UV-Vis Spectrophotometer Analysis Research Articles

Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using aqueous extract of Lepidium meyenii and testing their antimicrobial activity

Lepidium meyenii herb (maca) belongs to the cruciferous family that includes broccoli, radish, watercress, cabbage and turnip. It is also available as a dietary supplement in the form of capsules and liquid extracts. Silver nanoparticles were made using the aqueous extract of maca root for the first time locally and worldwide. As a reducing agent, the extract was utilized. Several approaches were used to diagnose silver nanoparticles, including scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, FT-IR and UV-vis spectrophotometer analyses. The diagnostic results showed the formation of nanoparticles in various shapes, with a diameter ranging from 56.11 nanometers. The optimum conditions for the bio-synthesis of silver nanoparticles were determined. The optimal conditions were pH 7, 37 °C, with a concentration of 1 mmol silver ions. These are the ideal conditions for making silver nanoparticles from L.meyenii. The antibacterial effectiveness of biosynthesized AgNP against Staphylococcus aureus was found to be very significant. This work promotes green synthesis of AgNP for a range of applications that require low toxicity and are ecologically friendly.

Analisis Penurunan Kadar Zn(II) pada Biosorpsi Limbah Cair Artifisial Menggunakan Mikroalga Tetraselmis chuii dengan Pengaruh Konsentrasi dan Warna Cahaya

Zn(II) is one of the heavy metals whose presence in large quantities can cause toxicity in water bodies so that it can cause death to organisms in the waters. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of red light color, contact time, and concentration on reducing Zn(II) levels in artificial wastewater using Tetraselmis chuii microalgae. The color of light applied was red with a wavelength of 620 – 760 nm. While the contact time varied was 30 minutes, 45 minutes, and 60 minutes with a concentration variation of 5 mg/L and 15 mg/L. The analysis conducted to identify the reduction of Zn(II) using Tetraselmis chuii microalgae is UV-Vis spectrophotometer analysis. The best Zn(II) removal efficiency was shown in the variation of contact time of 60 minutes, and initial concentration of 5 mg/L of 51.0805%.

Synthesis and characterization of citrate-capped gold nanoparticles and their application in selective detection of creatinine (A kidney biomarker)

A simple, sensitive, and highly selective detection method was developed for creatinine using citrate-capped gold nanoparticles (C-AuNPs). TEM analysis confirmed the synthesis of the C-AuNPs and they were mostly spherical in shape. FTIR data showed peaks at 3302 cm−1, 1635 cm−1, 1219 cm−1 and 771 cm−1 indicating the presence of O–H, C=C, C–O, C–C groups on the surface of the synthesized C-AuNPs. XRD analysis revealed peaks at 33.8, 44.4, 64.6, 77.5, and 81.6° confirming the crystalline nature of the C-AuNPs. The principle of this method is based on the aggregation of C-AuNPs induced by the creatinine molecules which has been successfully employed for the colorimetric detection of creatinine ranging from 0.3 to 0.8 μg/100 μl (3–8 ppm). The degree of aggregation of C-AuNPs was found to have a linear relationship with the concentration of creatinine which allows the development of a colour gradient based on the varying creatinine concentrations. UV–Vis spectrophotometric analysis further confirmed the selectivity of the method among different analytes such as ascorbic acid, nicotinic acid, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, glucose, uric acid, and bovine serum albumin. It has also been successfully applied for the detection of creatinine in urine mimic samples with good recovery rates. Therefore, this method can be successfully employed for both qualitative and quantitative analysis of creatinine.

