UV-Vis Spectrophotometry Method Research Articles

Analisis Kandungan Asam Retinoat Pada Krim Anti Jerawat Di Toko Kosmetik X Pasar Jodoh

Growth from adolescence to adulthood is a transition that causes many hormonal changes, both physical, psychological and social. This change will cause health problems, one of which is on the face, namely Acne vulgaris (AV). Retinoic acid is one of the chemicals that is prohibited for use because it can cause dry skin, burning, teratogenicity (fetal defects)0and skin cancer. The aim of this research was to find out whether the acne cream in the cosmetic shop x Pasar Jodoh contained retinoic acid, and to determine the levels of retinoic acid in the samples. There were 10 acne cream samples studied. The qualitative test of retinoic acid uses the thin layer chromatography (TLC) method observed under UV 254 light. And the quantitative test uses the UV-Vis Spectrophotometry method. Spectrophotometric determination of retinoic acid levels at a wavelength of 340 nm. The results0obtained by the thin layer chromatography (TLC) method were that sample B was positive for retinoic acid and the results from the UV-Vis spectrophotometry0method were 0.0005%.

Continuous Flow Injection Analysis Method for the Determination of a Drug Diphenhydramine Hydrochloride by Using Phosphomolybdic Acid

The study presented a new method for determining diphenhydramine hydrochloride (DPH) in its pure form and some pharmaceutical preparations, within CFIA technique. The method is simple, fast, sensitive, easy to operate, and of a low cost. It is based on the reaction of DPH with phosphomolybdic acid (PMA), in aqueous media, forming a white, slightly yellowish precipitate. The precipitate formed was studied using an Ayah 6S×1-ST-2D solar cell CFI analyzer, by the reflection of incident light off the surfaces of the deposited particles at (0–180°), expressed as the response measured in (mV) . Some chemical and physical variables were studied to provide optimal conditions for the study. The linear range was 0.07-9 mmol/L and it had a correlation coefficient (r) with a value of (0.9998). The limit of detection (L.O.D.) of the new method was 729.55 ng/sample, calculated by gradually diluting the lower limit of the concentration in the linear range (0.07 mmol/L). The % RSD was less than 0.2% for a concentration of 0.1, 4.0 and 10.0 mmol/L of DPH for n = 8. The method was successfully applied in the determination of DPH in three samples from three different pharmaceutical production companies. Using the standard addition method, the new method was compared with the UV-Vis spectrophotometry method at λmax = 258 nm. Both T-test and F-test. The results of the two tests showed no significant difference at a confidence level (95%).

Analysis of Hydroquinone in Face Whitening Cream by UV-Vis Spectrophotometry and GC-MS Spectrometry

The analytical method to determine the compound content in both food and cosmetic products must be carried out carefully to ensure the validity of the analysis results. Hydroquinone has been widely found to be used as an active whitening agent in whitening cream. Technological advances have led to illegal whitening creams becoming more accessible online. This study aims to examine the hydroquinone content in the whitening samples cream purchased from e-commerce by various analytical methods, such as FeCl3 reagent, cerimetric titration, UV-Vis spectrophotometry, and GC-MS spectrometer compared to the positive control hydroquinone. The results of the hydroquinone content by cerimetric titration and UV-Vis spectrophotometry methods were calculated quantitatively. Furthermore, the result compared through statistical tests showed a consistent hydroquinone content for both methods. Contrariwise, the GC-MS method showed negative results due to differences in the extraction process and solvent solubility. Based on the result obtained, can be concluded that all samples of whitening cream did not meet the requirements of BPOM No. 23 of 2019.

