efficiency of these modules was numerically validated via Computational Fluid Dynamics analysis. Using the loading and boundary conditions derived from analytically formulated force analysis, Finite Element based static analysis and modal analysis of the cleaning module were carried out to determine the possible structural deformations, natural frequencies and stress patterns on each bristle and rolling brush. Through these simulations, we demonstrate the safe design of the roller brushes layout and bristle pattern and efficiency of the cleaning module. By deploying the platform in the lab setting and real food court environment, we verify the cleaning performance of the platform.

Mathematical modelling of the effect of heat fluxes from external sources on the surface of spacecraft

Modelling the extraneous heat exchange of spacecraft using solar radiation simulation facility and simulators of the planetary radiation field in several cases is an intractable problem not only in technical but also in methodological terms. For some technical reasons, solar radiation simulator is stationary. Consequently, to reproduce a possible change in the orientation of the test object relative to the solar radiation flux, it is necessary to equip the thermal vacuum unit with devices that allow the test object to be rotated at least about two axes. In this paper, a mathematical model and a method for solving the problem of heat transfer in a multilayer structure of screen-vacuum thermal insulation under the influence of solar radiation is proposed. A method is proposed for the numerical solution of a normal system of nonlinear differential equations using the linearisation of nonlinear terms. Various results of numerical modelling were obtained, which indicate the adequacy of the proposed mathematical model. It has been revealed that high-inertia thermal insulation of sufficient thickness is required to stabilise the thermal state inside the spacecraft.

Filter-silencer of vacuum installation

Annotation Purpose. Improving the silencer of the rotary vane vacuum unit by changing the design, which will lead to reducing of noise and ensuring of waste oil collection. Methods. Analysis of the designs and working processes of technical means for noise reduction and used oil collection from vacuum pumps of milking machines. Results. There are given the description of the filter silencer design and its operation principle, as well as the results of laboratory tests of the proposed filter silencer. It provides energy reduction during servicing, significantly reduce the noise, which is generated by vacuum pump, and collect used oil while providing a lower level decreasing of vacuum pump performance compared to serial models. Conclusions. The proposed solution provides energy reduction while filter silencer servicing in comparison with existing samples, reduces generated noise of the vacuum pump to 65–76 decibels and collect used oil up to 90–96%. At the same time, the decrease in productivity of the vacuum pump due to using new filter-silencer is about 1 m3/hour and in the serial models 1.28 m3/hour. It is advisable to place filter-silencer outside the vacuum room, in this case the value of the generated noise in the room is reduced by 30%. Keywords: filter silencer, pump, vacuum, oil collection, environmental problems, pollution, noise.

Development of a regime of disinfection of milking equipment and milk inventory with the acid detergent “Milkodez”

