Vaccination Of Goats Research Articles

Vaccination of goats with recombinant galectin antigen induces partial protection against Haemonchus contortus infection

The efficacy of vaccination against Haemonchus contortus infection with two recombinant proteins, rHco-gal-m and rHco-gal-f, was studied in 9-10-month-old goats. Vaccination with 100 microg protein reduced faecal egg output and worm burdens by 37.25% and 41.1%, respectively. Corresponding reductions with 200 microg protein were 48.03% and 46.19%. Vaccinated groups had significantly higher IgG levels than the negative and positive controls. Significant negative correlations were detected between IgG level, mucosal homogenate IgA concentration, haemoglobin and abomasal worm burden at necropsy. By contrast a positive correlation was found between the percentage of B cells, monocytes and abomasal worm burden. These findings suggested that vaccination with a combination of recombinant rHco-gal-m/f proteins had a role in protecting goats against H. contortus infection.

Vaccination of goats against Haemonchus contortus with a recombinant cysteine protease

Abstract Due to critical functions in worm physiology, Haemonchus contortus cysteine proteases are potential candidates for immunological control of haemonchosis. However, only limited information is available on the immunoprotective potential of these molecules in goat. In the present study, HC58 DNA vaccine, a cysteine protease of adult H. contortus worms, was evaluated for protection against homologous challenge infection. Sixteen goats were allocated to four experimental groups of 4 animals each. HC58 DNA vaccine was administered 28 and 14 days before oral challenge with a dose of 5000 infective H. contortus L 3 (third larval stage). HC58 DNA vaccine was transcribed at local muscle injection sites and expressed in vivo 7 and 10 days after primary and booster vaccination, respectively. The group (mean ± S.D.) fecal eggs per gram count (FEC), percentage L 3 and worm burdens for Group 1 (HC58 DNA vaccine) dropped by 28.02, 47.6 and 28.3%, respectively. Corresponding reductions for Group 2 (recombinant HC58 protein) were 26.36, 31.6 and 16.1%, respectively ( P P 3 challenge. These findings suggested that HC58 DNA vaccine conferred some protection against H. contortus infection in goat.

Vaccination of goats with fresh extract from Sarcoptes scabiei confers partial protective immunity

TARIGAN, S. 2006. Vaccination of goats with fresh extract from Sarcoptes scabiei confers partial protective immunity. JITV 11(2): 144-150. Protective immunity has been known to develop in animals infested with Sarcoptes scabiei. However, our previous attempt to induce protective immunity in goats by vaccination with fractions of soluble or insoluble mite proteins had been unsuccessful. Degradation or denaturation of protective antigens occurred during vaccine preparation was suggested as one possible cause of the failure. In this study, mite proteins that used to immunise animals were prepared rapidly in order to prevent protein degradation or denaturation. About 150 mg of freshly isolated mites were rapidly homogenised, centrifuged then separated into supernatant and pellet fractions. Twenty-eight goats were allocated equally into 4 groups. Group-1 goats were vaccinated with the whole mite homogenate supernatant, group 2 with the supernatant, group 3 with the pellet, and group 4 with PBS (unvaccinated control). Vaccination was conducted three times, with three-week intervals between vaccinations, using Quil A as adjuvant, and each vaccination using fresh mite homogenates. One week after the last vaccination, all animals were challenged with approximately 2000 live mites. The severity of lesions, scored from 0 (no lesions) to 5 (>75% infested auricle affected), were determined one day, two days, then every week after challenge. Mite challenge caused the development of skin lesions in all animals. No significant differences between vaccinated and unvaccinated animals were observed in regards to the severity of lesions. However, the mite densities in vaccinated animals were significantly lower (P=0.015) than those in unvaccinated control. This study indicates that the protective antigens of S. scabiei are liable to degradation or denaturation and exist in a very low concentration or have vary low antigenicity. This implies isolation of the protective antigens by the conventional approach, fracionation of the whole mite proteins and testing each fractions in vaccination trials, is seemingly inappropriate for S. scabiei.

