Vacuum Oil Research Articles

Ultralight nanocomposite aerogels with interpenetrating network structure of bacterial cellulose for oil absorption

ABSTRACTTowards the development of novel platforms for oil absorption and environmental remediation, bacterial cellulose aerogels (BCA), a lightweight and highly porous material, were modified with carbon nanotubes (CNT) and carboxylic carbon nanotubes (CCNT), respectively, at both 5 and 10 wt % loading. The resulting nanocomposite materials, termed BCA/CNT and BCA/CCNT, demonstrated improved oil absorption property when tested against liquid paraffin (glycerol), vacuum oil, plant oil, and propanetriol. After a single immersion lasting about 4–119 seconds, BCA/CNT 10% absorbed an average of 120.23 (standard deviation: 1.145) g·g−1 of propanetriol. While BCA is known to be fragile, but no destruction was observed before and after oil absorption. The difference between CNT and CCNT is carboxylation, which could reduce hydrophilicity. The samples were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FTIR), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis, contact angle test, and mechanical test. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 48000.

Hydroconversion of Oil Vacuum Distillation Residues in the Presence of Ultrafine Iron-Containing Catalysts Synthesized from Oil-Soluble Precursors

The hydroconversion of oil distillation residues in the presence of ultrafine catalysts synthesized in the reaction medium from feedstock-soluble iron-containing precursors—iron acetylacetonate, ferrocene, and iron oleate—is studied. It is found that the distillate fraction yield and the feedstock conversion in the hydroconversion reaction increase in the following order: iron oleate, ferrocene, iron acetylacetonate. The efficiency of Fe-containing catalysts synthesized from oil-soluble precursors is compared with the efficiency of the nanosized MoS2 catalyst previously studied in the tar hydroconversion process. In the presence of the catalysts synthesized from iron acetylacetonate and ferrocene, the distillate fraction yield and the feedstock conversion are higher than the respective parameters in the case of MoS2. However, with respect to the yield of condensation products (coke), the tested Fe-containing catalysts are significantly inferior to MoS2.

Failure analysis of steam jet pump at top of crude oil vacuum distillation tower

The steam jet pump made by SAF 2205 duplex stainless steel (DSS) provides vacuum for vacuum distillation tower to improve the distillation efficiency of crude oil. The pump suffers from severe local wall thinning during service, especially at diffuser section. Failure analysis of the pump is carried out using traditional characterization techniques and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation. The results show that the pump suffer from not only the electrochemical corrosion of acidic droplets forming in HCl-H2S-H2O environment, but also the mechanical erosion by high speed flow with a large value of wall shear stress. A vicious erosion-corrosion circle built by electrochemical corrosion together with mechanical erosion leads to severe damage at the diffuser section of steam jet pump.

Comparative study on GC-MS Characterisation of atmospheric and vacuum oil residue from KRPC, Kaduna, Nigeria

This Study focused on identification and quantification of Atmospheric and vacuum oil residue using GCMS technique. A total of ten Oil residues samples were used in this study, five each from atmospheric and vacuum distillation. The samples were obtained from Kaduna Refining and Petrochemical Company (KRPC),a subsidiary of Nigeria National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC).The samples were prepared and analysed using GC-MS. The results inferred that the crude oils studied have similar hydrocarbon group type’s i.e paraffinic, olefinic and Aromatic group types but differ in individual hydrocarbon. Atmospheric oil residue has higher amounts of Paraffins and Aromatics than Vacuum residue and lower amounts of Oxygenates and Olefins compare to Vacuum residue.

Antifungal Potency of Essential Oil Components of African Ginger - <i>Zingiber officinale</i> (Roscoe)

The antifungal potency of essential oil ofzingiber officinale(Roscoe) (African Ginger) was investigated using the hyphal extension bioassay. The essential oil (vacuum distillate) was obtained through vacuum distillation. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of the oil revealed 27 compounds with six compounds (1.8-Cineole, α-Pinene, Camphene, (E,E)-α-Fanesene, Geranial and Zingiberene) showing major biological activity. Results of antifungal screening of the bioactive blend from these compounds and vacuum distillate in comparison with four synthetic fungicides revealed that the bioactive blend was more effective against the test pathogen –Botryodiplodia theobromae(Pat.) in culture allowing the shortest hyphal lengths of 1.12cm, 0.28cm and 0.18cm at 50, 75 and 100μg/ml concentration compared with 3.39cm, 0.77cm and 0.28cm respectively obtained for forcelet (the best fungicide tested). Vacuum distillate was comparable (P<0.05) in performance to the bioactive blend. These two plant-based chemicals were persistent in their action againstB. theobromaeat all levels of concentration throughout the course of the experiment.