Translucent multi-layered zirconia: Sandblasting effect on optical and mechanical properties.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the sandblasting treatment on the microstructure, optical and mechanical properties of multi-layered translucent zirconia. Samples of yttria-stabilized zirconia were prepared by stratifying four layers (L1, L2, L3 and L4) of ML-type KATANA multi-layered monolithic discs, whose surfaces were then sandblasted with alumina particles (110µm and 0.2MPa) in order to evaluate its effect on the presence of different crystalline phases as well as on the optical and mechanical properties of each of the four layers. The optical characterization was carried out by measuring the reflectance spectrum and colorimetric parameters by UV-Vis spectrophotometric analysis and the transmittance curves were indirectly obtained using the Kubelka-Munk model (KM). Microstructural, structural, mechanical and roughness characterizations were also performed using SEM, XRD, biaxial flexural strength B3B, and light interferometry, respectively RESULTS: According to the KM model there are different degrees of translucency between the upper and lower layers of the monolithic discs, but there was no influence of the Al2O3-sandblasting treatment on this optical property. The disk pigmentation causes greater absorption of light below 600nm, decreasing the transmittance rate to values below 25% in this region of the spectrum. The yellowing index presented higher values for inner disk layers L3 and L4, in agreement with the highest values of the light absorption coefficient K observed for these layers. The roughness of the samples did not change significantly with the surface treatment performed and the sandblasting did not result in new crystalline phases. SEM analysis showed the presence of different grain sizes in all layers analyzed, being related to the co-occurring presence of cubic (c-ZrO2) and tetragonal (t-ZrO2) phases in similar contents (∼ 50wt%). The Weibull statistical analysis, in turn, showed an increase in the Weibull characteristic stress value (σ0) for most layers subjected to sandblasting, except for the second layer (central region of the disk). It was also verified an increase in the value of the structural reliability of the material (m), referring to the samples of the central region of the disc (L2 and L3 layers) after sandblasting. The pigmentation in the disk causes a decrease of the transmittance rate to values well below 25% in the region of the spectrum 400-600nm and the inner layers (L3 and L4) have even lower transmittance than the outer layers in this spectrum range. Although the CR index indicates variation related to the Al2O3-sandblasting treatment, the transmittance spectra of KM model show that the sandblasting did not cause a significant change in the transmittance rate of the four analyzed layers. Also, there is no significant difference in the light scattering of the different layers of the disc, either before or after Al2O3-sandblasting treatment.

The study of the A, C and E vitamin effect on the electrooxidation processes of E155 food additive

Electrochemical processes such as electrooxidation represent one of the modern methods of degrading organic pollutants, including food additives. This study examines the electrochemical behavior of the food additive E155 (Brown HT) using platinum electrodes in sodium chloride saline solution by two electrochemical methods, cyclic voltammetry and electrolysis at constant current density, to predict the electrochemical behavior and the possibility of its removal from polluted waters. These electrochemical methods are associated with UV-Vis spectrophotometric analysis. Coloring food additives are frequently used in the presence of vitamins, which also act as antioxidant food additives. The study highlights the influence of vitamins A-palmitate, vitamin C and vitamin E-acetate on the electrochemical stability of the additive E155. The presence of vitamin C in the electrolyte solution has the effect of delaying the processes of electrochemical degradation of E155 and at the same time the degree of degradation has the minimum value for the same electrolysis time.

Acute toxicity, anti-diabetic, and anti-cancerous potential of Trillium govanianum-conjugated silver nanoparticles in Balb/c mice.

The current study aimed to develop an economic plant-based therapeutic agent to improve the treatment strategies for diseases at the nano-scale because Cancer and Diabetes mellitus are major concerns in developing countries. Therefore, in vitro and in vivo anti-diabetic and anti-cancerous activities of Trillium govanianum conjugated silver nanoparticles were assessed. In the current study synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Trillium govanianum and characterization were done using a scanning electron microscope, UV-visible spectrophotometer, and FTIR analysis. The in vitro and in vivo anti-diabetic and anti-cancerous potential (200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg) were carried out. It was discovered that Balb/c mice did not show any major alterations during observation of acute oral toxicity when administered orally both TGaqu (1000 mg/kg) and TGAgNPs (1000 mg/kg), and results revealed that 1000 mg/kg is not lethal dose as did not find any abnormalities in epidermal and dermal layers when exposed to TGAgNPs. In vitro studies showed that TGAgNPs could not only inhibit alpha-glucosidase and protein kinases but were also potent against the brine shrimp. Though, a significant reduction in blood glucose levels and significant anti-cancerous effects was recorded when alloxan-treated and CCl4-induced mice were treated with TGAgNPs and TGaqu. Both in vivo and in vitro studies revealed that TGaqu and TGAgNPs are not toxic at 200 mg/kg, 400 mg/kg, and 1000 mg/kg doses and possess strong anti-diabetic and anti-cancerous effects due to the presence of phyto-constituents. Further, suggesting that green synthesized silver nanoparticles could be used in pharmaceutical industries to develop potent therapeutic agents.