Evaluation of antibody response and nonspecific lymphocyte blastogenesis following inoculation of a live attenuated bluetongue virus vaccine in goats

To evaluate vaccine safety, antibody response, and nonspecific lymphocyte blastogenesis following inoculation of a commercial monovalent live attenuated bluetongue virus (BTV) serotype 2 vaccine in goats. 12 nonpregnant and nonlactating Saanen goats. 6 goats were inoculated with the monovalent live attenuated BTV serotype 2 vaccine, which has been widely used in Italy during the proceding 2 years. The other 6 goats were unvaccinated and represented negative controls. Nonspecific lymphocyte blastogenesis was evaluated 14 and 7 days before and 7, 21, and 49 days after vaccination by measuring DNA synthesis in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) stimulated with phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin-A, and pokeweed mitogen. On the same days as lymphocyte blastogenesis, blood samples were taken to determine serum concentrations of anti-BTV antibodies. During the 7 weeks following vaccination, PBMCs obtained from vaccinated goats had a significantly decreased response to mitogens in terms of DNA synthesis, compared with PBMCs from the same goats before vaccination. Conversely during the experiment, no significant change was found in the response of the PBMCs obtained from unvaccinated goats. Starting from 21 days after vaccination, serum from vaccinated goats had anti-BTV antibodies. No anti-BTV antibodies were detected in the serum from unvaccinated goats. Inoculation of goats with the monovalent live attenuated BTV serotype 2 vaccine described herein resulted in a profound depression of nonspecific lymphocyte blastogenesis, which might compromise the resistance of vaccinated goats to pathogens.

Protection against brucellosis in goats, five years after vaccination with reduced-dose Brucella melitensis Rev 1 vaccine.

The protection conferred by the reduced-dose Rev 1 Brucella melitensis vaccine in goats that had been immunized 5 years previously was evaluated. Sixteen goats vaccinated 5 years before with Rev 1 (1 x 10(5) cfu) and 5 non-vaccinated goats were challenged with B. melitensis 16M (4 x 10(5) cfu) using the conjunctival route. After giving birth or aborting, the goats were sacrificed and tissue samples were taken for bacteriological study. The challenge strain was recovered in 12%, of the animals from the vaccinated group, and in (80% of the control group. It is concluded, therefore that the use of reduced-dose Rev 1 protects goats vaccinated in endemic areas for at least 5 years after immunization.

Prime-boost vaccination with plasmid DNA encoding caprine-arthritis encephalitis lentivirus env and viral SU suppresses challenge virus and development of arthritis

This study evaluated the efficacy of prime-boost vaccination for immune control of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV), a macrophage tropic lentivirus that causes progressive arthritis in the natural host. Vaccination of Saanen goats with pUC-based plasmid DNA expressing CAEV env induces T helper type 1 (Th1) biased immune responses to vector-encoded surface envelope (SU), and the plasmid-primed Th1 response is expanded following boost with purified SU in Freund’s incomplete adjuvant (SU-FIA) (J. C. Beyer et al., 2001, Vaccine 19, 1643-1651). Four goats vaccinated with env expression plasmids and boosted with SU-FIA were challenged intravenously with 1 × 10 4 TCID 50 of CAEV at 428 days after SU-FIA boost and evaluated by immunological, virological, and disease criteria. Controls included two goats primed with pUC18 and eight unvaccinated goats. Goats receiving prime-boost vaccination with CAEV env plasmids and SU-FIA became infected but suppressed postchallenge virus replication, provirus loads in lymph node, and development of arthritis for at least 84 weeks.

Vaccination of goats with Laser radiated Dictyocaulus filaria larvae

Irradiated D. filaria 3rd stage larvae with cantinuous emission of visible Helium- Neon Laser of ImW and a wave length of ( 632.8 ) nm. for three different exposure times of 5 , 10 and 15 minutes were used to vaccinate three groups of kids of five each at double immunization doses orally. The first dose contained ( 1000 ) larvae and the second was ( 2000 ) larvae at an interval of ( 4 ) weeks between then . After ( 5 ) weeks a challenge dose of ( 100 ) larvae per kg. Body weight ( non irradiated ) was given to all the groups in addition to a control group ( 4th ) of ( 5 ) kids . All animals were slaughtered after ( 6 ) weeks post-challenge. Results showed that the attenuated larvae at ( 5 ) minutes exposure to Laser irradiation was the most appropriate one and can be used as an attenuated irradiated larval vaccine effectively and safely. The assessment was based on clinical signs, body weight gains ,eosinophil counts of blood, fecal larval counts , mean worm burden and female sexual maturity, and gross pathological changes including lung lesion scores.

