UV-Vis Spectrophotometer Research Articles

Full green assay of rosuvastatin utilizing sulphophtalein dyes: application to tablet analysis

The aim of the work was to develop a «green» and extraction-free spectrophotometric procedure for the assay of rosuvastatin in tablets. The present work describes three new spectrophotometric procedures (A, B and C) that can be utilized for routine quality control of rosuvastatin in laboratories. Materials and methods. Analytical instrumentation: Shimadzu UV-1800 double beam UV-vis spectrophotometer (Japan) with attached UV-Probe ver. 2.62 software, RAD WAG AS 200/C precise analytical balance (Poland). Rosuvastatin calcium (purity ≥98 % (HPLC)) was bought from Sigma-Aldrich Chemicals Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Rosuvastatin 10 mg tablets were acquired from a nearby drugstore. All solvents used in this study, including methanol, ethanol, chloroform, acetonitrile and ethyl acetate, were produced by Honeywell and had a purity of 99.9 %. BCG, BCP and BTB were acquired from Sigma-Aldrich Chemicals Co. (USA, St. Louis). All chemicals utilized in the experiment were of analytical purity. Results and discussion. New simple «green» and extraction-free spectrophotometric procedures for assay of rosuvastatin in tablets involve the formation of ion-pair complexes with sulphophtalein dyes (BCG (Method A), BCP (Method B), BTB (Method C)) have been developed. The absorbances of the coloured reaction products were registered at 405 nm (Method A) and 400 nm (Methods B, C). The concentration was linearly proportional to absorbance values in the range of 2.51-20.08 μg/mL (method A), 2.50-24.90 μg/mL (method B) and 2.51-12.56 μg/mL (method C). Estimation of LOD and LOQ parameters were obtained as 0.67 μg/mL and 2.23 μg/mL (Method A), 0.39 μg/mL and 1.32 μg/mL (Method B), 0.30 μg/mL and 1.01 μg/mL (Method C). The stoichiometric ratio of the reactive components of rosuvastatin - BCG, BCP, and BTB corresponded 1: 1. The %RSD values of intra-day and inter-day were obtained less than < 1.5 %, which showed excellent repeatability and RE % data was ≤ 3 %. The effect on the environment of the proposed spectrophotometric procedures and their compliance with the GAC principles were endorsed by the output of AGREE, GAPI, and AES metrics tools. The values of these three «green» metrics show that the proposed spectrophotometric procedures had a low environmental impact compared with the reported ones. Conclusions. The developed fast, simple and cost-effective methods A, B, and C can be used for routine analysis of rosuvastatin in tablets

Availability of π–Cation Radical in the Oxidative Products of Oxidovanadium Porphyrin: Significance for DNA Binding and Antibacterial Activity

ABSTRACTOxidovanadium meso‐tetrakis(3,4,5‐trimethoxyphenyl) porphyrin [VO(T(OMe)3PP)] (Complex 1) was prepared. The oxidation product of Complex 1 has been characterized by cyclic voltammetry (CV), UV–visible spectrophotometer, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) by the addition of SbCl5 to Complex 1. There is a one‐electron oxidation product in Complex 1 that creates π–cation radicals in CV data. This is supported by an IR spectrophotometer. Subsequent EPR spectra verified the initiation of the π–cation monoradical, which subsequently transforms into a triplet state where S = 1. DNA binding and antibacterial analysis with Complex 1 have also been analysed. In the DNA‐binding analysis, the CV data confirm the interaction between Complex 1 and DNA. Furthermore, the fact that Complex 1 is more effective at killing bacteria shows that the metal ion's chelation with the porphyrin ligand makes it more lipophilic.

Effect of extraction method on total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of Terminalia catappa (L.) leaves

The potential for encountering free radicals poses a significant concern. Ketapang (Terminalia catappa L.) is a plant with antioxidant properties due to secondary metabolites, specifically phenolic compounds. The objective of this study was to determine the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of ketapang leaves through the utilization of several extraction techniques. The extraction of Ketapang leaves is conducted using various methods, namely maceration, stirring-assisted extraction (SAE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) with 1:10 solid-solvent ratio. The total phenolic content of the Ketapang leaf extract was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu technique and quantified using a UV-Visible spectrophotometer set at a wavelength of 782nm. Meanwhile, antioxidant activity measurements were carried out using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method and measured at a wavelength of 516nm. The study investigated the total phenolic content and antioxidant activity of Ketapang leaf extract using the maceration method of stirring-assisted extraction (SAE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), respectively, were 68.495%+2.891, 75.709%+0.106, 84.269%+0.159, and 65.065%+3.965 mgGAE/g and 20.891, 17.569, 15.427, and 21.353 µg/mL. The findings of this study indicate that the ultrasound-assisted extraction technique exhibits the greatest overall phenolic content and antioxidant activity. Keywords: antioxidant, Terminalia catappa, total phenolic content, ultrasound-assisted extraction

Synergistic Antifungal Activity of Green Synthesized Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles and Fungicide Against Rhizoctonia solani Causing Rice Sheath Blight Disease.

