UV-vis Methods Research Articles

Biomass of green filamentous alga Cladophora (Chlorophyta) from a hypersaline lake in Crimea as a prospective source of lutein and other pigments

The filamentous green alga Cladophora spp. is one of the most common plants to be found in various water bodies, from fresh to hypersaline ones. The goals of this work are to determine the pigment composition and content in the green filamentous alga Cladophora spp. occurring in the hypersaline Lake Khersonesskoye (the Crimean Peninsula) and to assess the potential use of Cladophora mats as a cheap raw material for the pharmaceutical and food industries. Cladophora mats were found to have vertical stratification with pronounced morphological and biochemical characters of the layers. In the vertical layered structure of the mat, the floating and bottom mats are clearly distinguishable. Using HPLC, MS/MS, MS and UV–Vis methods, the contents of all-trans lutein (0.55 ± 0.25 mg·g−1 dry weight, d.w.), lutein cis-isomers (0.17 ± 0.07 mg·g−1 d.w.), and siphonaxanthin (0.057 ± 0.026 mg·g−1 d.w.) were determined in the lower layer of the Cladophora floating mat. A comparative analysis of the literature data as regards the content of lutein and siphonaxanthin in various natural sources showed the promise of producing these carotenoids industrially from Cladophora spp., taking into account the large and renewable resources of these algae in Crimean lakes.

Highly sensitive and selective water-soluble fluorescent probe for the detection of formaldehyde in leather products

Excess formaldehyde (FA) provides a significant threat that causes irreversible damage to both the environment and human health, and long-term FA emission from commercial leather products is a significant problem. Therefore, to help control the FA content, we propose a fluorescence-based method to detect FA selectively using a reaction-based probe FAP-1. Water-soluble FAP-1 was simply synthesized through two steps and the optical properties of FAP-1 towards species relevant to leather making were evaluated. Then a number of genuine leather samples were analyzed to reveal the FA content. Compared with the international standards, the fluorescence method was competitive to the 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) reaction-based HPLC method, and superior to the acetylacetone (ACAC) reaction-based UV–Vis method. As a result of its reliability, low-cost, simple synthesis, ease of operation with reduced measurement time compared with standard methods, our method exhibits great potential for the analysis of FA found in other industrial products.

UV SPECTROSCOPY DETERMINATION OF CILAZAPRIL AND HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE ACTIVE AGENTS USED IN THE TREATMENT OF HYPERTENSION

Background: Antihypertensive and diuretic drugs are widely used in patients to regulate high blood pressure. Objective of current study was to prepare various cilazapril and hydrochlorothiazide mixtures, to create a matrix effect in the drug and to determine the determination of these active substances in drug samples after optimum conditions. 
 Method: In the spectrophotometric method, 100 mgL−1 solutions were prepared in cilazapril, hydrochlorothiazide in methanol + 0.1 m HCL solvent and then mixtures of these solutions were prepared between specific ppm. The absorbance’s of the solvent against the blind were read at 0.1 nm intervals. After the mixture, tablet (drug) sample was prepared and chemometrics methods were applied to the values obtained by saving the absorbance values.
 Results: It was observed that the main component analysis applied as a result of spectrophotometric determination of various mixtures of cilazapril and hydrochlorothiazide used in the study gave correct results. These results were validated using various chemometric parameters.
 Conclusion: The proposed chemometric method can be used in routine analysis in industrial laboratories.
 
 Peer Review History: 
 Received 7 November 2020; Revised 8 Decembe; Accepted 4 January, Available online 15 January 2021
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 Received file: Comments of reviewer(s): 
 Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 5.5/10
 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.0/10
 Reviewer(s) detail:
 Dr. Ali Abdullah Al-yahawi, Al-Razi university, Department of Pharmacy, Yemen, alyahawipharm@yahoo.com
 Dr. U. S. Mahadeva Rao, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Terengganu Malaysia, raousm@gmail.com
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Study on self-assembly of novel hydrophilic silane containing PEG segments and its resistance to protein adsorption

A new type of hydrophilic silane containing PEG (polyethylene glycol) segments was produced in this study. Membranes were produced through self-assembly. Hydrophilic silane was characterized by FTIR, 1H-NMR; The chemical composition and surface morphology of the self-assembled membrane surface were characterized by AFM, CA, SEM; The material’s resistance to protein adsorption was studied by UV-Vis and coomassie brilliant blue method [1]. The results showed that the novel hydrophilic silane containing PEG segments can be successfully assembled on silicon substrates; self-assembled membranes and blank silicon substrates in comparison, protein adsorption decreased from 274.8 μg/cm2 to 145.7 μg/cm2. This study has important reference significance for the preparation of anti-protein adsorption and bacterial adhension materials.