Development of a genetically marked recombinant rinderpest vaccine expressing green fluorescent protein.

In order to effectively control and eliminate rinderpest, a method is required to allow serological differentiation between animals that have been vaccinated and those which have recovered from natural infection. One way of doing this would be to engineer the normal vaccine to produce a genetically marked rinderpest virus (RPV) vaccine. We constructed two modified cDNA clones of the RPV RBOK vaccine strain with the coding sequence of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene inserted as a potential genetic marker. RPVINS-GFP virus was designed to produce independent and high level expression of GFP inside infected cells, whilst the GFP expressed by RPVSIG-GFP virus was designed to be efficiently secreted. Infectious recombinant virus was rescued in cell culture from both constructs. The effectiveness of these viruses in stimulating protective immunity and antibody responses to the marker protein was tested by vaccination of cattle and goats. All of the vaccinated animals were completely protected when challenged with virulent virus: RPV in cattle or peste-des-petits ruminants virus in the goats. ELISA showed that all of the animals produced good levels of anti-RPV antibodies. Three of the four cattle and the two goats vaccinated with RPVSIG-GFP produced detectable levels of anti-GFP antibodies. In contrast, no anti-GFP antibodies were produced in the four cattle and two goats vaccinated with RPVINS-GFP. Therefore, secretion of the GFP marker protein was absolutely required to elicit an effective humoral antibody response to the marker protein.

Efficacy of a capsule preparation and ultraviolet-killed Pasteurella haemolytica A1 vaccine in goats

Weanling male Spanish goats ( n = 38) were randomly allotted to six treatment groups. Eight goats were positive controls; six goats were negative controls; six were given 2 transthoracic injections into the lung 21 d apart with 54 mg of purified Ph1 capsular polysaccharide (CPS) in agar beads; six had ultraviolet-killed Ph1 (1.4 × 10 9 CPU/ml) mixed with agar beads (Ph1-O); six had ultraviolet-killed Ph1 (8 × 10 9 CFU/ml) impregnated inside agar beads (Ph1-I); and six goats were given 2 subcutaneous injections 21 d apart with ultraviolet-killed Ph1 (8 × 10 9 CFU/ml) impregnated into agar beads (Ph1-I-SC). Thirteen d after the second injection all goats were challenge exposed to live Ph1 (1.93 × 10 8 CFU/ml) by transthoracic injection into the right lung, and 4 d later all goats were euthanatized and necropsied. Mean volume of consolidated lung tissue was: for the negative control group, 150.83 cm 3; CPS group, 113.98 cm 3; positive control group, 0.06 cm 3; Ph1-O group, 11.68 cm 3; Ph1-I group, 11.24 cm 3; and Ph1-I-SC group, 33.47 cm 3. There was a significant difference ( P < 0.04) in lesion size among treatment groups. Mean values for treatment groups, positive control, Ph1-O, and Ph1-I were clustered together and all were considered immune. The Ph1-I-SC group was considered partially immune, and the NC and CPS groups were considered non-immune. All of the negative control goats died on d 35, five of the capsular group died by d 36. The transthoracicly injected, ultraviolet-irradiated whole cell bacterin, whether outside or inside the beads, was considered an excellent bacterin which induced solid immunity to a severe challenge exposure.

Vaccination of goats against the trematode Schistosoma bovis with a recombinant homologous schistosome-derived glutathione S-transferase.