The material for the reseach were the washes that were taken from the milk utensils, portable milking machines, surface of the cooler, milking unit with the UDM 200 “Bratslavchanka” and milking parlor “Yalinka”. Washing of milking equipment and milk equipment was carried out with 0.5% hot solution (70 ± 5 ℃) of alkaline “Hyprochlor” and acid detergents disinfectant “Milkodez” and “Hypracid”. Processing of milk dishes, portable milking machines and cooler with acidic means was carried out for 2 and 5 minutes, cooler for 5 and 10 minutes, and installations of milking machine with UDM 200 “Bratslavchanka” milking parlor and “Yalinka” milking parlor – for 15 minutes by pumping the solution several times using a vacuum unit. The equipment, sanitary treatment of which was carried out by means of “Hyprochlor” and “Hypracid”, used as control. The disinfectant effect of the investigated agents was evaluated by the number of mesophilic aerobic and optional anaerobic microorganisms (MAOanM) in washings selected after washing and in milk. It was found that for the use of “Milkodez” dairy utensils for sanitary treatment, the amount of MAOanM on the surface of milking buckets and glass jars was smaller compared to their treatment with “Hypracid”, and the difference was for 2 and 5 min respectively 86.5% and 57.7% and 97.3 and 95.7%, respectively. Microbial contamination of fresh milk was reduced by 50.5% and 91.3%, respectively. The smallest amount of MAОanM in washes from milking rubber, milk hose, collector and milking tank of portable milking machines was in 5 minutes of their washing “Hyprochlor” and “Milkodez” and were respectively 0.6, 0.3, 0.5 and 0.2 thousand CFU/sm3, which allowed to obtain milk with the content of microorganisms 26 thousand CFU/sm3. The number of microorganisms per 1 sm3 of flushing from the walls of the cooler for 10 min of sanitary treatment by means of “Hyprochlor” and “Hypracid” was 5.8 thousand CFU/sm3, while for 5 min of exposure of the preparations “Hyprochlor” and “Milkodez” their number was 1.1 thousand CFU/cm3, and for 10 min – 0.4 thousand CFU/cm3. Thus, the number of microbial cells in 1 sm3 of milk was respectively 248000, 41000 and 29000 CFU. It is proved that for the sanitary treatment of UDM 200 “Bratslavchanka” and milking parlor “Yalinka” it is advisable to use the acid detergent disinfectant “Milkodez”, which provided 11.7 and 20.3 times less total amount of microorganisms in the washes from the elements and in 3.6 and 7.1 times in fresh milk, compared to “Hypracid”. The optimal mode of application of 0.5% solution of acid detergent disinfectant “Milkodez” for the effective sanitary treatment of milk utensils is 5 minutes, milking equipment – 10 minutes, and for the treatment of milking installations with milk pipeline and milking parlor – 15 minutes, after the previous washing them with an alkaline agent “Hyprochlor”.

Mathematical modeling of geometrical and electrical characteristics of island films growth initial stages

The metal island nanostructures application fields in science and technology are presented. Experimental studies were carried out using the UVN-1M vacuum unit to test the metal thin films formation modes. Presents the control principle at the initial stages of growth of the tunneling current change between the island thin films. A series of copper and aluminum ITF samples were obtained. The derived samples thicknesses were measured using an atomic-force microscope, as a result, the dependence of the geometric and electrical characteristics of thin films and island nanostructures on the process parameters were simulated.

Effect of photon annealing and cryogenic temperature on the microstructure, optical and electrophysical properties of Mo thin films

Mo films were deposited on a polyimide substrate by dual magnetron sputtering in an UniCoad 200 vacuum unit with an unbalanced magnetic system. The dependence of the characteristics of the obtained Mo films on photon annealing and cryogenic temperature was studied. The photonic annealing of Mo films was carried out at temperatures of 200 °C and 300 °C. For cooling Mo films, liquid nitrogen was used (t = -190°С). The characteristics of the films were investigated using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and scanning probe microscopy. The results are presented on the change in specific electrical resistance, diffuse reflection spectra and adhesion strength of Mo films. It is shown that photon annealing at different temperatures does not affect the intensity of the X-ray diffractogram peaks of the Mo coating. After exposure, at a cryogenic temperature, an insignificant change in the X-ray diffractogram occurs, a shift of the diffractogram peak (110) is observed to large angles 2θ from 40.72° to 40.89°. The obtained Mo coating has a columnar structure in the form of tightly packed polycrystallites, oriented perpendicular to the substrate of the polyimide film. Mo coating on a polyimide substrate is resistant to sudden thermal exposure at temperatures not higher than 300 °C. Processing the resulting coating with liquid nitrogen leads to strong cracking of the Mo coating. At the same time, on samples with a coating thickness of 380–400 nm, exfoliation of the Mo coating, in the place of fracture, is not observed. The adhesive strength of the Mo coating with a polyimide film is quite high – 1.11 ± 0.05 GPa. Photon annealing does not reduce the adhesive strength of the Mo coating. The Mo film under conditions of cryogenic temperature (0.89 ± 0.08 GPa) has the worst adhesion strength.