Isolation and characterization of a novel antimicrobial compound from sub-aerial cyanobacterium Fischerella sp., isolated from building facades

This work was aimed at to extract a novel antimicrobial compound, especially against certain human pathogens, from a sub-aerial cyanobacterium Fischerella sp., isolated from the building facades of Bhubaneswar, Odisha (India). The antimicrobial activity was determined in different solvents and aqueous extracts using agar well diffusion method which were purified using column chromatography and TLC (twice), followed by direct bioautography, MIC, cytotoxicity and was characterized using UV-Vis, FTIR and LC-MS spectroscopic methods. The lowest MIC value (0.312 and 0.625 mg mL-1) was depicted by the acetone extracted single compound against Escherichia coli and Candida albicans. The bioautography and spectroscopic analysis revealed the compound to be an alkaloid which was identified as pentaphenyl ferrocene carboxamide and found to be non-toxic against Catla thymus macrophage and Mus musculus up to 72 h. The cyanobacterium was identified as Fischerella sp. (accession No. MN593556) through 16S rRNA technique. The compound has potential for use as a therapeutic drug.

Comparación del tamaño de nanopartículas de oro empleando diferentes técnicas y protocolos de medición

With the increasing advance of nanotechnology, both in the academic and commercial areas, the need for nanoparticle characterization techniques and protocols has grown. Although there are several measurement methods, the "true" size of nanoparticles cannot be understood in absolute terms but related to the material, the technique and to the protocols or criteria associated with these measurements. In other words, when we talk about the size of a particle, we must take into account two basic questions: what are we measuring? and how do we measure? From the metrological point of view, it is important to discuss the criteria to take into account, and which additional parameters should we report when presenting a nanoparticle size result. The present work shows, comparatively, the characterization of the size of homogeneous gold nanoparticles, using different techniques and measurement criteria with DLS, UV-VIS and HR-TEM methods. The results show how the definition of size is important to establish a result, as well as the criteria chosen when performing the particle counting.

Nickel oxide nanoparticles: biosynthesized, characterization and photocatalytic application in degradation of methylene blue dye

In the present study, nickel oxide nanoparticles were prepared using the aqueous extract of Zizyphus jujuba. The temperature and time calcination was studied on size and morphology of synthesized nanoparticles. In addition, the obtained nanoparticles were identified through PXRD, UV-Vis, Raman, FESEM, and EDX methods. The results of PXRD, which were surveyed through Debye-Scherrer and Rietveld refinement, confirmed the face centered cubic (FCC) structure of synthesized nanoparticles. The formation of synthesized NiO NPs was indicated by peak that was revealed at 295 nm through UV-Vis spectrum. According to the FESEM results, the obtained nanoparticles (at 350 to 600 ˚C temperatures) were uniformed in shape and contained a size range of about 5–30 nm. Subsequent to investigating their photocatalytic activity against methylene blue (MB) dye in the role of a cationic dye, we estimated the degradation coefficient of methylene blue to be 65.5% throughout 180 min of treatment time.

3-[3-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-(4-fluorophenyl)-2H-isoindol-1-yl]-1-phenylpyrrolidine-2,5-dione as a candidate for solar cells applications

This work is dedicated to the study of structural, morphological, and optical properties of stable isoindole derivative, which keeps o-quinoid structure. Corresponding properties were studied using X-ray diffraction, SEM, and UV-Vis methods. The geometry of the target molecule was optimized using the M06-2x/cc-pVTZ method. Theoretical UV-Vis spectra were calculated using two methods: CAM-B3LYP/cc-pVTZ and W97X/cc-VTZ + PCM (CH3CN), and the obtained results sufficiently correlate with the experimental data.