We assayed the vaccine potentialities of a recombinant S. bovis-derived glutathione S-transferase (rSb28GST), member of a molecular family already shown to have protective capacities in the S. mansoni and S. japonicum models. Injection of the rSb28GST in Freund's Complete Adjuvant resulted in good specific IgG responses allowing all the animals to display high antibody titres on the day of experimental challenge with S. bovis cercariae. No statistically significant differences were observed in the faecal egg output. Although tissue egg counts in vaccinated animals were lower than in controls, the difference was not statistically significant, apart from the number of eggs trapped in the liver (P < 0.05). Likewise, PCV values remained parallel between the two groups. However, immunized goats gained 1.4 kg of body weight throughout the experiment whereas controls lost 1.2 kg (P < 0.05). In addition, the mean worm burden, assessed by perfusion 20 weeks after infection, was significantly reduced by 48% in the vaccinated group, the sex ratio being unaffected. It appears that a recombinant homologous protein can affect, in a natural host, the course of an experimental infection with a local strain of S. bovis, by affecting worm viability but not fecundity. These results also point to the striking differences in the effect of vaccination according to animal species. Because it has the capacity to prevent growth impairment due to schistosome pathogenicity, the molecule can be proposed as a valuable tool in the development of vaccine-based control programs in endemic areas.

Use of Escherichia coli vaccine for passive protection against neonatal colibacillosis in goats

Pregnant goats of the Barbari and Jamunapari breeds were vaccinated with two doses of vaccine subcutaneously 40–50 and 15–20 days before parturition against the natural form of enteric colibacillosis. Kids born from non-vaccinated does had 54.2 and 58.8% diarrhoea and 31.2 and 17.6% succumbed to colibacillosis in the Barbari and Jamunapari breeds, respectively. There was low mortality in kids born out of polyvalent and single strain vaccinated does. The incidence of diarrhoea and death was also reduced substantially, when Lemasol was given along with vaccine. No death occurred in vaccinated kids when they were challenged at 12 to 15 h of age orally with a homologous culture containing 6 × 10 10 live cells/ml. However, in non-vaccinated controls, diarrhoea developed in all kids challenged and three out of four kids died within 72 h of the challenge. Serum and colostral anti-0149 titers were significantly higher ( P<0.01) in both breed groups of the vaccinated does. These observations suggested that colostral antibodies exerted a protective effect on newborn kids against the challenge Escherichia coli strain 0149K91. Vaccination of goats with single and polyvalent strain bacterin could provide sufficient immunity for preventing colibacillosis in newborn kids.

Efficacy of different adjuvants to potentiate the immune response to mycoplasma strain F-38.

A study was carried out to determine the efficacy of different adjuvants in enhancing antibody response to sonicated F-38 antigens. Goats were immunised against CCPP using antigens incorporated in Freund's incomplete adjuvant (IFA), saponin, aluminium hydroxide gel and buffered saline (PBS) respectively. Antibody responses were determined. The goats were challenged four months after immunisation to assess their immune status. Two of eight goats given antigen in PBS, six of 10 goats given antigen in aluminium hydroxide, seven of eight goats given antigen in IFA and all 10 goats given antigen in saponin withstood the challenge. Saponin and IFA were similar in their immune potentiation ability and were superior to aluminium hydroxide. As IFA has been considered unsuitable for use in food animals saponin may prove valuable in vaccination of goats against CCPP caused by mycoplasma strain F-38.

Studies on Brucella melitensis Rev. 1 vaccine in goats.