Gas Separation Membranes upon Production of Functional Berry Juice

Nowadays manufacturing of new-generation food, including functional products, is especially important. Drinks based on fruits and berries are considered at present as optimum form of food required for organism replenishment with biologically active components and vitamins aiming at organism recovery. The retention of valuable components of fruits and berries is of great concern during such production. In order to produce functional juices, it is required to decrease oxygen amount upon their production in order to prevent destructive changes in drink, to improve its quality, to perform subsequent procedures and preservation. It is proposed to modify deaeration and to apply advanced equipment: deaerator with gas separation membrane which would allow to remove higher oxygen amount in comparison with the existing equipment while producing juices of predefined quality with high content of vitamins. The experiments were carried out with freshly squeezed black current juices using a vacuum unit, an Expert-009 analyzer of dissolved oxygen with optical sensor, a gas separation membrane. The juice quality was determined by its content of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) since it is destroyed under impact of oxygen. The content of ascorbic acid during storage was measured on juices produced by different deaeration procedures. The obtained experimental results proved efficiency of membrane application during juice production showing high content of vitamins. The content of ascorbic acid during storage was higher in the juice after deaeration using gas separation membrane in comparison with the juice without treatment and with the juice after vacuum deaeration. Therefore, the most efficient method to achieve the best removal of oxygen from juice is preheating of juice to 65°C with subsequent application of deaerator with gas separation membrane, subsequent packing and cooling of final product.

ADSORPTION OF BENZENE, ACETONE AND CARBON TETRACHLORIDE VAPORS ON MICROPOROUS CARBON ADSORBENT FAS-3

In this paper, the study of the adsorption of organic matter vapors (benzene, carbon tetrachloride, acetone) on the microporous carbon adsorbent FAS-3 in the region of pressures from 0.1 PA to 0.1 MPa and temperatures from 293 to 313 K was conducted, which showed sufficiently high adsorption characteristics of the used adsorbent in comparison with traditional absorbers. Microporous carbon adsorbent FAS-3 is quite new and still not fully understood. The purpose of this study was to determine the parameters of the adsorbent FAS-3, as well as the study of the processes of vapor adsorption of various organic substances on it. The microporous carbon adsorbent FAS-3, obtained on the basis of furfural, was used in the work. Obtaining spherical granules of the adsorbent FAS-3 was carried out in the result of liquid molding of a copolymer of furfural and epoxy resin on the basis of a fundamentally new process of combining the stages of blending monomer, molding the mixture in spherical product of the cured pellets. The activation of spherical grains of FAS-3 was carried out in a rotary kiln by a mixture of water vapor and carbon dioxide at a temperature of 850-900°C to burning that was consistent with the development of porosity in the adsorbent. The equilibrium values of vapor adsorption of substances on FAS-3 were measured on the gravimetric vacuum unit developed in the Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Regeneration of the adsorbent was carried out for 6 h at a temperature of 623 K to a pressure of 0.1 Pa. The maximum absolute measurement error was ± 0.01 mmol / g with 95% confidence. Measurement of vapor pressure of organic substances within 0.13 Pa-0.13 MPa was carried out by absolute pressure gauges M10, M1000, developed and manufactured in the Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The pressure measurement error by the manometer M10 in the range of 0.13 to 1330 Pa was ±0.066 Pa, and the manometer M1000 in the range from 13 Pa to 130 kPa was ±4.0 Pa.

ХИМИЧЕСКИЙ СОСТАВ И АНТИОКСИДАНТНЫЕ СОЕДИНЕНИЯ МУЧНОЙ КОМПОЗИТНОЙ СМЕСИ С ДОБАВЛЕНИЕМ БРУСНИКИ И ПАЖИТНИКА

The effect of fenugreek and lingonberry supplements, containing natural antioxidants and a lot of important nutrition components, on the chemical composition and antioxidant content of flour mixture based on whole oat flour were investigated. Oat flour was produced using hydrothermal treatment, which included intensive moistening of the grain in the vacuum unit, standing, and drying. In addition to whole oat flour, the highgrade wheat flour, dry wheat gluten, and fenugreek seed powder or dried lingonberry powder were added to the flour composite mixture. The chemical composition of raw material and flour composite such as protein, carbohydrates, fat, and moisture was determined. Besides, antioxidant components, like Vitamin C and flavonoids in raw material and flour composites were investigated. From results, it has been established that adding fenugreek seed powder and dried lingonberry powder to flour composite based on oat flour leads to significant enhancing in the chemical composition and antioxidant compounds: the addition of the fenugreek seed powder led to the increase of protein content in the flour composite. Furthermore, adding dried lingonberry powder and fenugreek seed powder led to a slight effect on carbohydrates. The addition of fenugreek seed powder has the greatest effect on the content of flavonoids. In addition, vitamin C was significantly increased by the addition of lingonberry. According to, the results of our research can recommend the addition of fenugreek seed powder and lingonberry to oatwheat flour composite leading to improvement of its nutritional and antioxidant properties.