Analytical Profiling of Saffron (Crocus sativus) using 1H-NMR and FTIR based Metabolomics approach and UV-Vis, HPTLC and TLC Chromatography Fingerprinting

Crocus sativus L. commonly known as saffron or Kesar in India, is an important medicinal herb in Ayurveda and has been traditionally used for treatment of neurological disorders, for depression, anxiety and sleep disorders. It is uses as a coloring and flavouring agent in the preparation of various foods. Modern research has high lighted its beneficial effects in treatment of cardiovascular action, diabetic cataract, and as a potent antiinflammatory herb. Due to its high cost its quality control is of utmost importance to ensure its authenticity, purity and its medicinal properties. In the preset study the we have used Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) analysis, High performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) fingerprint, UV-Vis spectrophotometric analysis, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) based metabolomic study for quality control and characterization of saffron. The antibacterial and antifungal activity were evaluated using agar well-diffusion method in two pathogenic bacterial strains, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and two pathogenic fungal strains, Candida albicans, and Aspergillus brasiliensis. The 1H NMR spectroscopy couples with FTIR analysis leads to identifcation of the secondary metabolites of saffron like crocetin, picrocrocin and safranal on basis of reported diagonostic signals and peaks. The antimicrobial activity showed moderate antibacterial and antifungal activity. The TLC and HPTLC profile reveals the characteristic fingerprint. Overall the present study showed that the 1H-NMR, FTIR based metabolomics approach and TLC and HPTLC metabolite profiling can be powerful strategy for maintaining the holistic quality of the saffron.

Evaluating the Effect of pH, Temperature and Concentration on Antioxidant and Antibacterial Potential of Spectroscopically, Spectrophotometrically and Microscopically Characterized Mentha Spicata Capped Silver Nanoparticles.

The use of traditional plants has been tremendously increased due to their higher biological impact, minimal side effects, and comparatively low cost. Moreover, the emergence of antibacterial resistance is also shifting the scientific community to reconsider herbal remedies which provide relatively safer, cheap and biologically tolerable solutions. The present research was designed to fabricate the Mentha spicata conjugated silver nanoparticles (Me-AgNPs). Furthermore, the assessment of the bactericidal potential of Me-AgNPs against various bacterial strains was another motive behind this study. Fabricated NPs were characterized with the help of the UV-Visible spectrophotometric analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Me-AgNPs showed a significant zone of inhibition (23 ± 0.2 mm) at 8 mg/mL against Staphylococcus aureus and a 4.0 ± 0.2 mm zone of growth inhibition at 2 mg/mL against Aeromonas veronii. The stability of Me-AgNPs was assessed at various pH (4, 7 and 11) and temperatures (25 °C, 4 °C, 37 °C, 75 °C). The significant zones of inhibition (11.3 ± 0.3 mm, 8.3 ± 0.3mm, 14.3 ± 0.3 mm, and 7.6 ± 0.2 mm) were observed at pH 11 against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Klebsiella pneumoniae, respectively. Growth inhibition zones (14.0 ± 0.5 mm and 13.0 ± 0.5 mm) were also determined against B. subtilis and S. aureus at 25 °C. DPPH bioassay was conducted to find the antioxidant properties of Me-AgNPs. The highest (38.66 ± 0.2%) free radical scavenging activity was shown by Me-AgNPs at 4 mg/mL. Present study results concluded that biogenic Me-AgNPs have bactericidal as well as anti-oxidative potential. Moreover, these green synthesized Me-AgNPs could maintain their potency and stability at a wide range of pH and temperature.