SummaryThe serological response of 18 goats to Brucella melitensis Rev. 1 vaccine was studied using the Rose Bengal plate test (RBPT), the tube agglutination test (SAT), the complement fixation test (CFT) and the Rivanol test. Antibodies appeared on the 9th day post vaccination, reached a peak at 13 days and had disappeared by the 156th day post‐vaccination. The RBPT and CFT titres persisted longer than the SAT or Rivanol titres. The RBPT which has hitherto been described as ineffective on infected goat herds was found quite sensitive in vaccinated goats. The vaccine did not cause abortion in three goats vaccinated in late pregnancy.ZusammenfassungUntersuchungen über Brucella‐melitensis‐Rev.‐1‐Vakzine bei ZiegenDie Immunantwort von Ziegen auf eine Impfung mit Brucella‐melitensis‐Rev.‐1‐Vakzine wurde unter Zuhilfenahme des „Rose Bengal Plate”‐Testes (RBPT), der Blutserumlangsamagglutination (BSLA), der Komplementbindungsreaktion (KBR) und des „Rivanol Testes” (RT) untersucht. Antikröpertiter waren erstmals 9 Tage nach Vakzination nachweisbar; sie erreichten am 13. Tag p. V. größte Werte und verschwanden nach 156 Tagen. Mittels RBPT und KBR waren Antikörper länger nachweisbar als mit BSLA‐ und Rivanol‐Test. Der „Rose Bengal Plate”‐Test, der bislang zum Nachweis einer Infektion bei Ziegen nur als unzureichend galt, hat sich bei vakzinierten Ziegen durchaus bewährt. Die Vakzine verursachte bei drei hochträchtigen Ziegen keinen Abort.RésuméRecherches sur un vaccin Brucella melitensis Rev. 1 chez des chèvresLa réponse immunitaire de chèvres à une vaccination avec un vaccin Brucella melitensis Rev. 1 a été examinée à l'aide du test «Rose Bengal Plate» (RBPT), de l'agglutination lente du sérum, de la réaction de fixation du complément et du test «Rivanol» (RT). Un titre d'anticorps fut mis en évidence pour la première fois 9 jours après la vaccination. Les valeurs les plus grandes furent obtenues le 13e jour après la vaccination et disparurent apres 156 jours. Les anticorps furent mis en évidence plus longtemps avec le test au rose bengale et à la fixation du complément qu'avec l'agglutination lente et le test «Rivanol». Le test «Rose Bengal Plate» qui passait pour insuffisant dans la détection d'une infection chez des chèvres, s'est montré valable chez des chèvres vaccinées. Le vaccin n'a provoqué aucun avortement chez trois chèvres en fin de gestation.ResumenEstudios sobre la vacuna Brucella melitensis Rev. 1 en cabrasSe examinó la respuesta inmunitaria de cabras a la vacunación con la vacuna Brucella melitensis Rev. 1 recurriendo a la ayuda de la prueba «placa rosa de Bengala» (PPRB), de la aglutinación lenta con suero sanguíneo (ALSS), la reacción de fijación del complemento (RFC) y de la «prueba del rivanol» (PR). Los títulos de los anticuerpos se pudieron poner en evidencia por vez primera 9 días después de la vacunación; el día 13° p. v. alcanzaron los valores máximos, desapareciendo al cabo de 156 días. Mediante la PPRB y la RFC se podían identificar los anticuerpos durante un espacio de tiempo más largo que con la ALSS y la PR. La PPRB, la cual solo se consideraba hasta ahora como insuficiente para la puesta en evidencia de una infección en las cabras, se ha acreditado bajo todo punto de vista en las cabras vacunadas. La vacuna no produjo el aborto en ninguna de las tres cabras con gestación avanzada.

Simultaneous titrations of tissue culture rinderpest vaccine in goats and cell cultures

Simultaneous titrations of tissue culture rinderpest vaccine in goats and cell cultures

TRIALS OF FOOT-AND-MOUTH DISEASE VACCINATION AND POTENCY TESTS IN GOATS

4 batches of Foot - and - Mouth Disease (FMD) vaccine were assayed in adult goats, from local breedings, serologically positive for Brucella. These goats were to be slaughtered, in accordance with an eradication program. The viremia was checked by using the plaque forming unit (PFU) and the cytopathic effect methods, every 24 hours for 3 days post—inoculation and it has been found that it is variable both in intensity and duration. In the controls the viremia was detected in 4/5 to 5/5 of the animals whereas in the vaccinated animals it dependent on the dose of vaccine and on virus units (104 to 105 ) used, for the infection. The neutralizing antibody titres after vaccination were generally lower than those observed in cattle and sheep and they varied significantly among the animals vaccinated with the same dose. This is in accordance with the findings of a preliminary work where the titres were also low and they were then attributed to the young age of the animals used. The titres were about the same in the groups vaccinated with undiluted or diluted 1/4 vaccine and lower in those vaccinated with 1/16 of the normal dose. The revaccination carried out 3 weeks after the first vaccination increases the antibody titre as well as the resistance of animals to challenge. It was observed that an increase of the antibody titres resulted in a decrease of the percentage of animals positive to viremia but this percentage was still significant even in goats with high antibody titres.As regards to the generalization of the disease it was not so frequent when the infection was made with 104 to 105 DL^ FMD virus and it mostly affected the animals partially, on 1, 2 or 3 feet. With the use of higher doses of virus (10-6 · 50) the resistance of the animals appeared to be overcome by the infection. Sometimes, despite the high titres (1,87 and 1,95) of antibodies, viremia occured whereas in some animals with generalized lesions the viremia was not detected. This last fact may be due to the temporariness of the viremia or its eventual late appearance. As a conclusion we consider that viremia detection may be used for estimating the potency of FMD vaccine in goats, when the animals are infected with 104 to 105 DL5 0 FMD virus.The generalization of the disease must also be taken into account in cases that viremia is not detected. So the 4 vaccine batches, of a protective dose 50% for guinea pigs {0.25, (0.14, 0.12 and 0.48 ml, when tested on goats, their protective dose 50% was respectively 0.50, &lt;1 , 1.25 and 0.47ml. If both viremia and generalization are taken into account, then the protective dose 50% for goats were respectively 0.50, &lt;1 , 1.25 and 0.96 ml.

