Vaccination Of Animals Research Articles

The Evolution and Impact of Animal Vaccines: Advancements, Applications, and Future Directions

The Evolution and Impact of Animal Vaccines: Advancements, Applications, and Future Directions

2018-2019 human seasonal H3N2 influenza A virus spillovers into swine with demonstrated virus transmission in pigs were not sustained in the pig population.

Human seasonal H3 clade 3C3a influenza A viruses (IAV) were detected four times in U.S. pigs from commercial swine farms in Michigan, Illinois, and Virginia in 2019. To evaluate the relative risk of this spillover to the pig population, whole genome sequencing and phylogenetic characterization were conducted, and the results revealed that all eight viral gene segments were closely related to 2018-2019 H3N2 human seasonal IAV. Next, a series of in vitro viral kinetics, receptor binding, and antigenic characterization studies were performed using a representative A/swine/Virginia/A02478738/2018(H3N2) (SW/VA/19) isolate. Viral replication kinetic studies of SW/VA/19 demonstrated less efficient replication curves than all 10 swine H3N2 viruses tested but higher than three human H3N2 strains. Serial passaging experiments of SW/VA/19 in swine cells did not increase virus replication, but changes at HA amino acid positions 9 and 159 occurred. In swine transmission studies, wild-type SW/VA/19 was shed in nasal secretions and transmitted to all indirect contact pigs, whereas the human seasonal strain A/Switzerland/9715293/2013(H3N2) from the same 3C3a clade failed to transmit. SW/VA/19 induced minimal macroscopic and microscopic lung lesions. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that these human seasonal H3N2 3C3a-like viruses did not require reassortment with endemic swine IAV gene segments for virus shedding and transmission in pigs. Limited detections in the U.S. pig population in the subsequent period of time suggest a yet-unknown restriction factor likely limiting the spread of these viruses in the U.S. pig population.IMPORTANCEInterspecies human-to-swine IAV transmission occurs globally and contributes to increased IAV diversity in pig populations. We present data that a swine isolate from a 2018-2019 human-to-swine transmission event was shed for multiple days in challenged and contact pigs. By characterizing this introduction through bioinformatic, molecular, and animal experimental approaches, these findings better inform animal health practices and vaccine decision-making. Since wholly human seasonal H3N2 viruses in the United States were not previously identified as being transmissible in pigs (i.e., reverse zoonosis), these findings reveal that the interspecies barriers for transmission to pigs may not require significant changes to all human seasonal H3N2, although additional changes may be required for sustained transmission in swine populations.

Schistosomiasis Chemotherapy, Chemoprevention, and Vaccines: History, Progress, and Priorities.

Schistosomiasis is a major human disease of public health importance. Freshwater snails serving as intermediary hosts and human interaction with surface water tainted by feces or urine are both necessary components of the transmission cycle. Schistosoma haematobium, Schistosoma mansoni, and Schistosoma japonicum are the primary pathogen species. Over 250 million individuals are infected globally, according to the World Health Organization, causing significant morbidity and an estimated loss of 1.9 million disability-adjusted life years, a number that is probably underestimated. Immunological protection is slowly built up through complex immunological systems, although innate factors also play a role. Chronic schistosomiasis affects mainly individuals residing in poor rural area. Vaccination is considered as one of the most sustainable options for the control of any pathogen, but schistosomiasis vaccine for humans or animals is not available till now despite the discovery of numerous potentially promising schistosome vaccine antigens. To provide an overview of the schistosomiasis chemotherapy, chemoprevention, and vaccines history and progress. Review article. PubMed, ISI Web of Science, Science Direct, and the World Health Organization database. Favorably praziquantel (PZQ) is a medication with excellent chemopreventive treatment compliance. Due to the extensive usage of PZQ, there is a great deal of debate surrounding the emergence of drug resistance. PZQ is effective against all species of schistosomes, schistosomiasis prevalence has remained largely unaffected, due to reinfection in high transmission areas and growing juvenile worms that were not affected by the drug, even though the need for a schistosomiasis vaccine is even more pressing.