Atomically-dispersed manganese anchored on B,N co-doped carbon for the sensitive electrochemical detection of levodopa

Metal single-atom catalysts offer the dual advantages of high electrochemical activity and near 100 % metal atom utilization, leading to their potential use in low-cost electrochemical sensor development. Herein, a novel electrocatalyst comprising atomically-dispersed Mn on B,N co-doped bamboo-derived carbon (MnSAs-BN-BC) was synthesized via a facile pyrolysis procedure. A high dispersion of Mn single atoms in MnSAs-BN-BC was confirmed by aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy and elemental mapping. The Mn loading in the MnSAs-BN-BC determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was 255 mg kg−1. MnSAs-BN-BC displayed outstanding electrocatalytic performance for levodopa (LD) oxidation, allowing a robust electrochemical sensing platform for LD detection to be established. The MnSAs-BN-BC/GCE sensing platform offered a wide LD detection range (concentrations from 2 to 683 µM) and a very low limit of detection (LOD) of 0.45 µM, outperforming almost all electrochemical sensors reported to date for LD sensing. The MnSAs-BN-BC/GCE platform also featured outstanding repeatability, reproducibility, selectivity, and stability. The as-developed sensing platform was successfully applied to LD quantification in commercial tablets with satisfactory recoveries (85.2–102.4 %), with the analytical precision of method validated against a traditional UV–vis spectrophotometry method. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations showed that Mn single atom sites lowered the reaction energy barrier for LD oxidation, with the favorable d-band center position of Mn single atom sites in MnSAs-BN-BC contributing to the enhanced LD sensing performance. This work encourages the use of single-atom metal catalysts in design of high-performance electrochemical sensors for the rapid detection of LD.

Preparation of high-performance monoazo disperse dyes bearing ester groups based on benzisothiazole and their dyeing performance on polyester fabrics.

To obtain high-performance disperse dyes, a series of azo disperse dyes containing different kinds of ester groups based on benzisothiazole were synthesized by the coupling reaction of diazotization of 3-amino-5-nitro [2,1] benzisothiazole with N-substituted aniline compounds bearing different ester moieties. The structures of the synthesized dyes were evaluated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), nuclear magnetic resonance techniques (1H-NMR), and MS analysis. UV-Vis spectrophotometry methods were applied to study absorption maxima, molar extinction coefficients, and solvatochromic behaviors of the dyes, and time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) simulations were applied to reveal the nature of the absorption spectrum properties. Polyester fabrics were colored using a high-temperature dyeing method under pressure, and the dyed fabrics exhibited deep and bright intense blue hues. In addition, excellent fastness properties, including washing fastness, sublimation fastness, rubbing fastness, and light fastness, were achieved.

Total Metabolit Sekunder dan Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan Daun Juwet (Syzygium cumini L.) dengan Spektrofotometer Uv-Vis

The aim of this research is to determine the total amount of secondary metabolites (alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins and tannins) contained in the ethanol juice of juwet leaves (Syzygium cumini L.) using the UV-Vis spectrophotometry method and to determine the antioxidant activity of the ethanol juice of juwet leaves based on IC50 value. Determination of total levels of secondary metabolites using UV-Vis spectrophotometry and antioxidant testing using the DPPH method. The results of qualitative analysis of the ethanol juice of juwet leaves contained secondary metabolite compounds, namely flavonoids, saponins, tannins and alkaloids. The average value obtained for the level of total secondary metabolites for flavonoid compounds was 0.417% w/w., saponins 0.766 w/w., tannins 0.282 w/w and alkaloids 0.384% w/w. The results of testing the antioxidant activity of juwet leaf ethanol extract and quercetin as a comparison had antioxidant activity, the average IC50 results were 14.289 ± 0.255 ppm and 102.45 ppm, therefore they were classified as moderate antioxidants.

Potential of purple eggplant skin fraction (Solanum Melongena Var. Serpentinum L.) as an in vitro sunscreen

Sunscreen is a product that is used as skin protection against sun exposure. The skin of purple eggplant is known to contain secondary metabolites which are used as sunscreens. This study aims to determine the activity of sunscreen fraction of the purple eggplant (Solanum melongena var. serpentinum L.) in vitro. Testing of sunscreen activity was carried out by calculating the value of SPF (Sun Protection Factor), %TE (Percent Transmission of Erythema) and %TP (Percent Transmission of Pigmentation) using the UV-Vis Spectrophotometry method. The purple eggplant skin fractionation method is by using LVC (Liquid Vacuum Chromatography). The results of the fractionation were identified using phytochemical screening and combined TLC. The fraction results were tested for SPF (Sun Protection Factor), %TE and %TP values. The results showed that the extract yield was 26.33%. The fractions used are fraction 9; 10; 11; and 12 which showed the same stain after being evaporated, which was a brownish yellow stain with a yield of 21,24%. The purple eggplant skin fraction (Solanum melongena var. serpentinum L.) has SPF, %TE and %TP values with optimal protection at a concentration of 400 ppm with each value obtained being 19; 1.35 and 9.79. The results of the statistical test of the purple eggplant skin fraction showed that the data were normally distributed but not homogeneous. The results of the homogeneity test for each concentration of results showed that the data were not significantly different.