An eco-friendly ultrasound approach to extracting yellow dye from Cassia alata flower petals: Characterization, dyeing, and antibacterial properties

Using natural dyes in dyeing industries becomes an alternative to synthetic dyes, which are known to contain harmful chemicals that can pose risks to the environment and human health. This study involves the extraction of yellow dye from Cassia alata flower petals, optimization of the extraction process using an ultrasonic bath (40 KHz and an input power of 500), ultrasonic probe (390 W, 455 W, 520 W, 585 W, and 650 W), and conventional heating (heating mantle with 30 °C, 40 °C, 50 °C, 60 °C, and 70 °C), characterization of the dye, as well as dyeing (cotton, silk, and leather) without using a mordant. The extracted yellow dye was further evaluated to determine its antibacterial activity against skin bacteria. Dye extraction optimization using UV–Visible spectrophotometric analysis revealed that the maximum yellow color in methanol extract (287 and 479 nm) was obtained at 50 °C for 45 min using ultrasonic water bath extraction, followed by the ultrasonic probe and direct heating. Based on the FTIR spectra, it is evident that OH is present at approximately 3300 cm−1, while CH stretches at around 2900 cm−1. A characteristic peak at 1608 cm−1 bears a striking similarity to anthraquinonoid-based compounds. Also, using the ultrasonic water bath dyeing technique at 50 °C for 45 min, the yellow color of cotton, silk, and leather was dyed optimally. Due to effective color removal after two washings with boiling soap liquid, the dyed cotton and silk fabric displayed good washing and rubbing fastness. Regarding antibacterial activity, the dye was highly active against all pathogens after extraction in methanol. The maximum inhibition was observed against Pseudomonas sp. with a MIC value of 1.56 mg/ml.

DEVELOPMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SELF-HEALING TRANSDERMAL PATCH OF LIDOCAINE FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF PAIN

Pain management is a significant challenge due to the side effects associated with commonly prescribed medications like NSAIDs and opioids. Local anesthetics, such as lidocaine, offer an alternative with fewer side effects when formulated in topical patches. Transdermal delivery systems, including heated patches, enhance drug absorption and provide targeted pain relief. This research paper aims to develop and characterize a self-heating transdermal patch of lidocaine for pain management. The drug sample of lidocaine was characterized using UV-visible spectrophotometric analysis, melting point determination, and differential scanning calorimetry. The results confirmed the purity of the drug sample. Pre-formulation studies were conducted to determine the solubility and partition coefficient of lidocaine, as well as drug-excipient interaction studies. The formulation of the lidocaine transdermal patch included the selection of excipients such as solvents, adhesives, solubilizers, and permeation enhancers. The patch was developed in three trial batches, with the final batch prepared using a drug-in-adhesive type approach. The developed patch was evaluated for physical characteristics, solvent residual content, rolling ball test, shear strength, drug crystallization, drug content, and in-vitro permeation. The results of the evaluation showed that the developed lidocaine transdermal patch had the desired physical characteristics, uniform thickness, good folding endurance, and appropriate solvent residual content. It exhibited satisfactory rolling ball test and shear strength. Microscopic examination confirmed the absence of drug crystallization. The drug content of the patch was determined to be within the desired range, and the in-vitro permeation study demonstrated successful drug release through the dialysis membrane. In conclusion, the development and characterization of a self-heating transdermal patch of lidocaine for pain management provide a promising approach for effective and targeted pain relief. The patch formulation demonstrated suitable physical properties, drug content, and permeation characteristics, suggesting its potential as an alternative pain management solution. KEYWORDS: Lidocaine, transdermal patch, pain management, self-heating, drug delivery

Edible Oil sebagai Pelarut Ekstraksi Karotenoid dari Kulit Labu Kuning (Cucurbita moschata)

Carotenoids are pigments found in various types of fruits and vegetables that provide yellow, orange, and red colors. This study aimed to extract yellow pumpkin skin using edible oil solvents. The extraction process was carried out using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) method with virgin coconut oil (VCO) and palm kernel oil (PKO). Yellow pumpkin peel powder with sizes of 40 mesh and 100 mesh were extracted with variations in extraction time (30 minutes, 60 minutes, and 90 minutes) and variations in solid-to-solvent ratio (1:10, 1:20, 1:30, 1:40, and 1:50). UV-Vis spectrophotometer analysis was used to determine the concentration of the extraction results. According to the research results, the best carotenoid concentration of 2513.44 ppm was obtained using PKO solvent with a powder size of 100 mesh, extraction time of 30 minutes, and powder-to-solvent ratio of 1:10.