The biosynthesis of metal oxide nanoparticles using leaf extract of medicinal plants is a promising substitute for the traditional chemical method. This work aimed to synthesize zinc oxide nanoparticles using a green approach from local "Dholkolmi" (Ipomoea carnea) leaf extract which is a medicinal plant growing outside the roads of different regions of Bangladesh. The biosynthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) were characterized using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, particle size analyzer, zeta-potential, scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The results of UV-visible spectrophotometers observed an absorption peak at 373 nm wavelength, which confirmed the synthesis of ZnONPs in the solution. ZnONP sizes determined by XRD, DLS, and TEM are approximately ~37 nm, 105.61 nm, and 19.66 nm, respectively. ZnONPs were present because of the strong oxygen and zinc signals in the EDX profile. Additionally, this research assessed the antifungal activity of the biosynthesized ZnONPs and as well as folicur-incorporated ZnONPs against Rhizoctonia solani by the poison bait technique. According to the result of this study, ZnONPs synthesized from Ipomoea carnea leaf extract showed no promising result against Rhizoctonia solani mycelial growth reduction. But folicur-incorporated ZnONPs revealed a significant finding with a maximum 100% inhibition of mycelial growth at 1:1 and 3:1 ratio of ZnONPs with folicur fungicide under in vitro conditions. In the net house experiment, folicur-incorporated ZnONPs at a 1:1 ratio of ZnONPs with folicur showed considerable disease inhibition (26.96% RLH) as compared to disease control (52.83% RLH). In the case of rainfed transplanted Aus (March-June), the highest percentage of RLH was recorded in disease control (64.61%), and the lowest RLH was found in folicur (24.79%) followed by a 1:1 ratio of ZnONPs with folicur (32.10%) in field condition. On the other hand, the highest percentage of RLH was recorded in disease control (65.31%) and the lowest RLH was found in folicur (18.14%) followed by a 1:1 ratio of ZnONPs with folicur (21.39%) in rainfed transplanted Aman (July-November) season. The findings of the in vitro and in vivo studies provided evidence that ZnONPs and folicur had a strong synergistic antifungal impact and may be employed as a possible rice sheath blight disease management agent.

PVC membrane bulk optode incorporating 4-nitrobenzo-15-crown-5 and sodium tetrakis(1-imidazolyl) borate for the pico-molar determination of silver ion in pharmaceutical formulation

Silver ion (Ag+) is of harmful effects to both environment and human health. Ag+ soluble compounds and salts is used in treating mental illness, epilepsy, nicotine addiction, gastroenteritis, and infectious diseases, including syphilis and gonorrhea, and as anti-infective dermatological agent for controlling nose bleeding. However, high Ag+ doses cause several harmful effects to human health such as irreversible pigmentation of skin and eye, and problems to liver and kidney. A bulk membrane Optode is proposed in this work to measure the Ag+ concentration in the pharmaceutical formulations. The membrane optode is prepared from the ionophore 4-nitobenzo-15-crown-5, the ion-exchanger sodium tetrakis (imidazolyl) borate, the plasticizer o-nitrophenyl octyl ether, and the chromoionophore ETH 5294; these components are dissolved in the PVC/THF slurry to form the membrane. The optode is studied by atomic force microscope and UV–visible spectrophotometer, and its spectrum exhibits two maximum wavelengths of 550 and 665 nm, and response for Ag+ at these maximum wavelengths is reproducible in the concentration range of 10–11 to 10–8 M using acetate buffer of pH 5.0, with very low detection limit of 8.8 × 10–12 M. The most important feature in this work is the selectivity improvement for Ag+ over all interfering ions; the selectivity coefficient logarithm logKAg+,cationopt\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$${logK}_{Ag+, cation}^{opt}$$\\end{document} is found to be − 4.3 for Cu2+, − 5.6 for Ni2+ and − 5.0 for Cd2+. The response mechanism is studied by FTIR, and it depends on ion-exchange of Ag+ and sodium imidazolyl borate, followed by the host–guest complexation between Ag+ and the crown ionophore, which is accompanied by concomitant deprotonation of the chromoionphore. The optode has a response time of 2–3 min within lifetime of 10 days with the same response. The optode can be applied successfully for Ag+ determination in the pharmaceutical formulation, PinkEye Relief® eye drop, which is used for treating inflammation, redness and water discharge of the eye; the high recovery and low standard deviation of the results using calibration curve method confirm the accuracy and precision of the proposed optode for its application in real samples.