Potential of Malang Robusta Coffee Beans as Anti-breast Cancer In-Vitro

Robusta coffee from Malang Regency, East Java is one of the superior products of the largest coffee-producing region in Indonesia. The coffee has high antioxidants. The component that acts as an antioxidant is the tannin content, and these tannins are also anti-cancer. Using the UV-Vis spectrophotometry method the tannin content in Malang Robusta coffee beans is known and then to measure its ability as an anticancer in-vitro against breast cancer cells using MCF-7. The results showed that the tannin contained in Malang Robusta coffee bean extract was 2.81 % and inhibited MCF-7 at 400 µg/mL, it has potential as an anticancer with an inhibition value of 68.88 %. Therefore, the use of Robusta coffee from Malang at this concentration can be used as an anti-breast cancer agent.

Analysis of Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) in Cucumis mel L. var reticulatus Naudin and Averrhoa bilimbi L. Fruit using UV-Vis Spectrophotometry

Cucumis mel L. var reticulatus Naudin and Averrhoa bilimbi L. are known to possess significant chemicals that offer health benefits, including the presence of vitamin C. Vitamin C, classified as a water-soluble vitamin, possesses the potential to exert a significant influence in the prevention of several diseases. The objective of this experiment was to analyze the concentrations of vitamin C present in Cucumis mel L. var reticulatus Naudin and Averrhoa bilimbi L. using the UV-Vis spectrophotometry method. The test was performed qualitatively with FeCl3 reagen and quantitatively with 2,6-dichlorophenol indophenol using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The results showed that the levels of vitamin C in Cucumis mel and Averrhoa bilimbi fruit were 44.523 mg/100g and 48.666 mg/100 g, respectively.

Validation of spectrophotometric and colorimetric methods to quantify clindamycin in skin tissue: application to in vitro release and ex vivo dermatokinetic studies from separable effervescent microarray patch loaded bacterially sensitive microparticle.

Diabetes mellitus can cause diabetic foot infection (DFI) complications. DFI is generally caused by infection from bacteria and Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) which is resistant to several antibiotics. Application therapy of clindamycin (CLY) administration with the oral route has low bioavailability and non-selective distribution of antibiotics towards bacteria intravenously. In this research, CLY was developed into bacterially sensitive microparticles (MPs) which were further incorporated into a separable effervescent microarray patch (SEMAP) system to increase the selective and responsive to DFI-causing bacteria of CLY. To support this formulation, we explore the potential of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) towards the UV-Vis spectrophotometry method. The analytical method was validated in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), tryptic soy broth (TSB), and skin tissue to quantify CLY, CLY loaded in microparticle, and SEMAP system. The developed analytical method was suitable for the acceptance criteria of ICH guidelines. The results showed that the correlation coefficients were linear ≥ 0.999. The values of LLOQ towards PBS, TSB, and skin tissue were 2.02µg/mL, 4.29µg/mL, and 2.31µg/mL, respectively. These approaching methods were also found to be accurate and precise without being affected by dilution integrity. The presence of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria culture can produce lipase enzymes that can lysing the microparticle matrix. Drug release studies showed that bacterial infection in the high drug release microparticle sensitive bacteria and high drug retention in ex vivo dermatokinetic in rat skin tissue media. In addition, in vivo studies were required to quantify the CLY inside in further analytical validation methods.