Electrochemical and spectroscopic characteristics of cytochrome P450 55A3 and its interaction with nitric oxide

Cytochrome P450 55A3 (CYP55A3) is an enzyme with the catalytic activity of nitric oxide (NO) to nitrous oxide using NADH or NADPH as the electron donor. Herein CYP55A3 has been expressed in E. coli and purified by His-tag columns. The electrochemical and spectroscopic characteristic of CYP55A3 and its interaction with NO has been studied. The direct electrochemistry of Fe3+/Fe2+ redox peaks in CYP55A3 was realized on the pyrolitic graphite electrode with the redox potential of −475 mV in pH 7.0 phosphate buffer. With the addition of NO a ferric nitroxyl complex (Fe3+-NO) formed with a new reduction peak at −0.78 V. The reduction peak current increased with the concentration of NO and showed typical Michaelis-Menten kinetic characteristics with the apparent Michaelis constant Kmapp 9.78 μM. The binding constant K calculated to be 3.93 × 104 M by UV–vis method. The fluorescence emission spectra of iron porphyrin in CYP55A3 showed with the peak wavelength 633 nm, and its fluorescence intensity increased after binding with NO. The fluorescence analysis demonstrated that NADH can relay electrons to iron porphyrin and reduce NO. The reductive product of NO released and the iron porphyrin in CYP55A3 turned back to the original form.

Analytical method development and validation for simultaneous estimation of mefloquine hydrochloride and artemether in bulk drug by simultaneous equation method

The purpose of the research is to establish a fast, accurate, precise, and low-cost UV-Visible spectrophotometry method for the quantitative simultaneous estimation of mefloquine hydrochloride and artemether in bulk drug. The UV-Visible method employed was a simultaneous equation method. Ethanol was used as a solvent and therefore the absorption maxima (λ max) was found to be 229 nm and 209 nm for mefloquine hydrochloride and artemether. The linearity ranges of both drugs were 1-6 μg/mL and 100 – 350 μg/mL with a regression coefficient r2 ≥ 0.998 respectively. The method was validated for different parameters according to International Conference on Harmonization ICH Q2B guidelines. The average recovery for mefloquine hydrochloride was found to be 100 per cent and artemether 99.3 per cent. The method was also found precise and robust with a per cent relative standard deviation of less than 2. All the parameters result obtained within the limits. Therefore, the proposed method for the accurate quantitation of mefloquine hydrochloride and artemether in the bulk drug was successfully implemented.

Acetone Vapor-Sensing Properties of Chitosan-Polyethylene Glycol Using Surface Plasmon Resonance Technique.

To non-invasively monitor and screen for diabetes in patients, there is need to detect low concentration of acetone vapor in the range from 1.8 ppm to 5 ppm, which is the concentration range of acetone vapor in diabetic patients. This work presents an investigation for the utilization of chitosan-polyethylene glycol (PEG)-based surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor in the detection of trace concentration acetone vapor in the range of breath acetone in diabetic subjects. The structure, morphology, and elemental composition of the chitosan-PEG sensing layer were characterized using FTIR, UV-VIS, FESEM, EDX, AFM, and XPS methods. Response testing was conducted using low concentration of acetone vapor in the range of 0.5 ppm to 5 ppm using SPR technique. All the measurements were conducted at room temperature and 50 mL/min gas flow rate. The sensor showed good sensitivity, linearity, repeatability, reversibility, stability, and high affinity toward acetone vapor. The sensor also showed better selectivity to acetone compared to methanol, ethanol, and propanol vapors. More importantly, the lowest detection limit (LOD) of about 0.96 ppb confirmed the applicability of the sensor for the non-invasive monitoring and screening of diabetes.