Effective removal of textile dye via synergy of adsorption and photocatalysis over ZnS nanoparticles: Synthesis, modeling, and mechanism

In this work, we prepared sulfur-zinc nanoparticles (ZnS-TGA) functionalized with thioglycolic acid by a hydrothermal method and tested their photodegradation ability by solar irradiation. ZnS-TGA were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HR-TEM), UV–Vis spectrophotometer and photoluminescence spectroscopy. In the characterization of these nanoparticles, thioglycolic acid proved to be a strong capping ligand, with a specific surface area of 36.82 m2/g and an average size of 7.15 nm. To test the photocatalytic degradability of the product, methylene blue (MB) was used as a model pollutant. Various operational variables were investigated, including pH, amount of nanoparticles, dye concentration, contact time and temperature. The equilibrium adsorption tests, and the statistical physical calculations allowed the analysis of the energetic and steric variables of the adsorption of MB dye molecules on the surface of these nanoparticles. The equilibrium data were well fitted with Langmuir-Freundlich (L-F) and the adsorption kinetics with pseudo-first order. The maximum adsorption capacity of the MB dye removal process was 30.92 mg g−1 at pH 7 and 298 K, and this process was spontaneous and exothermic. The dye molecules and the surface of the nanoparticles exhibited physical interactions with adsorption energies of 23.31–25.92 kJ/mol. The photocatalytic activity of these nanoparticles resulted in a dye degradation efficiency of 91.1 % in 180 min. The photocatalytic efficiency remained almost unchanged after five consecutive degradation cycles, resulting in a methylene blue degradation of 85 %. According to these results, these environmentally friendly nanoparticles have the potential to purify industrial and urban liquids contaminated with harmful organic compounds such as dye molecules.

Penetapan Kadar Flavonoid, Kadar Tannin serta Profil Fitokimia Ekstrak Etanol 96% Biji Alpukat (Persea Americana Mill)

One of the plants in Indonesia that can be used as traditional medicine is avocado seeds (Persea American Mill). Avocado seeds are known to contain flavonoid compounds, phenols and tannins. Flavonoids are one of the compounds that can ward off free radicals that cause degenerative diseases.The flavonoid compounds in avocado seeds are taken by extracting avocado seeds. Avocado seeds were extracted using the maceration method using 96% ethanol solvent. Determination of flavonoid levels begins with qualitative phytochemical analysis, then flavonoid levels are measured using the UV-Visible spectrophotometer method with the reference standard quercetin. The extract obtained was subjected to qualitative phytochemical analysis by testing phenolics, flavonoids and tannins using reagents appropriate to the test parameters. Meanwhile, quantitative phytochemical analysis of flavonoid compounds uses the UV-Visible Spectrophotometry method. The results of qualitative phytochemical analysis show that avocado seeds contain positive flavonoid compounds, phenols and tannins. Based on the results of quantitative phytochemical analysis using visible UV spectrophotometry, it shows that the level of flavonoid compounds in the ethanol extract of avocado seeds (Persea American Mill), which was read at the maximum wave obtained, namely 435 nm, was 0.2124%.

Adsorption of Uranium (VI) From Aqueous Solution Using Melamine Formaldehyde Organo Clay Nanocomposite Foam as a Novel Adsorbent