DETERMINATION OF VITAMIN C CONTENT IN BELL PEPPER (Capsicum annuum L.) WITH DIFFERENT PROTIC POLAR SOLVENT BY UV-VIS SPECTROSCOPY

Bell pepper can be an antioxidant and has many health benefits because of the high content of vitamin C. Vitamin C contents in yellow and orange bell peppers were extracted using different protic polar solvents and analyzed using the UV-Vis Spectrophotometry method. In this research, the bell peppers were extracted using the maceration technique for two days in 90% concentration of solvents (methanol and ethanol, respectively). Subsequently, the maximum wavelength was determined, and then 100 ppm ascorbic acid was used as a standard solution to analyze vitamin C content. Linearity based on a calibration curve is used to obtain the correlation coefficient of concentration between the standard solution and vitamin C levels in the sample. The result of UV-Vis spectroscopy analysis of this sample shows 373.5 nm of λmax. The linearity is shown in the equation y = 0.0006 x + 0.019. The vitamin C content in all samples had significant differences based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) test result with α = 0.05. The vitamin C level in the yellow pepper sample with an ethanol solvent (340 mg/100 g) was higher than that of the orange pepper sample with ethanol (251 mg/100 g). Meanwhile, the vitamin C content in the sample of yellow peppers with methanol solvent (562.5 mg/100 g) was smaller than that of orange peppers with methanol solvent (757.5 mg/100 g). These contents indicated a different result in the level sources of vitamin C, even if the maceration process used a solvent with a higher dielectric constant.

Chromatographic Profiles and Determination of Total Flavonoid Content of the Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Kalangkala Leaves (Litsea Angulata Blum) Using Uv-Vis Spectrophotometry

Background: Kalangkala is a fruit plant typical of Kalimantan and belongs to the species of the genus Litsea which is thought to have potential as a natural antioxidant. Empirically, some people in South Kalimantan use the kalangkala plant, especially the seeds of the fruit, to treat boils. One of the compounds that have antioxidant and antibacterial content is flavonoids.Objectives: To determine the thin layer chromatography profile of the total flavonoid compound of the ethyl acetate fraction and to calculate the total flavonoid content of the ethyl acetate fraction of the leaf extract of Kalangkala (Litsea angulata Blum).Method: Thin Layer Chromatography Profile and Determination of Total Flavonoid Content of the Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Kalangkala Leaf Extract using the UV-Vis Spectrophotometry method. The data were then analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively.Results: The chromatographic profile of the total flavonoids of the ethyl acetate fraction of Kalangkala leaf eluent that was most optimal was Ethyl acetate : n-Hexane (3:7) because it showed the most stains, namely 5 stains. And in the uv-vis spectrophotometry method, the total flavonoid content of the ethyl acetate fraction of Kalangkala leaves (Litsea angulata Blum) was 0.9 mg QE/g.Conclusion: Kalangkala leaf extract on the TLC profile using ethyl acetate : n-Hexane (3:7) showed a total of 5 stains. And the value of the total flavonoid content of the ethyl acetate fraction of kalangkala leaves was 0.9 mg QE/g.

Phytochemical Analysis of Flavonoids and Tannins from Ethanol Extract of Keji Beling (Strobilanthes crispus) Using UV-Vis Spectrophotometry Method

Keji Beling (Strobilanthes crispus BI.) is a plant that has been used by the community as a traditional medicine for kidney stones, diabetes mellitus, ulcers and as a laxative. Keji beling contains many beneficial substances such as flafonoids and tannins. This research aims to determine the content of flavonoid and tannin phytochemical compounds and to determine length Maximum waves in flavonoid and tannin compounds in keji beling leaf extract (Strobilanthes crispus BI.). Keji beling leaves were extracted using the maceration method with 70% ethanol solvent. Secondary metabolite content was identified qualitatively using a phytochemical screening test. Flavonoids were tested with concentrated MgSO4 and HCl reagents and tannins were tested with FeCl3 reagent. Qualitative analysis using the UV-Vis Spectrophotometry method. Results Research shows that the phytochemical screening test on keji beling leaf extract (Strobilanthes crispus BI.) is positive for containing flavonoids and tannins, indicated by a color change in the phytochemical screening test. Qualitative analysis results appear at a maximum wavelength of 465 nm for flavonoids, and for tannin compounds at a maximum wavelength of 765 nm.