Hydroconversion of Oil Vacuum Distillation Residues in the Presence of Iron-Containing Catalysts In Situ Synthesized from Water-Soluble Precursors

The hydroconversion of tars in the presence of in situ synthesized iron-containing catalysts is studied. Water-soluble iron compounds (FeSO4, Fe(NO3)3, Fe(COOCH3)2) are used as precursors which are introduced into the processed feedstock in the composition of the aqueous phase of an inverted emulsion. The tests are conducted on a flow hydroconversion unit with a vertical hollow reactor. It is found that the catalytic activity of the Fe-containing precursors which, under hydroconversion conditions, form Fe1–xS nanosized particles, in particular, from Fe(COOCH3)2, is close to the catalytic activity of previously studied nanodispersed MoS2. A disadvantage of Fe-containing catalysts in situ synthesized from water-soluble iron compounds (FeSO4, Fe(NO3)3, Fe(COOCH3)2) is a relatively high yield of condensation products (coke) under hydroconversion conditions.

Convenient preparation of monolithic aerogel-like organosilica material through solid decomposition

Unlike aerogel preparation processes usually adopted, where a wet gel is first prepared and then solvent eliminated by supercritical extraction or ambient pressure evaporation, which often involves repeated time-consuming solvent exchange steps, the present process gives aerogel-like organosilica material through simple solid sublimation. In this process, a readily decomposable solid powder, ammonium carbonate (AC), is wetted with a resinous polymer solution of polymethylsilsesquioxane (PMSQ) and moulded into a desired shape. After PMSQ solution transforms to gel under catalysis by dibutyltin dilaurate, the sample is elevated to a higher temperature for the solvent to evaporate and AC to decompose. The obtained porous product has porosity up to 98.2% and bulk density of 0.035 g cm−3 and nitrogen adsorption-desorption measurement gives BET surface area of 103 m2 g−1, when 20 wt% PMSQ is used. FTIR spectra confirm the crosslinking of PMSQ after heating. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image shows that the obtained product is highly porous and aerogel-like. The porous product shows excellent oil collecting capability of 11 g g−1 porous solid in an oil-collecting test made by vacuum oil on water. This method is straightforward and convenient to use for highly porous aerogel-like material preparation.

Selection and characterization of liquids for a low pressure interferometric liquid column manometer

At PTB, the development of a new primary interferometric liquid column manometer for measurement of absolute and gauge pressures in the range up to 2 kPa is an ongoing project. For measurements in this pressure range, liquids with a low density are advantageous because of a better pressure resolution determined through differential column height measurements. In addition, low vapor pressure is a precondition for an accurate measurement of absolute pressure. The choice of liquid is crucial for the accuracy of the new instrument. This paper discusses the effect of liquid properties such as vapor pressure, density, viscosity, surface tension and gas absorption capacity on the performance of the micromanometer. Seven liquids – all oils used in vacuum applications (vacuum oils) – representing different classes of chemical compounds were analyzed in respect to their viscosity, density, thermal expansion and compressibility. Detailed investigations were performed on three liquids out of seven to determine their density versus gas saturation, ab- and desorption kinetics and surface tension, as well as the wettability of the micromanometer’s materials. Results of the measurements and recommendations for the use of the liquids are presented.

Specifics of oil vacuum pumps operation in handling radioactive materials

Some problems of operation of oil pumps in handling radioactive materials are addressed. Simple and safe methods of spent oil liquid radioactive waste treatment in-situ are proposed.

Optical spectroscopy of excitons with spatially separated electrons and holes in nanosystems containing dielectric quantum dots

It is shown that in the potential energy of an exciton of spatially separated electrons and holes [hole moves in the amount of quantum dots (QDs), the electron is localized on a spherical surface section (QD—dielectric matrix)], taking into account centrifugal, energy gives rise band of the quasistationary surface exciton states that with the increase of the radius of QD becomes stationary state. The mechanisms of formation of the spectra of interband and intraband absorption (emission) of light in nanosystems containing aluminum oxide QDs, placed in the matrix of vacuum oil, are presented. It is shown that the electron transitions in the area of the surface exciton states cause significant absorption in the visible and near-infrared wavelengths and cause the experimentally observed significant blurring of the absorption edge.