Mycobacterium bovis mutant in the virulence factors PhoP, ESAT-6 and CFP-10 persisted in mouse organs after a year post-vaccination

A vaccine for bovine tuberculosis is urgently needed. The BCG vaccine (the Bacille Calmette-Guérin), currently the only licensed vaccine for tuberculosis in humans, offers variable protection in cattle. However, BCG is a highly safe vaccine, and any alternative vaccine must not only offer greater protection than BCG but also match and improve its safety profile. Mice are the most widely used animal models in tuberculosis research, particularly for pre-clinical vaccine evaluation. In these animal models, the key indicator of infection or vaccine efficacy is the mycobacteria load in the lungs. In this study, we evaluated the long-term protection conferred by vaccinating BALB/c mice with a Mycobacterium bovis triple mutant lacking the virulence genes phoP, esxA, and esxB. Our findings showed that the triple mutant protected the lungs of mice against M. bovis challenge for up to one-year post-vaccination. However, the bacterial load in the spleens predominantly comprised the vaccine strain, and the lungs also contained some of these bacteria. These results suggest that the vaccine strain persisted in the mouse organs for at least one year, which raised concerns about its potential safety for animal vaccination.

Design of cold storage as a storage space for animal vaccines at PT. XYZ

A refrigeration system is a system used to cool a room or an industrial product in the food, pharmaceutical, beverage, vegetable, fruit, and other industries to maintain product quality. One of its uses is as storage for various kinds of pharmaceutical needs, including vaccines for both animals and humans. The problem with cold storage is that existing vaccine storage has been in operation for a long time so it is necessary to study whether it is still able to maintain the vaccine storage temperature, namely -80C. The aim of designing cold storage is to maintain a stable vaccine storage temperature. Because vaccines consist of various kinds of microorganisms that are easy to activate. To maintain the quality of the vaccine, cold storage is needed. The research methodology for writing this thesis is to collect design data from one of the vaccine storage industry companies, and literature studies, then analysis of cooling load planning studies, vaccine storage capacity in cold storage measuring 10 x 10 x m 3 meters and determine the power of the cooling machine using a system. standard vapor compression cooler. The results of the analysis of the refrigeration system planning study showed that the indoor vaccine capacity was 30,600 bottles or 2056,701 lbs (822,680 kg), storage temperature -80C, cooling load 308,133 Btu/hr, or 90,283 W, this system uses R 134 A refrigeration. Using refrigerant, power compressor 23.32 kW, or 32 HP, COP 3.9.

Interferon as an immunoadjuvant to enhance antibodies following influenza B infection and vaccination in ferrets

Despite annual vaccination, influenza B viruses (IBV) continue to cause significant morbidity and mortality in humans. We have found that IBV infection resulted in a weaker innate and adaptive immune response than influenza A viruses (IAV) in ferrets. To understand and overcome the weak immune responses to IBV in ferrets, we administered type-I or type-III interferon (IFN) to ferrets following infection or vaccination and evaluated their effects on the immune response. IFN signaling following viral infection plays an important role in the initial innate immune response and affects subsequent adaptive immune responses. In the respiratory tract, IFN lambda (IFNL) has regulatory effects on adaptive immunity indirectly through thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), which then acts on immune cells to stimulate the adaptive response. Following IBV infection or vaccination, IFN treatment (IFN-Tx) upregulated gene expression of early inflammatory responses in the upper respiratory tract and robust IFN, TSLP, and inflammatory responses in peripheral blood cells. These responses were sustained following challenge or vaccination in IFN-Tx animals. Serum IFNL and TSLP levels were enhanced in IFN-Tx animals following challenge/rechallenge over mock-Tx; however, this difference was not observed following vaccination. Antibody responses in serum of IFN-Tx animals following IBV infection or vaccination increased more quickly and to higher titers and were sustained longer than mock-Tx animals over 3 months. Following rechallenge of infected animals 3 months post treatment, antibody levels remained higher than mock-Tx. However, IFN-Tx did not have an effect on antibody responses following challenge of vaccinated animals. A strong direct correlation was found between TSLP levels and antibody responses following challenge-rechallenge and vaccination-challenge indicating it as a useful tool for predicting adaptive immune responses following IBV infection or vaccination. The effects of IFN on strengthening both innate and adaptive responses to IBV may aid in development of more effective treatments following infection and improved influenza vaccines.