Hydroquinone Levels in Whitening Body Lotion Circulating in Makassar City by the UV-Vis Spectrophotometry Method

Hydroquinone is an active compound that is able to control pigment production to inhibit melanin formation and has activity as a skin whitening agent, so hydroquinone is widely used in cosmetic products. Hydroquinone has adverse side effects if used for a long time. BPOM RI has issued a regulation on the prohibition on the use of hydroquinone as a bleach in cosmetics. The purpose of this study was to identify the hydroquinone content in whitening handbody samples circulating in Makassar City and to find out the level of hydroquinone contained in the sample. Qualitative analysis is carried out using FeCl₃ reagents and quantitative analysis using the UV-VIS spectrophotometry method. The number of samples used in this study was as many as 4 samples that did not have a registration number from BPOM RI. The results showed that the 4 samples studied positively contained hydroquinone. The results of the sample test measured at a maximum wavelength of 292 nm, obtained hydroquinone levels at the sample code HB1 = 1.267%; sample code HB2 = 0.912%; sample code HB3 = 0.379% and sample code HB4 = 0.449%.

Monitoring of the Enzymatic Reactions Course by Differential Microwave Dielectrometry Method in Real Time

Enzymatic reactions are the basis of many biotechnological manufacturing and biomedical diagnostic procedures that require effective methods of monitoring over the reaction course. In the current paper, we present the results of the development of a new approach within the differential microwave dielectrometry method for the non-invasive monitoring of the course of enzymatic reactions based on the complex permittivity changes of these reactive mixture solutions in real time at a fixed frequency of 31.82 GHz. The dynamic studies of the dielectric parameters of selected enzymatic systems containing a protein substrate (immunoglobulin G, human serum albumin) and enzyme trypsin. The developed differential microwave dielectrometry setup has been performed to verify the proposed approach effectiveness for the enzymatic reaction monitoring in biomedical practice and the food industry. Our microwave dielectrometry results have been validated by the results of the UV-Vis spectrophotometry method for selected enzymatic systems. We propose a new approach to use the differential microwave dielectrometry method with high sensitivity (in average 0.5% and 3÷5% for the real and imaginary parts of the complex permittivity, respectively) to estimate the course of enzymatic reactions in real time.

Evaluasi Mutu Fisik dan Penentuan Nilai Sun Protecting Factor (SPF) Sediaan Lotion Ekstrak Etanol Daun Matoa (Pometia pinnata)

Indonesia has high sun exposure, and most people work outdoors, so they need skin protection. One plant with the potential as a sunscreen is matoa leaf (Pometia pinnata). This study aimed to determine the physical quality and the Sun Protecting Factor (SPF) value of matoa leaf ethanol extract lotion, which were analyzed in vitro. Physical quality evaluation included organoleptic tests, homogeneity, pH, adhesion and spreadability, and SPF values obtained by the UV-Vis spectrophotometry method. Mansur Formula was used to calculate the SPF value. The results of the study showed FI (0.5%), FII (1%), and FIII (1.5%) obtained an average SPF value of 13.99 ± 1.45 (maximum protection), 22.27 ± 2.06 (ultra protection), 27.42 ± 0.54 (ultra protection). All formulas had good physical quality and had potential as sunscreens. Key words: lotion; matoa leaves; SPF; sunscreen

THE INHIBITION TEST OF RED POMEGRANATE (Punica granatum L.) PEEL EXTRACT AGAINST Staphylococcus aureus

Background: Staphylococcus aureus is a bacteria that commonly infects the oral cavity and linked to angular cheilitis. The most often used therapy for angular cheilitis is fusidic acid 2% cream, however it can cause urticaria, skin rashes, and irritation, thus an alternative is required to solve this issue. Pomegranate peel contains a variety of bioactive chemicals, including phenolics, which have antimicrobial activity. Purpose: To analyze the inhibition zone of red pomegranate peel extract at concentrations of 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80%, and determine the concentrations that have the greatest inhibition on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. Method: The total phenolic content was measured using UV-Vis spectrophotometry method. The inhibition test was carried out by well-diffusion method with 6 sample groups, including positive control (2% fusidic acid), negative control (aquadest), and red pomegranate peel extract concentrations of 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80%. Results: Red pomegranate peel extract inhibited the growth of S. aureus at concentrations of 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80% with the inhibition zone diameter respectively 11.63 ± 0.88 mm, 13.84 ± 0.39 mm, 16.85 ± 0.58 mm, and 19.19 ± 0.43 mm Conclusion: Based on the results, red pomegranate peel extract at all concentrations have the capacity to inhibit the growth of S. aureus, with the highest concentration extract (80%) having the greatest inhibition. Keywords : Inhibition Test, Phenolic, Red Pomegranate Peel Extract, Staphylococcus aureus