High-temperature corrosion of a UNS K03006 steel pipe in a crude oil vacuum residue distillation unit

Abstract A carbon steel pipe of ASTM A106 grade B [UNS K03006] specification was in service of vacuum residue in a crude oil vacuum unit at temperatures ranging from 293 to 350 °C. After 20 years of service it failed due to a combination of sulfidic and naphthenic acid corrosion. This failure motivated this is work, where the mechanism of corrosion failure mechanism is studied, based on the microstructural characterization of the corroded surfaces of coupons tested in a laboratory simulated vacuum residue environment, with variations in temperature and exposure times. Experimental results showed that at 310 °C, the preferential formation of a homogeneous passive iron sulfide film occurred, which promoted general sulfide corrosion. However, the greatest corrosion rates occurred at 350 °C, due to the generation of sour primary distillates and the fragmentation of the vacuum residue molecule, which triggered a naphthenic acid corrosion mechanism, which caused localized attack corrosion. It is concluded that the most important factor to be monitored in vacuum residue service in crude oil vacuum residue distillation units, in order to predict and prevent corrosion, is the temperature. Specifically, operation temperatures above 310 °C should be avoided, because high corrosion rates and the combination with localized attack in the forms of pitting and grain boundary dissolution. In order to prevent failures in vacuum residue pipes, closed interval thickness surveys and close temperature monitoring are recommended.

Shock-Wave Pulse Compression and Stretching of Dodecane and Mineral Oils

The behavior of dodecane, vacuum, and transformer oils under shock-wave pulse compression and stretching are studied experimentally. The wave profiles are registered using a VISAR laser interferometer. The shock adiabats, the dependence of the sound velocity on the pressure, and the maximum negative pressures developed in the studied liquids are determined. It is shown that the negative pressure value does not depend on the deformation rate in the case of oils and is a strong function of the compression pulse amplitude in the case of dodecane.

Exciton Spectroscopy of Spatially Separated Electrons and Holes in the Dielectric Quantum Dots

It is shown that in the potential energy of an exciton of spatially separated electrons and holes (hole moves in the amount of quantum dots (QDs), and the electron is localized on a spherical surface section (QD—dielectric matrix)) taking into account centrifugal energy gives rise band of the quasi-stationary surface exciton states that with the increase of the radius of QD becomes stationary state. The mechanisms of formation of the spectra of interband and intraband absorption (emission) of light in nanosystems containing aluminum oxide QDs, placed in the matrix of vacuum oil, are presented. It is shown that the electron transitions in the area of the surface exciton states cause significant absorption in the visible and near infrared wavelengths, and cause the experimentally observed significant blurring of the absorption edge.

Catalytic Activity of a Bifunctional Catalyst for Hydrotreatment of Jatropha curcas L. Seed Oil

The hydrotreating process of vegetable oils (HPVO) involves the transformation of vegetable oil triglycerides into straight chain alkanes, which are carried out by deoxygenation reactions, generating multiple hydrocarbon compounds, cuts similar to heavy vacuum oil. The HPVO is applied to Jatropha curcas oil on USY zeolite supported with gamma alumina and platinum deposition on the catalytic as hydrogenation component. The acid of additional activity of the supports allows the development of catalytic routes that the intervention of catalytic centers of different nature reaches the desired product. The products of the hydrotreating reaction with Jatropha curcas seed oil triglycerides were identified by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and by mass spectroscopy to identify and analyze the generated intermediate and final hydrocarbon compounds.

The Social Impact and Enviromental Risks of Public Oil Mining in Musi Banyuasin Regency South Sumatera Province