SERS based artificial peroxidase enzyme regulated multiple signal amplified system for quantitative detection of foodborne pathogens

Low-cost and portable detection system for foodborne pathogens is crucial in assurance of food quality and public health. Therefore, a multiple signal amplified system with the advantages of easy operation, multiple signal detection mode and low-cost was developed to detect foodborne pathogens. In this study, Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) was selected as detection object to capture by the magnetic probe. Fe-MIL-88 enzyme-catalyzed leuco malachite green (LMG, white color with no SERS signal and absorbance properties) to malachite green (MG, green color with strong SERS signal and UV–Vis absorbance in 620 nm). However, the catalytic activity of the artificial Fe-MIL-88 enzyme was lost after adsorbing S. aureus aptamer. Consequently, a system was built to yield the catalytic product (MG) equivalent to the amount of S. aureus. SERS spectroscopy and spectrophotometer were applied to quantitatively detect S. aureus over the range of 101–106 CFU/mL via detecting the signals of MG. SERS based method contributed a higher correlation coefficient (0.987) and a lower detection limit (1.95 CFU/mL) compared with UV–Vis method. T-test results showed no significant differences between the SERS based method and plate-counting method for detecting the amount of S. aureus, which indicated the proposed method had excellent accuracy to quantify pathogens in real samples.

Analytical methods for the determination of Cr6+ from fixed source emissions

This study aimed to develop two analytical methods for the determination of Cr6+ from fixed source emissions, such as the molecular absorption spectrophotometric method (UV-VIS) and the graphite furnace atomization absorption spectrometry method (GTAAS). The first stage in the development of analytical methods involves establishing the optimal operating conditions for, taking air samples, treating them for analysis, and the proceeding for analysis, followed by validating the method by determining performance parameters. For both methods is highly recommended, the use of isokinetic sampling with a sampling probe by the heated glass, quartz, or PTFE. The limit of detection and the limit of quantification were concluded to be 12.38µg/m3 and 40µg/m3, respectively for the UV-VIS method and the GTAAS method 0.12 µg/m3 and 0.54 µg/m3 respectively.

Development and Validation of UV-Visible Method to Determine Gallic Acid in Hydroalcoholic Extract of Erythrina fusca Leaves

Gallic acid (GA) inhibitory potential against oxidative stress and associated diseases, creates the importance for GA standardization in plant medicines. The present investigation was intended to quantify the amount of GA in Erythrina fusca leaves hydro-alcoholic extract (EFLHE) by the development of UV/Visible-spectrophotometric method and its validation. The study involved of EFLHE preparation via ethanolic maceration, followed by estimation of total phenolic content (TPC) or GA through the development of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent-based UV/Visible-spectrometric method and standard GA calibration curve. Developed method to estimate GA was validated using linearity, accuracy, precision, repeatability and ruggedness studies. The TPC analysis of EFLHE in concentration of 0.5, 1.0, 2.5, 3.0, 5.0, 10.0 µg/ml exhibited amount of GA as 98.0±8.71, 117.0±1.73, 217.1±3.45, 276.0±0.80, 289.1±1.11 and 295.2±1.19 GA equivalent (mg/g, dry weight) respectively. The linearity study revealed the range of GA from 0.5-10 µg/ml. The correlation coefficient for GA was found as 0.997 at 212 nm. Recovery analysis (accuracy) showed that little change in drug concentration could be accurately estimated. The precision study revealed low %RSD with the highest value of 0.43%, indicating substantial precision. The present study concludes that advanced method to estimate GA in EFLHE is rapid, simple, accurate, precise, and economic; and validated for linearity, accuracy, precision, repeatability and ruggedness. The study recommends that this method can be used for GA estimation in Erythrina fusca leaves extract.

Determination of hydrogen peroxide released from cancer cells by a Fe-Organic framework/horseradish peroxidase-modified electrode

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were used as conductive carrier on the glassy carbon electrode (GCE), and the hybrid of metal organic framework [NH2-MIL-53(Fe)] and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was prepared by simple physical mechanical mixture. The GCE modified by the above material with immobilization, namely NH2-MIL-53(Fe)/HRP/MWCNTs/GCE, was used to construct an electrochemical biosensor toward H2O2. The results indicated that the addition of NH2-MIL-53(Fe) had a good synergistic effect on the electron transfer of HRP and the detection of H2O2. Under the optimized condition, the biosensor exhibited excellent electrochemical performances such as low detection limit, high sensitivity, good stability and so on. The H2O2 biosensor showed two linear ranges of 0.1–1 μM and 1–600 μM with a calculated detection limit of 0.028 μM (signal-to-noise ratio, S/N = 3). In addition, the stability of the hybrid of NH2-MIL-53(Fe) and HRP were discussed by SEM, XRD and UV–vis methods. Furthermore, the reported biosensors were practically used in direct detection of H2O2 released from HeLa and HepG2 cells successfully. Thus, this work provides a new strategy to fabricate electrochemical biosensors using MOFs and biomolecules.