Atomic Layer Deposition of Silicon Nitride Films on Gallium Arsenide Using a Glow Discharge

The process of the formation of silicon–nitrogen nanostructures at a GaAs surface with orientation (100) and (110) by atomic layer deposition (molecular layering) is considered. The synthesis ios carried out in a vacuum unit using SiCl4 and NH3 vapors in the temperature range 423–723 K with activation of the process by a glow discharge at the ammonia pulsing stage. The conditions of the growth of silicon nitride nanostructures and the conditions of a layer mechanism of their formation are determined. It is established that, at temperatures of synthesis above 573 K, the increase in the silicon nitride layer’s thickness reaches ≈0.5 nm/cycle, which is likely to be explained by the participation of hydrazine in the process of film formation.

Vacuum Unit for CATSmart Vacuum Pump

Vacuum Unit for CATSmart Vacuum Pump

Structure and properties of multilayer plasma Ti-Cu coatings

In the article we used the cathodes Ti and Cu. The coatings were deposited on the steel samples by the ionplasma method on the HNB-6.6I1 vacuum unit while simultaneously spraying the above cathodes. Multilayer coatings were created as follows: Ti was applied within 2 minutes, then Ti + Cu were applied within 2minutes. Totally, 100 layers were applied in an atmosphere of argon and nitrogen. The Ti-Cu-N coatings synthesized by us possessed hardness with an average value of up to 32 GPa, an elastic modulus of 400– 550 GPa, a degree of elastic recovery of 0.69, and a plasticity index of about 0.15, which in terms of parameters is one of the best examples among the well-known hardening coatings. The results of the tribological studies showed that the Ti-Cu-N coating deposited on the optimum mode of vacuum-arc evaporation of a composite Ti-Cu cathode with plasma assisting on a solid substrate has a low friction coefficient, the averagevalue of which is μ = 0.31. The results of X-ray fluorescence analysis confirm the presence of copper in the test coating. Therefore, it can be assumed that copper, without forming its own crystalline phase and not being in the crystal lattice of other phases, is located on the crystallite boundaries in the amorphous state. Thetime it takes for the copper atoms to form a closed shell around the growing TiN crystallite determines the growth time of the crystallite and, accordingly, its size. The results of studies of structural-phase, tribological and physicomechanical characteristics at high temperatures confirmed that multi-layer Ti-Cu-N nitride coatings can be used as wear-resistant to protect products made of hard metal in the temperature range of 25–700 °С. At temperatures above 700 °С, the structure and properties of the protective layer undergo changes, the coating degrades and does not perform protective functions.

Gas-Dynamic Specifications of Glow Discharge During Ion Nitriding Process

Ion-plasma nitriding in glow discharge is a widely used method of surface hardening in the industrialized countries of the world and it is the most modern and technological type of surface hardening of machine parts, molds, dies and cutting tools. However there is no detailed review in the literature of technical characteristics and operation of a gas-vacuum part in ion nitriding units and it does not allow estimating electric power consumption for operation of a gas-vacuum system while assessing efficiency of the given equipment. The paper considers problems pertaining to relationship of gas-dynamic parameters of the nitriding process (pressure and gas flow rate) and energy characteristics of the glow discharge (current density, discharge voltage) during ion nitriding at industrial plants and their impact on the process. Calculation-practical modeling of a vacuum system for an ion nitriding installation shows that it is advisable to use vacuum units which represent consistently connected forevacuum and two-rotor pumps in order to ensure independent control of a pumping speed and flow rate of the gas mixture. Such approach makes it possible to carry out nitriding processes in a wide range of pressures with the possibility to provide high plasma gas rates at a low pressure, in particular, when processing large areas. The paper has revealed temperature interrelations, chamber pressure and glow discharge current density that ensure its existence in the abnormal form. It has been shown that at lower operational pressure during the process, higher degree of discharge abnormality can be provided at uniform temperature of the batch. Due to this it is possible to attain higher temperature similarity which ensures uniformity of a nitrided layer on all parts of the batch.