Uranium is a toxic radioactive element and is usually found in the environment in hexavalent form. It has become necessary to remove uranium, which can be released into the environment in excessive amounts through nuclear industrial activities, from access waters. Melamine formaldehyde/organo clay nano composite foam (MFCNCF) was prepared as a novel adsorbent by hardening with thermal treatment. Structural, crystallographic textural and surface morphological characterization of the prepared adsorbent was made by Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometry (FTIR), X-Ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) analyses. This study aimed to investigate the adsorption of U(VI) from aqueous solutions by MFCNCF and its dependence on various variables, such as initial uranium concentration, adsorption time, adsorbent dosage, initial pH, and temperature. Additionally, its adsorption isotherm analysis and adsorption kinetics and thermodynamics were also examined. For this purpose, batch adsorption experiments were carried out and the equilibrium concentration of U(VI) in the aqueous solution was measured with a UV-Vis spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 433 nm, which corresponds to its maximum absorptivity. The results regarding adsorption kinetics showed that 30 min was sufficient to reach adsorption equilibrium and the data showed a high fit to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Isotherm analysis also revealed a high fit of the data to the Type III isotherm and the Halsey model. Based on these fits, an adsorption mechanism involving two regions (electrostatic and complex formation) is proposed for the current adsorption system. The adsorption isosteric enthalpy and entropy values for the first and second regions were found to be −5.35 and 2.02 kJ/mol and −16.98 and 6.40 J/mol, respectively. The experimental results showed that the prepared nanocomposite foam adsorbent is an effective and potential alternative for the effective removal of U(VI) from aqueous solutions.

Using femtosecond laser pulses to investigate the thickness-dependent nonlinear optical properties of nickel oxide thin films and their potential use as optical limiters

In this study, the Z-scan technique was used to investigate the nonlinear optical properties of nickel oxide (NiO) thin films of various thicknesses. Direct current (DC) sputtering was used to deposit single-phase NiO thin films with thicknesses of 280, 350, and 470 nm onto a soda-lime glass substrate. The film structure was measured using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), while the linear optical properties were measured using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. NiO thin films were irradiated with 100 fs laser pulses at various excitation wavelengths and excitation powers to determine the nonlinear absorption coefficient and nonlinear refractive index. The NiO films were found to have reverse saturable absorption and self-focusing behavior. As the thickness of the NiO film increases, both the nonlinear absorption coefficient and nonlinear refractive index decrease. Additionally, the investigation of the optical limitations of NiO thin films revealed a definite association with the thickness of the NiO thin film.

Determination Of Total Flavonoid Content In Bangle Plant (Zingiber Montanum)Extraction Results

The bangle plant (Zingiber montanum) is a plant that has been used traditionally as a medicinal ingredient, both for prevention and treatment by the community. Parts of the bangle plant contain active compounds that act as antioxidants, one of which is flavonoids. This research aims to determine the total flavonoid content in bangle plants from the extraction results measured using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The method for separating flavonoid levels used is maceration. The research results showed that positive test results were obtained for flavonoid compounds in bangle rhizomes as evidenced by qualitative test results which produced a red color in the sample extract and the average total flavonoid content in bangle rhizomes from the extraction results measured using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer was 23. 1mg/100g.

Phytochemical fabrication of ZnO nanoparticles and their antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity

The synthesis of metal nanoparticles through bio-reduction is environmentally benign and devoid of impurities, which is very important for biological applications. This method aims to improve ZnO nanoparticle's antibacterial and anti-biofilm activity while reducing the amount of hazardous chemicals used in nanoparticle production. The assembly of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) is presented via bio-reduction of an aqueous zinc nitrate solution using Echinochloacolona (E. colona) plant aqueous leaf extract comprising various phytochemical components such as phenols, flavonoids, proteins, and sugars. The synthesized nano ZnO NPs are characterized by UV–visible spectrophotometer (UV–vis), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (X-RD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and elemental composition by energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The formation of biosynthesized ZnO nanoparticles was confirmed by the absorbance at 360–370 nm in the UV–vis spectrum. The average crystal size of the particles was found to be 15.8 nm, as calculated from XRD. SEM and TEM analysis of prepared ZnO NPs confirmed the spherical and hexagonal shaped nanoparticles. ZnO NPs showed antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae with the largest zone of inhibition (ZOI) of 17 and 18 mm, respectively, from the disc diffusion method. Furthermore, ZnO NPs exhibited significant anti-biofilm activity in a dose-dependent manner against selected bacterial strains, thus suggesting that ZnO NPs can be deployed in the prevention of infectious diseases and also used in food preservation.