Vaccination of Goats with Reduced Doses of Rev. 1 Brucella melitensis Vaccine

SUMMARY In studies on the vaccination of goats with the Rev. 1 Brucella melitensis vaccine it was found that a progressive reduction in the number of organisms injected resulted in a corresponding diminution in the frequency with which the vaccine caused abortion when used in pregnant animals, or was excreted in the milk of those vaccinated while lactating. At a dose level of approximately 5× 104 cells, Rev. I did not cause abortion, was not excreted in the milk, nor did it interfere with serological tests carried out after vaccination. At this dose level the vaccine produced significant resistance against infection with virulent Br. melitensis; the degree of this resistance was, however, less than that normally produced by the vaccination of non-pregnant goats with full doses (109 cells) of Rev. 1.

Effect of intranasal recombinant Mannheimia haemolytica vaccination on some haematological indices of goats infected with peste des petits ruminants virus

There is dearth of information on the haematological changes associated with Mannheimia haemolytica vaccination in goats, hence this report which describes some haematological changes observed following vaccination with intranasal Recombinant Mannheimia haemolytica vaccine in goats naturally infected with peste des petits ruminants (PPR) virus. Twenty one (male, n=11; and female, n=10) goats were assigned to three vaccinated groups (A, B and D) with five goats per group (male: 3, female: 2), while the control group had 6 goats. Group A was vaccinated once intranasally, group B was vaccinated intranasally twice at one week interval and group D was vaccinated intranasally twice at two weeks interval . The control group (C) was not vaccinated. The vaccinated and control groups were challenged by comingling with pneumonic goats to simulate the field experience. PPR virus infection was later diagnosed in all the groups post vaccination. An average of four animals per treatment group in post-vaccination days were bled once weekly for six weeks (every week) to evaluate some haematological changes. The PCV values were within the normal range, while there was a decline in lymphocyte count at week 5, and a steady increase in neutrophil count in group A. In Group B, there was similar decline in lymphocyte count from the sixth week, while in groups C (Control) and D, the lymphocyte count declined at the 7th week, as the neutrophil counts increased. There were no significant changes in monocyte and eosinophil counts. The degree of changes in lymphocyte and neutrophil counts was mild in group B and marked in group D. This study revealed that intranasal vaccination of recombinant Mannheimia haemolytica vaccine in the presence of PPR virus outbreak results in mild hematological derangement when the goats were vaccinated with Mannheimia haemolytica bacterin at a week interval.Keywords: Goats, Haematology, Intranasal Recombinant Mannheimia haemolytica, Peste des Petits Ruminants, Vaccination

The Vaccination of Goats with a Live Brucella melitensis Vaccine at the Time of Mating

SUMMARY Eight goats were vaccinated with living attenuated (Rev. 1) vaccine at the time of first mating. Normal pregnancy followed this mating in only 2 animals. One additional normal pregnancy followed remating 10 weeks after vaccination. The other 5 goats remained barren; of these, one suffered a severe infection of the udder with the vaccine strain. It is concluded that some time must elapse between vaccination with the Rev. 1 strain of Brucella melitensis and mating. Previous experiment suggests that 1 month would be a suitable interval (Alton, 1959, 1961).