Pengaruh Penyimpanan Terhadap Kadar Sediaan Injeksi Mecobalamin dengan Metode Spektrofotometri UV-VIS

This scientific paper examines how mecobalamin injection preparations will be affected by the length of storage and can lead to a decrease in drug quality to drug damage. The material used for this research is mecobalamin pro-analysis from PT. Kalbe, chocolate ampoule injection mecobalamin, and aquadest. This research is an experimental study, which aims to determine the effect of storage time on the physical quality of mecobalamin injection preparations in brown ampoules using UV-Vis spectrophotometry method. The purpose of this study was to determine the levels of mecobalamin injection preparations that were affected by light for 24 hours with storage durations of 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, and 0 days as a control for comparison. A series of tests from this study concluded that temperature, humidity, light, the effect of storage time, and sample preparation affected the levels of mecobalamin injection preparations. Based on the determination of the concentration of mecobalamin injection in the test solution with different storage times, the results were not constant due to a decrease in levels, when compared to the control.

Comparison of COD Determination Methods FAS Titrimetric with UV-Vis Spectrophotometry

Liquid waste is one of the factors causing contamination of the aquatic environment. One of the chemical parameters of water quality namely Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD). This research was conducted at three different concentration levels, namely low, medium, and high, with samples of river water, domestic wastewater, and sago liquid waste. The method used is UV-Vis spectrophotometry (SNI 6989.2: 2019) and FAS titrimetry (APHA, 2017 methods 5220 D); for the UV-Vis spectrophotometry method in the range 90 mg/L, the wavelength was measured at 420 nm, while for high levels in the range 100 mg/L x 900 mg/L, it was measured at 600 nm. The quality control parameters used are accuracy and precision parameters. The purpose of this study was to compare the COD determination between UV-vis spectrophotometry and FAS titrimetry and to determine the validity and correlation of the two methods—a comparison of the results of the two methods used in the F test. The results showed that the COD values from UV visible spectrophotometry and FAS titrimetry yielded good precision and accuracy values and met the acceptable limits, namely %RSD 10% and 90% accuracy %R 110%. However, the results of the COD analysis using the UV-Vis spectrophotometry method were lower by 0.8556 than the results of the COD analysis using the FAS titration method, with a correlation coefficient r2 = 0.982. The average concentration of UV-Vis spectrophotometry in samples of sago wastewater was 572.141 mg/L, domestic wastewater was 113.525 mg/L, and river water was 42.98 mg/L. The average COD level of the titrimetric method in sago wastewater was 641.888 mg/L, domestic wastewater was 219.251 mg/L, and river water was 58.016 mg/L. The results of the F test for these two methods produce an Fcount Ftable. The null hypothesis (Ho) is rejected, meaning there is a significant difference between the two methods.

PERBEDAAN KADAR BETA KAROTEN ANTARA DAUN KELOR SEGAR DAN KERING MENGGUNAKAN METODE SPEKTROFOTOMETRI UV-VIS

Moringa leaves are part of the moringa plants that contain nutrients. The chemical compounds contain in moringa leaves are very much, one of them is beta carotene. Beta carotene is a very potential source of vitamin A and has the highest vitamin A activity of all carotenoids. The purpose of this study was to determine beta carotene content in fresh and dry moringa leaves using UV-Vis spectrophotometry method. The population was the moringa leaves, sample was fresh and dry Moringa leaves. Method and analysis of this research was conducted by descriptive method. The results were 19,82?g/g beta carotene of fresh leaves, whereas in dry leaves was 187,45?g/g at 461,1nm wavelength by UV-Vis spectrophotometry. These were caused by various factors, such as; environment, temperature, and humidity. Drying process for dry leaves also affect the beta carotene content of the samples. The conclusion was beta carotene content of dry leaves higher (187.45 ?g/g) than fresh leaves (19.82 ?g/g). Suggestion of this research, it is necessary to measure Moringa oleifera leaves before drying process into oven, make the same sample with different method, or do research with different sample but using the same method