Evaluation of in vitro antioxidant potential of Anisomeles indica Kuntze and exploration of its bioactive phytoconstituents

Introduction and Aim: Anisomeles indica Kuntze (A. indica) is employed to treat a wide range of illnesses. The Present study was aimed at establishing preliminary phytochemical screening, UV-Visible spectrophotometric, FT-IR analysis, and evaluation of biological activities of A. indica extracts.
 
 Materials and Methods: A. indica leaves were employed for the Soxhlet extraction. Furthermore, the crude extracts were utilized for phytochemical analysis and quantitative estimations of phenolics and flavonoids. UV-Vis spectrophotometric, and FT-IR analysis provided further evidence for the existence of bioactive constituents in A. indica extracts. The A. indica extracts were assessed for antioxidant potential by DPPH and metal chelation activity.
 
 Results: The findings illustrated that A. indica methanol extract was found to possess the highest yield. The preliminary phytochemical screening, UV-Vis spectrophotometric, and FT-IR fingerprint analysis provided evidence for the existence of significant bioactive constituents. A.indica methanol extract has significant total phenol, flavonoid content, and TAC (total antioxidant capacity) among all extracts. These characteristics are attributed to substantial antioxidant activity and metal-chelating activity.
 
 Conclusion: The findings of this study imply that A. indica extract possess antioxidant activity as evaluated by the potential DPPH radical scavenging and chelate metal ions. These characteristics are interconnected to the high flavonoid and phenol content, and distinctive secondary metabolites. The finding indicates that A.indica is abundant in active phytoconstituents, which also offer a vital source for effective therapeutic management.

Phenolic compounds in Geranium dalmaticum (Beck) Rech. f. and G. macrorrhizum L. (Geraniaceae) growing in Croatia

The quantitative analysis of bioactive phenolic compounds was carried out for the first time in above-ground plant parts of Geranium dalmaticum (Beck) Rech. f. and G. macrorrhizum L. (Geraniaceae) from Croatia by means of UV-Vis spectrophotometric methods and HPLC analysis. Both species had similar contents of polyphenolic substances expressed as mg of standard equivalent /g of dried herbal sample: total polyphenols (217.60 ± 1.08 and 215.53 ± 1.10 mg/g), tannins (155.83 ± 0.60 and 157.73 ± 0.61 mg/g), total flavonoids (5.10 ± 0.10 and 5.53 ± 0.10 mg/g), and total phenolic acids (13.27 ± 1.34 and 15.33 ± 0.45 mg/g), respectively for G. dalmaticum and G. macrorrhizum. Only the content of phenolic acids was somewhat higher in G. macrorrhizum but it was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). HPLC analysis showed that, among seven tested phenolic compounds, only quercetin was quantified in G. dalmaticum (0.23 % of dry weight), and rutin in G. macrorrhizum (1.12 % of dry weight). The obtained results represent a useful basis for further research of phytochemicals and biological activities of G. dalmaticum and G. macrorrhizum extracts.

Comparison of Brita and Profissimo water filters

This research was focused on testing two water filters - Brita and Profissimo, which were filtering two and five liters of water every day. The lifespan of used filters is four weeks, while they have been actively used for eight weeks in this study to check for their efficiency after exceeded usage. Along with this, the quality of tap water, which was filtered using these two types of filters, was also tested. The experiment of the whole study was divided into three main stages: microbiological analysis, biochemical analysis, and UV-VIS spectrophotometric analysis of filtered water. The measurements were done every five days. The aim was to compare the performances of Brita and Profissimo filters after the completion of the required experiments. Based on the results that are obtained from all the analyses mentioned previously, we can conclude that Brita 2l filter was the most efficient, while Profissimo 5l filter appeared to be the least effective filter. It is important to emphasize that the tap water in Sarajevo is generally clean and drinkable, so there is a possibility that when using more polluted water, greater deviations in the operation of filters can be observed. Overall, both water filters were usable even after two months of active usage and our measurements showed good water quality which lacks impurities and is safe for drinking.