Entry of Newcastle disease virus into host cells: an interplay among viral and host factors.

Newcastle disease (ND) is a major burden for the poultry industry worldwide, especially in developing countries. The virus that causes this disease, Newcastle disease virus (NDV), is also an effective vector for the development of novel human and animal vaccines and a promising oncolytic virus for cancer therapy. The mechanism of entry of NDV into host cells is of particular interest because it has a significant impact on the infectivity, host range, and pathogenicity of the virus. Here, we present an overview of the entry of NDV into cells, focusing on the interplay among viral and host factors involved in this process. In particular, recent research revealing novel features of NDV attachment to cells, the identification of viral and cellular components that regulate binding of the virus to cells, and the emerging role of novel cellular routes of NDV entry are discussed. More importantly, some of the remaining gaps in our understanding of NDV entry and some fundamental questions for research efforts in the future are also highlighted.

Comparative Efficacy of Parenteral and Mucosal Recombinant Probiotic Vaccines Against SARS-CoV-2 and S. pneumoniae Infections in Animal Models.

The accumulation of specific IgG antibodies in blood serum is considered a key criterion for the effectiveness of vaccination. For several vaccine-preventable infections, quantitative indicators of the humoral response have been established, which, when reached, provide a high probability of protection against infection. The presence of such a formal correlate of vaccine effectiveness is crucial, for example, in organizing preventive measures and validating newly developed vaccines. However, can effective protection against infection occur when the level of serum antibodies is lower than that provided by parenteral vaccination? Will protection be sufficient if the same vaccine antigen is administered via mucosal membranes without achieving high levels of specific IgG circulating in the blood? In this study, we compared the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of parenteral and mucosal forms of vaccines in experimental animals, targeting infections caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus and Streptococcus pneumoniae. We investigated the protective properties of a fragment of the coronavirus S1 protein administered intramuscularly with an adjuvant and orally as part of the probiotic strain Enterococcus faecium L3 in a Syrian hamster model. A comparative assessment of the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a recombinant tandem (PSP) of immunogenic peptides from S. pneumoniae surface proteins, administered either parenterally or orally, was performed in a Balb/c mouse model. Both models demonstrated significant differences in the immunogenicity of parenteral and oral vaccine antigens, but comparable protective efficacy.

EPIZOOTIC LYMPHANGITIS - THE FORGOTTEN DISEASE OF UNGULATES

Epizootic lymphangitis, as a forgotten disease of ungulates, again attracts the attention of veterinarians and zoologists. This infection, caused by pathogenic microorganisms, leads to inflammation of the lymphatic vessels, which can cause serious complications and even death of the animal. Despite the rarity of cases in recent decades, epizootic lymphangitis leaves a significant mark on the history of veterinary medicine, causing alertness among specialists. The purpose of the review. To summarize current scientific data on the etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and prevention of equine epizootic lymphangitis in order to assess the risk of introduction and spread of the disease to disease-free territories. Results. The review presents the epidemiological characteristics of the etiological agent of the disease, possible main and intermediate reservoirs of the pathogen in nature, mechanisms of transmission of infection, promising directions for the development of prevention and treatment tools. Conclusion. The causes of epidemics remain a mystery, but the factors contributing to the spread of the disease range from lack of vaccinations to unfavorable conditions of detention. The fight against this disease should be carried out through vaccination, isolation and quarantine of sick animals, disinfection of animal housing and equipment, as well as surveillance.