Water soluble Cu(II) and Zn(II) complexes of bidentate-morpholine based ligand: synthesis, spectral, DFT calculation, biological activities and molecular docking studies

Copper(II) and zinc(II) complexes of the type [ML(AcO)2.H2O] were synthesized from bidentate-morpholine based Schiff base ligand (L - morpholinopropylimino)methyl)-6-methoxyphenol). The prepared ligand, copper(II) and zinc(II) complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, ESI-MS, 1H-NMR, FT-IR, UV-Visible, ESR and spectrometric methods. The elemental and ESI-MS results have been established that the prepared ligand and complexes possess 1:1 stoichiometric ratio. 1H-NMR and FT-IR results have been suggested that azomethine nitrogen and morpholine ring nitrogen atoms are coordinated with Cu(II) and Zn(II) metal ions. UV-Visible, ESI-MS and ESR spectroscopic results have been supported that the proposed structure of Cu(II) and Zn(II) complexes possess square pyramidal geometry. In order to confirm the proposed square pyramidal geometry of prepared complexes by DFT calculation has been studied. DNA binding ability of Cu(II) and Zn(II) complexes have been studied by electronic absorption and viscometric methods. These results reveal that Cu(II) and Zn(II) complexes interact with CT-DNA by the way of groove binding mode. Molecular docking studies result shows that synthesized compounds has better binding ability. The in vitro antioxidant activities of ligand, Cu(II) and Zn(II) complexes have been investigated by using the DPPH assay. The result shows that synthesized compounds have good radical scavenging activity against DPPH radical. Antimicrobial activities of synthesized ligand and its complexes have been tested against selected bacterial (gram positive & gram negative) and fungal species. The results reveal that Cu(II) and Zn(II) have good antimicrobial activity than ligand. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

Fluorescence and UV-VIS Spectroscopy to Determine the Quality Changes of Rapeseed Oil Fortified with New Antioxidant After Storage Under Various Conditions

This work focused on the application of synchronous fluorescence (SF) spectroscopy, excitation-emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy and modified UV-VIS methods for characterization of oxidative status and antioxidant activity (AA) of refined rapeseed oils fortified with the novel antioxidant octyl sinapate (OSA) at two concentrations and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) stored in different types of packages under various storage conditions. Quality parameters such as amounts of the primary and secondary oxidation products in rapeseed oils increased after storage under various conditions, whereas the AA of oils decreased. However, OSA strongly inhibited the generation of primary oxidation products in oils exposed to light. The AA of rapeseed oil with 0.5% of OSA packed in transparent glass after exposure to light was 6 times higher than the AA of non-supplemented oil. Moreover, the intensities of bands attributed to tocopherols and phenolic compounds decreased during storage depending on the storage conditions, but characteristic peaks for generation of oxidation products appeared. Interestingly, the fluorescence spectra of oil fortified with 0.5% of OSA contained the information of a new fluorescent product. Moreover, the potential usefulness of EEM to study the effect of antioxidants on degradation of stored rapeseed oils was demonstrated. Fluorescence spectroscopy can be used to investigate the oxidation state of rapeseed oils packed in various containers during storage at different conditions. The addition of the lipophilic antioxidant to rapeseed oil effectively delayed the oxidation process and significantly increased its AA.