Study of the Structural Properties of Fe2O3 Nanoparticles Synthesis with the Assistance of Different Plant Extracts and their Microbial Activity

This work synthesizes iron oxide nanoparticles using plant extracts of Camellia sinensis, Matricaria chamomilla L., and Artemisia herba-alba Asso. and Punica granatum L. peel. with an evaluation of its antimicrobial activity. Fe2O3 nanoparticles (NPs) are highly stable and significantly affect gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The synthesized Fe2O3 nanoparticles were examined using X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), zeta potential (ZP), and UV–Vis spectrophotometer analysis (UV–Vis). The band gap ranged between 3.1[Formula: see text]eV and 3.8[Formula: see text]eV, which corresponds to the grain size, as its value ranged between 10.77[Formula: see text]nm and 32.31[Formula: see text]nm, that is, the smaller the grain size, the higher the band gap. On bacteria, iron oxide nanoparticles have remarkable efficacy in the formation of biofilms for gram-positive, gram-negative bacteria, and fungal.

Solar light assisted degradation of Rhodamine B dye by chemically synthesized silver nanoparticles

Utilization of dyes and dyestuff is increasing day by day, which affects environmental health and sustainability. Rhodamine B (RhB) is a synthetic xanthene class of dye that has a major application in cosmetic, painting, printing, and textile industries. The toxicity of RhB has been reported in animals, insects as well as humans in parts per billion (ppb) concentration. Exposure to this dye causes skin irritation, nervous system issues, and developmental changes. Therefore, the remediation of the dye is a crucial factor. The aim of this study was solar-assisted photocatalytic degradation of RhB. Synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) was carried out with chemical reduction method, and characterization with the X-ray diffraction (XRD). The photocatalytic activity was checked with 1000 mL wastewater in which 10 ppm dye was added. Optimization of physicochemical parameters was performed by one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) method. Maximum 99.32 % decolourization was observed at 2 g/L catalyst concentration, pH = 6, and 10 ppm dye concentration in 50 min irradiation time at 0.19 mg/L/min rate of decolourization. The initial degradation was confirmed based on chemical oxygen demand (COD) reduction; 89.25 % COD removal at a 0.17 mg/L/min rate was observed. The confirmation of degradation was carried out with UV-visible spectrophotometer and high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) analysis. AgNPs were the efficient catalyst for the degradation of RhB. The toxicity study proved that, after degradation of RhB with AgNPs, the degraded products were less toxic than the original ones.

Uncaria gambir Roxb. mediated synthesis of stable silver nanoparticles in the presence of triethanolamine as the capping agent

The study of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) fabrication has gained great interest especially for pharmaceutical applications due to its excellent antibacterial properties. AgNps are well known for their inhibitory and bactericidal effects both on positive and negative gram bacteria. However, the utilisation of some chemical reducing agents in the synthesis process can be harmful to the environment and the human body. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles has been successfully conducted using an aqueous extract of Uncaria gambir Roxb. (UGR) leaves as a bioreducing agent and triethanolamine as a capping agent, reacted with aqueous AgNO3 as the precursor. The formation of silver nanoparticles was visually revealed by colour change from yellow to brown. It was also confirmed by UV-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometer analysis by absorption peaks at 402–414 nm. The result of X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed 5 peaks referring to face-centred cubic silver nanoparticles. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) analysis showed that spherical silver nanoparticles with a size range of 2–18 nm with a mean diameter of 8 nm have been formed. The result showed that the addition of 1/50 mL triethanolamine (TEA) could enhance the stability of colloidal nanoparticles and reduce the particle size up to 65%. This study confirmed that UGR aqueous leaf extract can be used to mediate rapid, environmentally friendly, and less expensive silver nanoparticles fabrication.

Study on Rheological and Stability of Natural Derived Carbon Nanosphere Nanofluids