The Effect of Malaria on Responses to Unrelated Vaccines in Animals and Humans: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Vaccine efficacy varies globally, often showing reduced immune responses in low- and middle-income countries, possibly due to the immunomodulatory effects of parasitic infections like malaria. This systematic review evaluates the impact of malaria on immune responses to unrelated vaccines in humans and animals. We systematically searched five databases-MEDLINE, Web of Science, Global Health, Scopus and Embase-up to 5th December 2023. Eligible studies compared immune responses to WHO-approved vaccines between malaria-infected and uninfected groups, or between antimalarial-treated and untreated groups. Meta-analysis was performed using random-effects models with standardised mean differences (SMDs) as summary statistics. The study is registered with PROSPERO (CRD42022298053). Twenty-four articles (17human, 7 animal) met the inclusion criteria, with 13 human articles contributing data for the meta-analysis. Significant heterogeneity was observed. Vaccine responses were higher in malaria uninfected individuals (SMD 0.34, 95% CI 0.07 to 0.60, I2 = 87.15%) with weaker differences between antimalarial-treated and untreated groups (SMD 0.07, 95% CI -0.01 to 0.16, I2 = 85.01%). The overall SMD for malaria uninfected/treated vs. infected/untreated was 0.15, 95% CI 0.05-0.26, I2 = 90.91. Narrative analysis suggested malaria's adverse impact on vaccine responses in animals. Malaria infection may impair vaccines responses; with preventive treatment of malaria partially reversing these effects, highlighting the need for targeted public health interventions.

Safety and immunogenicity of a SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine (SYS6006) in minks, cats, blue foxes, and raccoon dogs.

Minks, cats, and some other species of carnivores are susceptible of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and have a high risk of transmitting SARS-CoV-2 to humans. The development of animal vaccines can be an effective measure to protect animals against SARS-CoV-2 and reduce the potential risk of human infection. We previously developed a messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) vaccine SYS6006 that has been proven to be an efficient coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine widely used in humans. Here, we further evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of SYS6006 as an animal COVID-19 vaccine candidate for SARS-CoV-2 susceptible animals or wild animals. SYS6006 was safe and immunogenic in mice and completely protected mice against mouse-adapted SARS-CoV-2 infection in the upper and lower respiratory tracts. SYS6006 was able to induce neutralizing antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 wild-type, Delta, and Omicron BA.2 strain on day 7 after prime immunization, and two doses of immunization could enhance the neutralizing antibody responses and produce long-lasting potent antibodies for more than 8 months in minks and cats, blue foxes, and raccoon dogs, while all immunized animals had no abnormal clinical signs during immunization. These results provided here warrant further development of this safe and efficacious mRNA vaccine platform against animal COVID-19.

Epidemiological characteristics of human rabies cases reported by sites in China from 2006 to 2022

BackgroundRabies is an incessant public health threat in China. The Ministry of Health implemented the Central Payment for Rabies Prevention and Control Project to assist with rabies prevention and control in a few representative provinces in 2006.MethodsData on human rabies cases reported by the National Infectious Disease Reporting Information Management System and national surveillance sites from 2006 to 2022 were collected, and statistical and multivariate analyses were then used to assess the effectiveness of current prevention and control efforts.ResultsDuring 2006–2022, a total of 2025 human rabies cases were collected by the national surveillance sites, with incidence rates far above the national average, but the incidence rate was consistent with the national trend. Human rabies cases demonstrated a dual peak distribution in terms of exposure and onset dates, with the peak exposure dates falling mostly in the spring and summer and the peak onset dates occurring mostly in the summer and autumn. Three danger categories are shown by the geographical distribution: high, medium and low. Dogs had a high infection rate (86.93%), with own domesticated dogs accounting for the majority of infections. The rates of post-exposure prophylaxis are not constant. The median incubation period was 71 days.ConclusionsVarious measures and policies implemented by the government have played a key role in reducing the incidence of rabies. To effectively prevent and control the resurgence of epidemics and halt the spread of the virus among host animals, it is imperative to prioritize and implement a robust dog management system, accelerate research and development of animal vaccines and improve the level of post-exposure prophylaxis.