Real-time advanced spectroscopic monitoring of Ammonia concentration in water

A direct method for real-time monitoring of Ammonia (NH3) concentration in fish ponds is demonstrated in this study. The method is based on monitoring the spectral signature of pure NH3 in the mid and far infrared (MIR and FIR, respectively) spectrum. A vacuum pump was used to evaporate the pond water. The evaporated water was transferred to a special gas cell for spectroscopic measurement. A linear relationship between NH3 concentration during the evaporation process and the detected signal was found. NH3 concentrations in the order of 1 PPM were detected with excellent agreement (<± 5%) to conventional methods. Further improvement model can be achieved if longer interaction paths are used. The advantages of the presented method are: direct measurement of NH3 rather than the indirect calculations and measurements currently used. Better accuracy, and real-time operation is achieved with no maintenance required. The disadvantages of the suggested method are: need for calibration and minor complexity with the vacuum unit.

General Concept of Thermal Vacuum Tests of Space-Appliance Elements at Helium Temperatures

Three main types of cryothermal vacuum units for testing spacecraft products at liquid-helium temperature are considered. Methods for heat removal from test objects depending on their geometric and thermophysical properties are presented. The designs of the different thermal vacuum chambers are discussed considering the thermophysical processes occurring in them. The operating efficiency of the thermal vacuum chambers and their advantages and disadvantages are estimated based on an analysis of heat-transfer processes.

Monitoring fouling dan jadwal pembersihan condenser dalam crude distiller unit pada pabrik pengilangan minyak bumi

Crude Distiller Unit (CDU) adalah bagian penting dipakai pada hampir semua unit kilang minyak bumi. CDU berfungsi untuk memfraksionasikan crude oil menjadi senyawa sederhana untuk diumpankan ketahap selanjutnya sebagai bahan baku padasecondary process. Pada CDU dilakukan proses pengolahan crude hingga menjadi produk-produk seperti crude butane, SR Tops, Naphtha II, Naphtha III, Naphtha IV, LKD, HKD, LCT, HCT, dan umpan High Vacuum Unit. Produk Seperti SR tops output kolom 3-1 dikondensasikan untuk kemudian dialirkan melalui pompa ke tahap secondary process. Tipe condenser adalah vertikal dengan kondensasi pada bagian shell. SR tops melalui shell sementara air pendingin melalui tube. Fouling merupakan salah satu faktor penurunan koefisien transfer perpindahan panas, dimana fouling merupakan akumulasi dari deposit material pada dinding transfer panas. Dengan menggunakan metode observasi dan interview didapati data-data mengenai kondisi operasi condenser 5-1. Sementara dengan metode referensi untuk mencari data-data yang diperlukan untuk melakukan perhitungan dan study literature untuk korelasi hasil yang didapat. Hasil perhitungan dengan data aktual menunjukan bahwa sekitar 39 bulan lagi adalah waktu maksimal operasi condenser sebelum di cleaning. Hal ini sesuai dengan teori yang ada dimana waktu normal pengoperasi condenser ialah berkisar antara 3-4 tahun untuk selanjutnya di cleaning.Sementara dengan mengganti air pendingin yang semula air sungai menjadi air yang telah ditreatment didapat bahwa condenser mampu beroperasi hingga 137 bulan lagi untuk selanjutnya dilakukan cleaning. Hal ini menunjukan penggantian jenis pendingin yang digunakan berpengaruh besar dalam pengurangan rate fouling pada condenser. Sehingga perlu adanya upaya penggantian air pendingin sehingga waktu operasi alat lebih optimal.