In this work, carbon nanosphere derived from a waste rice husk (RH) were prepared through chemical treatment and calcination process. Moreover, the carbon nanofluids (CNF) were developed using simple chemical treatment assisted by ultrasound technique. Different composition of carbon nanosphere (CNS) were taken into experiment to determine the optimum and best properties. Ultrasound techniques were introduced in this study to reduce the agglomeration of the particle. Surface morphology of CNS were analysed by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The sphere shape from the particle/grain were identified from the nanoparticle and proves the terms of “nanosphere”. Viscosity of the nanofluids were studied by rheological testing (Antoon PAR, MAR 3). Flow curve of nanofluids showed that at minimum inclusion of CNS improved the stress of the fluid significantly. More to the addition, dynamic viscosity measure possesses that addition of CNS stabilized the properties of the fluid compared to virgin base fluid. The stability of the CNF was investigated through UV-Vis. Findings shows that, the stability of the nanofluids stabilized starting from 1 week onwards as evidenced by UV-Visible spectrophotometer analysis. Furthermore, little to no precipitate noticed even after 8 weeks. This work offers greener approach for nanofluids which organic derived and environmentally friendly (very low percentage of nanoparticle, 0.02 vol% (equivalent to 0.002 wt %).

Biofabrication of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Catalyzed by Solanum surattense: Characterization and Evaluation of their Antiepileptic and Cytotoxic Activities.

The green synthesis of nanoparticles using plant extract is a new method that can be used in various biomedical applications. Therefore, the green approach was an aspect of ongoing research for the synthesis titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NP) using the Solanum surattense aqueous plant extract, which acts as a stabilizing and reducing agent. The synthesis of TiO2 NPs was confirmed by energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and UV-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis) analyses. The excitation energy to synthesize TiO2 NPs was identified through the UV-vis spectrophotometric analysis at a wavelength of 244 nm. Further, the FT-IR spectroscopy visualized different biomolecules like OH, C=O, C-H, and C-O that were present in an aqueous extract of the plant and were responsible for the stabilization of TiO2 NPs. The crystallinity and phase purity of TiO2 NPs were illustrated by the sharp peaks of the XRD pattern. The spherical morphology with sizes ranging from 10 to 80 nm was examined using SEM images. The elemental composition of TiO2 NPs was revealed by the intensity and narrow widths of titanium and oxygen using EDX analysis. This report also explains the antiepileptic activity of TiO2 NPs in a maximal electroshock-induced epileptic (MESE) and pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) model. The synthesized TiO2 NPs showed maximum antiepileptic activity in the PTZ model, significantly decreasing the convulsions (65.0 ± 5.50 s) at 180 mg/kg in contrast to standard drug phenytoin, whereas the MESE model was characterized by the appearance of extensor, clonus, and flexion. The results showed that synthesized TiO2 NPs significantly reduced the time spent in each stage (15.3 ± 0.20, 16.8 ± 0.25, and 20.5 ± 0.14 s) at 180 mg/kg as compared to control groups. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity of synthesized produced TiO2 NPs demonstrated that concentrations ≤80 μg/mL were biologically compatible.

Facile synthesis of different metals doped α-PbO nanoparticles for photocatalytic degradation of Methylene Blue dye

In recent days, metallic oxide semiconductor nanoparticles have drawn attention to the photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants. In the present work, undoped and different metals (Sn, Co, Cu, Ni, and Li)-doped of α-PbO nanoparticles were successfully synthesized by a facile chemical precipitations method. The obtained nanoparticles were further studied by using different characterization techniques. The XRD results confirmed that the prepared nanoparticles were a tetragonal, α-PbO phase crystal structure without mixing other PbO phases. The obtained optical band gaps from UV–vis DRS analysis were 2.03 eV, 2.68 eV, 1.61 eV, 1.78 eV, 1.67 eV, and 2.00 eV for pristine α-PbO, Sn, Co, Cu, Ni, and Li doped α-PbO respectively. From the PL emission, the lowest PL intensity of the doped samples indicated the low recombination of the electron-hole pairs that improved the photocatalytic performance of pristine α-PbO. SEM and EDX were used to analyze the surface morphology and composition of the synthesized nanoparticles, respectively. The photocatalytic activities of the prepared nanoparticles were assessed through the degradation of the Methylene Blue (MB) dye under visible light irradiation. The UV–visible spectrophotometer analysis showed that the MB dye concentration decreased as the irradiation time varied from 20 to 100 min. The results showed that within 100 min, the Sn-doped α-PbO nanoparticles possessed the maximum degradation efficiency compared to other metal-doped α-PbO nanoparticles, with 100% MB dye degradation compared to 94.76% by pristine α-PbO. This was due to the increased visible light harvesting, which aided in the photocatalytic degradation of MB dye.