Rabies Virus Nucleoprotein: Large-Scale Expression in Prokaryotic System

Abstract Rabies is controlled by mass animal vaccination campaigns. Cats, dogs, and wild animals (e.g., bats) are large reservoirs of this virus and can pose a significant threat to the human health, especially in the developing countries. The nucleoprotein of the rabies virus is of great scientific interest since it has the potential to generate immunity in animals and can be used as for immunochemical diagnostics. The study aimed to test a large-scale expression of the rabies N protein in a prokaryotic system. The recombinant N protein was successfully expressed and purified. It was immunologically recognized by specific antibodies and was able to induce the production of specific antibodies in a mouse immunization assay. These encouraging results indicate that the recombinant N protein can be evaluated as an antigen for the development of a subunit vaccine or for a diagnostic assay.

Investigation of the toxicity and safety concerns of transgenic maize seeds expressing immunogenic F and HN protein genes against Newcastle disease virus.

The presented study investigated the potential toxicity and safety concerns associated with transgenic maize seeds expressing immunogenic F and HN protein genes against Newcastle disease virus (NDV). The experiment involved feeding Sprague-Dawley rats with transgenic maize seeds formulated into standard diets at levels of 30% (w/w) for a duration of 90days. The rats were divided into three groups, with 10 rats per group. We assessed various parameters including overall appearance, feed consumption, body weight, organ weight, hematological parameters, serum chemistry, and histopathology. The results of these assessments were compared between the control group and the treatment groups. The study findings revealed that there were no significant differences between the control and treatment groups in terms of overall appearance, feed consumption, body weight, organ weight, hematological parameters, serum chemistry, microscopic histopathology, and gross appearance of tissues. These observations suggest that the consumption of transgenic maize seeds did not lead to any treatment-related adverse effects or toxicological issues. Furthermore, the transgenic maize seeds were found to be nutritionally equivalent to their non-transgenic counterpart. Overall, no physiological, pathological, or molecular toxicity was observed in the Rats fed with transgenic feed.However, it is important to note that this study focused specifically on the parameters measured and the outcomes observed in Sprague-Dawley rats, and further research and studies are necessary to fully evaluate the safety and potential applications of transgenic edible vaccines in humans or other animals.

Deep Learning based Individual Cattle Face Recognition using Data Augmentation and Transfer Learning

Monitoring animal welfare, disease prevention, vaccination administration, production supply, and ownership management all depend on accurate cattle identification. Ear tag-based cattle identification techniques are frequently used in livestock farm management. These are not used to identify specific cattle on large-scale farms. However, ear tags can come off, which makes it challenging to identify a particular individual. Ear tags are susceptible to fraud, can be copied, and run the risk of being damaged. Long-term animal identification is impossible with lost tags. For this purpose, a data set was created by taking images of cattle in their natural environment. The dataset, which contains 15,000 records from 30 different cattle, was divided into three sections: training, validation, and testing. Deep learning algorithms InceptionResNetV2, MobilenetV2, DenseNet201, Xception, and NasNetLarge were used in this study to identify specific cattle faces. The DenseNet201 algorithm achieved the highest test accuracy of 99.53% with a validation accuracy of 99.83%.

Recent Advances in Oral Vaccines for Animals.

Compared to traditional injected vaccines, oral vaccines offer significant advantages for the immunization of livestock and wildlife due to their ease of use, high compliance, improved safety, and potential to stimulate mucosal immune responses and induce systemic immunity against pathogens. This review provides an overview of the delivery methods for oral vaccines, and the factors that influence their immunogenicity. We also highlight the global progress and achievements in the development and use of oral vaccines for animals, shedding light on potential future applications in this field.

Knowledge, attitude and practice related to anthrax among livestock farmers in West Kazakhstan.