The oil mining was firstly performed in Musi Banyuasin Regency by the end of the 1990s as performed by the people on old wells of Standard Vacuum Oil Company which was no longer engaged in oil production activities. The crude oil is then refined into gasoline (premium), kerosene and gas oil (solar). Due to the increasing oil mining activities, the local government of Musi Banyuasin Regency stipulated a Local Regulation No.27 of 2006 concerning the sale of public oil mining products. In this local regulation, people are only paid for their work drawing out the crude oil, which is valued at a low price and is not suited with the workload. Since then, the people have not only performed mining for crude oil from old wells, but also by performing their own mining activities, especially for the mining field with a depth of 100 - 200 meters. The result is that the crude oil trade in the Musi Banyuasin Regency is increasingly widespread, either for the crude or distilled oil. This study aimed to describe, analyze and interpret social impact, environmental risks and multiplier effect of illegal public oil mining. This study used the paradigm of critical theory. The results showed there are some social impacts on people's lives in the mining and refinery sites. The positive impact is the shift of livelihood activities, from rubber farmers to oil miners, both as investors, traders, workers and oil takers, so that the multiplier effect of this activity is highly perceived by the community in their lives. The negative impact is the polarization in the life of society, such as gambling, drug distribution, red-light district and environmental degradation due to oil spills and distillation.

Study of Oil Vacuum Distillation Chemical Group Composition Influence on the Oxidized Asphalts Properties when Obtained Based on that in Sonochemical Activation Conditions

The relevance of this study is determined by the problem of petroleum asphalt raw materials low quality stability, the low processability of their production and the lack of scientifically grounded methods for regulating the physical, mechanical and chemical properties of petroleum asphalt binders when oil residues of various chemical compositions are used as bituminous raw material. The purpose of this article is to study the influence of oil vacuum distillation chemical group composition on the properties of asphalts obtained by oxidation with air oxygen under ultrasonic treatment conditions. The leading method for studying this problem is to analyze the chemical group composition of heavy oil fractions boiling at temperatures above 300°С, as well as the physical and mechanical methods used for studying petroleum asphalt (penetration, extensibility, softening temperature, etc.). The results of this study allowed establishing the optimal ranges of hydrocarbon groups of oil residual raw material for petroleum asphalt production with a series of properties that meets the modern normative and the technical documentation requirements. The study proved the effectiveness of the proposed method of selecting oil residual raw material for petroleum asphalt production, as well as the goodness of the method for obtaining asphalts through the sonochemical activation of the raw material during oxidation. The materials of the article may be useful for oil refining industry specialists, as well as for students and teachers of technical universities in the field of oil refining technologies.

Drying characteristics of thickened sewage sludge in oil vacuum evaporation system

In the current work, drying characteristics of thickened sludge was investigated with respect to drying conditions in oil vacuum evaporation system. The drying characteristics were confirmed by measuring the amount of condensate with 1-min interval. Results showed that the type of mixing oil changed thermal characteristics. The evaporation rate and drying efficiencies of waste cooking oil showed better results rather than other refined oils. From the TG and DTA test results, the ignition temperature varied depending on oil type. The ignition temperature of drying sludge with refined oil was lower than that with waste cooking oil and raw sludge. The moisture content of dried sludge mixed with oil was less than 3%, however, the sludge dried without any oil showed much higher moisture content of 53.7%. This study showed that sludge-derived fuel from the newly developed oil vacuum drying process can be widely used as a renewable energy source.

Properties of cement compounds containing spent vacuum oil contaminated with radionuclides

Solidification of an oil–absorbent suspension in a cement host material under laboratory conditions was performed. Magnesium oxide and N910 synthetic polymer were used as absorbents. Experiments were performed with radioactively contaminated spent VM-4 vacuum oil. Its fraction in the compounds was 20%. The chemical and immersion durability and the radiation resistance of the compound specimens obtained were studied for evaluating to what extent the compounds meet the regulation requirements to solidified radioactive waste. The oil-containing compounds formed using the suggested formulations meet the requirements of GOST (State Standard) R 51 883–2002 in these characteristics.

A novel approach to synthesize in-situ crystallized zeolite/kaolin composites with high zeolite content

We present an alkali solution aided (ASA) activation approach to activate kaolin microspheres and its application to synthesize in-situ crystallized zeolite/kaolin composite materials. Compared with conventional thermal activation methods, the ASA activation can high-effectively convert silicon and aluminum species in kaolin microspheres into active silica and alumina for synthesizing zeolite/kaolin composites, leading to a successful synthesis of zeolite/kaolin composites with high zeolite content and outstanding attrition resistance. When used as a fluid catalytic cracking catalyst, the resulting zeolite Y/kaolin composite gave high conversion efficiency of vacuum oil and high selectivity to valuable products.

16.合成パイライト触媒を用いる合成ガス-水を水素源とする石炭・重質油のコプロセッシング

16.合成パイライト触媒を用いる合成ガス-水を水素源とする石炭・重質油のコプロセッシング