4-Aminothiophenol capped halloysite nanotubes/silver nanoparticles as surface-enhanced Raman scattering probe for in-situ derivatization and selective determination of nitrite ions in meat product

Halloysite nanotubes loaded with 4-aminothiophenol capped silver nanoparticles (mHNTs-AgNPs4−ATP) composite was synthesized as a sensitive surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) probe for the determination of nitrite ions in sausage and pork luncheon meat. The as-prepared composite was characterized by transmission electron microscope, X-ray diffraction spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The as-synthesized mHNTs-AgNPs4−ATP composite with evenly distribution of AgNPs can provide in-situ derivatization site for sensitive and selective SERS detection of nitrite ions. Under acid condition, the 4-ATP capped on the AgNPs can be transformed into p,p’-dimercaptoazobenzene (DMAB) through nitrite-triggered diazo reaction. This efficient nitrite-triggered reaction can be used to detect nitrite via the characteristic peaks of DMAB at 1143 cm−1, 1392 cm−1, and 1434 cm−1. This SERS method has a wide logarithmic range of 0.0069–6.9 mg L−1, with detection limit of 0.78, 3.4, 0.51 μg L−1 at the peak of 1143 cm−1, 1392 cm−1, and 1434 cm−1, respectively. Besides, this method can be applied to detect nitrite ions in sausage and pork luncheon meat with relative standard deviation less than 10.3%, and the results were consistent with that analyzed by UV–Vis method. This method has good potential in efficient detection of meat product in food safety.

The Underlying Mechanism of HNO Production by the Myoglobin-Mediated Oxidation of Hydroxylamine.

Azanone (HNO, nitroxyl) is a highly reactive molecule that, in the past few years, has drawn significant interest because of its pharmacological properties. However, the understanding of how, when, and where endogenous HNO is produced remains a matter of discussion. In this study, we examined the ability of myoglobin to produce HNO via the peroxidation of hydroxylamine with H2O2 using both experimental and computational approaches. The production of HNO was confirmed using an azanone selective electrochemical method and by the detection of N2O using FTIR. The catalytic capacity of myoglobin was characterized by the determination of the turnover number. The reaction kinetics of the hydroxylamine peroxidation were studied by both electrochemical and UV-vis methods. Further evidence about the reaction mechanism was obtained by EPR spectroscopy. Additionally, quantum mechanical/molecular mechanics experiments were performed to calculate the energy barrier for HNO production and to gain insight into the reaction mechanism. Our results confirm that myoglobin produces HNO via the peroxidation of hydroxylamine with a great catalytic capacity. In addition, our mechanistic study allows us to state that the Mb ferryl state is the most likely intermediate that reacts with hydroxylamine, yielding important evidence for endogenous HNO generation.

Synthesis and Characterization of Lyophilized Chitosan-Based Hydrogels Cross-Linked with Benzaldehyde for Controlled Drug Release

In this study, chitosan-based hydrogels were produced by incorporating three drugs with a different solubility into a polymer matrix. The lyophilized chitosan salt was prepared using an innovative and less-expensive synthetic process by the freeze-drying technique. Firstly, the three drugs (caffeine, ascorbic acid, and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)) were selected as model drugs to test the in vitro release behavior of the hydrogel. The drugs were solubilized in chitosan salt, lyophilized, and cross-linked with benzaldehyde involving the formation of a Schiff base with (–C=N-) linkage to produce a physical hydrogel. Subsequently, the physicochemical properties of N-benzyl chitosan and lyophilized chitosan salt were evaluated by Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The intrinsic viscosity of the conventional chitosan was determined by the Mark–Houwink–Sakurada equation. Moreover, the kinetics of hydrogel swelling and drug release were studied by the UV-visible method at physiological conditions (pH = 7.4 at 37°C). The results show that lyophilized N-benzyl chitosan had a maximum swelling ratio of 720 ± 2% by immersion in phosphate-buffered saline solutions (PBS) (pH = 7.4 at 37°C). In vitro drug releases were evaluated in PBS, and the obtained results show that the maximum drug release after 24 h was 42% for caffeine, 99% for 5-FU, and 94% for ascorbic acid. Then, to optimize the cumulative release of caffeine, Tween 20 was added and 98% as a release percentage was obtained. The drug-loading results were investigated with the Korsmeyer–Peppas kinetic model and applied to determine the drug release mechanism.