Anthrax is the most prioritized zoonotic disease in Kazakhstan due to its threatening potential to the public health and agricultural sector. Sporadic anthrax outbreaks are being reported annually among human and livestock populations throughout the country, with the highest frequency occurring in West Kazakhstan. A cross-sectional study was conducted using a survey-based face-to-face interview. From January to May 2022, 489 randomly selected participants were surveyed in 6 districts of the Baiterek province in West Kazakhstan oblast to evaluate the knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) regarding anthrax among community members. This is the first KAP study conducted relating to outbreaks of anthrax in Kazakhstan. In this study, most participants (74%) surveyed were males, and 40% of respondents had a secondary level education. Overall, 91% of the community respondents were engaged in agriculture and livestock rearing. Among these community members, cattle rearing was the most common (67%) occupation compared to other livestock species. Additionally, over a 50% of the population studied had no knowledge about the zoonotic nature of the disease, and about 82% and 87% of respondents were unaware of any animal and human anthrax symptoms, respectively. About 70% of the respondents were interested in vaccinating their livestock against anthrax. Individuals aged 45-54 displayed notably higher animal vaccination rates (45%; 95% CI: 38.4-52.0; p<0.025) compared to those aged 25-34 and 65-74. Respondents residing in the Beles district (20%; 95% CI: 17.1-24.7; p<0.005) exhibited a significantly higher level of awareness concerning the fatality of anthrax in contrast to participants from Bolashak. Roughly 61% of respondents held the belief that anthrax is a lethal disease. An overwhelming majority of the survey participants (99%) affirmed their non-participation in the slaughter of infected animals. The findings of this study indicate that KAP among community members relating to anthrax is low and requires swift implementation of education programmes in building awareness of anthrax under the One Health approach, especially in anthrax prone regions.

Genetic engineering of Salmonella spp. for novel vaccine strategies and therapeutics.

Salmonella enterica is a diverse species that infects both humans and animals. S. enterica subspecies enterica consists of more than 1,500 serovars. Unlike typhoidal Salmonella serovars which are human host-restricted, non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) serovars are associated with foodborne illnesses worldwide and are transmitted via the food chain. Additionally, NTS serovars can cause disease in livestock animals causing significant economic losses. Salmonella is a well-studied model organism that is easy to manipulate and evaluate in animal models of infection. Advances in genetic engineering approaches in recent years have led to the development of Salmonella vaccines for both humans and animals. In this review, we focus on current progress of recombinant live-attenuated Salmonella vaccines, their use as a source of antigens for parenteral vaccines, their use as live-vector vaccines to deliver foreign antigens, and their use as therapeutic cancer vaccines in humans. We also describe development of live-attenuated Salmonella vaccines and live-vector vaccines for use in animals.

Safety and Immunogenicity of Morbillivirus canis Vaccines for Domestic and Wild Animals: A Scoping Review.

Morbillivirus canis (canine distemper virus (CDV)) is recognized as a multihost pathogen responsible for a transmissible disease affecting both domestic and wild animals. A considerable portion of wildlife populations remain unvaccinated due to a lack of safety and immunogenicity data on existing vaccines for the prevention of CDV infection in these species. This review aimed to assess the current state of CDV vaccination research for both domestic and wild animals and to explore novel vaccine candidates through in vivo studies. It also sought to synthesize the scattered information from the extensive scientific literature on CDV vaccine research, identify key researchers in the field, and highlight areas where research on CDV vaccination is lacking. A scoping review was conducted across four databases following the PRISMA-ScR protocol, with information analyzed using absolute and relative frequencies and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for study number proportions. Among the 2321 articles retrieved, 68 met the inclusion criteria and focused on CDV vaccines in various animal species, such as dogs, ferrets, minks, and mice. Most of the scientific community involved in this research was in the USA, Canada, France, and Denmark. Various vaccine types, including MLV CDV, recombinant virus, DNA plasmids, inactivated CDV, and MLV measles virus (MeV), were identified, along with diverse immunization routes and schedules employed in experimental and commercial vaccines. Safety and efficacy data were summarized. Notably, 37 studies reported postimmunization CDV challenge, primarily in dogs, revealing the survival rates of vaccinated animals. In summary, CDV vaccines generally demonstrate an acceptable safety profile in dogs and show promise as a means of controlling CDV. However, significant gaps in vaccine research persist, particularly concerning wildlife reservoirs, indicating the need for further investigation.

Memory T-cell dynamics following immunization with a polyvalent salmonellosis vaccine in farm animals

Memory T-cell dynamics following immunization with a polyvalent salmonellosis vaccine in farm animals