Eco-friendly synthesis of silver nanoparticles from peel and juice C. limon and their antiviral efficacy against HSV-1 and SARS-CoV-2

The growing threat of viral infections requires innovative therapeutic approaches to safeguard human health. Nanomaterials emerge as a promising solution to overcome the limitations associated with conventional therapies. The eco-friendly synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) currently represents a method that guarantees antimicrobial efficacy, safety, and cost-effectiveness. This study explores the use of AgNPs derived from the peel (Lp-AgNPs) and juice (Lj-AgNPs) Citrus limon “Ovale di Sorrento”, cultivars of the Campania region. The antiviral potential was tested against viruses belonging to the Coronaviridae and Herpesviridae. AgNPs were synthesized by reduction method using silver nitrate solution mixed with aqueous extract of C. limon peel and juice. The formation of Lp-AgNPs and Lj-AgNPs was assessed using a UV–Vis spectrophotometer. The size, ζ-potential, concentration, and morphology of AgNPs were evaluated by dynamic light scattering (DLS), nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), and field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). Cytotoxicity was evaluated in a concentration range between 500 and 7.8 µg/mL on VERO-76 and HaCaT cells, with the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium test bromide (MTT). Antiviral activity consisted of virus pre-treatment, co-treatment, cellular pre-treatment, and post-infection tests versus HSV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 at a multiplicity of infections (MOI) of 0.01. Plaque reduction assays and real-time PCR provided data on the antiviral potential of tested compounds. Lp-AgNPs and Lj-AgNPs exhibited spherical morphology with respective diameters of 60 and 92 nm with concentrations of 4.22 and 4.84 × 1010 particles/mL, respectively. The MTT data demonstrated minimal cytotoxicity, with 50 % cytotoxic concentrations (CC50) of Lp-AgNPs and Lj-AgNPs against VERO cells of 754.6 and 486.7 µg/mL. Similarly, CC50 values against HaCaT were 457.3 µg/mL for Lp-AgNPs and 339.6 µg/mL for Lj-AgNPs, respectively. In the virus pre-treatment assay, 90 % inhibitory concentrations of HSV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 were 8.54–135.04 µg/mL for Lp-AgNPs and 6.13–186.77 µg/mL for Lj-AgNPs, respectively. The molecular investigation confirmed the antiviral data, recording a reduction in the UL54 and UL27 genes for HSV-1 and in the Spike (S) gene for SARS-CoV-2, following AgNP exposure. The results of this study suggest that Lp-AgNPs and Lj-AgNPs derived from C. Limon could offer a valid ecological, natural, local and safe strategy against viral infections.

Exploring novel porphyrin photocatalyst for the conversion of frying oil to biodiesel: A step for globular economy

The current protocol addresses the outcomes on the photo-transesterification of frying sunflower oil (FSO) catalysed by porphyrin comprising sulphonic acid functionalized pyridinium ionic liquid (PcSAFPyIL). A novel photocatalyst was synthesized and confirmed by 1H and 13C NMR, Powder XRD, FT-IR, XPS, and fluorescence emission spectrophotometry. The energy band gap (1.85 eV) was determined by cyclic voltammetry, Hammett acidity (H0 = 0.217) by UV–visible spectrophotometer and metal free nature by powder XRD and XPS. The photocatalytic activity of PcSAFPyIL in the visible region was confirmed by reflecting intense Soret band (421 nm) and four Q bands (515, 554, 591 and 647 nm). This may be due to inherent aromatic characters and conjugation with chromophore groups at meso-position of porphyrin ring. The obtained photocatalyst was scrutinized for the photo-transesterification of FSO in a lab-made photoreactor. The ideal reaction parameters were found to be 20 mg photocatalyst quantity with 1:12 (FSO: ROH) under exposure of 2 x 5 W LED at room temperature, to afford 90 % biodiesel in 24 h. Moreover, the formation of biodiesel was confirmed by (1H, 13C) NMR, FT-IR, DEPT-135, and GC–MS. Further, stability, heterogeneous nature and the gram scale reaction PcSAFPyIL was also efficiently accomplished using the optimized photocatalytic conditions. Additionally, the physicochemical properties of the biodiesel fuel B15 (15 % blended with marketed diesel) and pure marketed diesel are consistent. Moreover, the engine performance and emission characteristics of B15 such as brake-specific fuel consumption (BSFC), break thermal efficiency (BTE) found comparable and better than commercial diesel.

LaxNiy Mn2-(x+y)O3/g-C3N4 composite: A multifunctional material for photocatalytic and adsorptive removal of pollutants with statistical evaluation

The disposal of tons of organic chemicals annually in water resources is an alarming threat to the environment. Among the various remediation techniques, the combination of adsorption and degradation is a highly effective and economical strategy for eliminating these contaminants. In this study, a novel LaxNiyMn2-(x+y)O3/g-C3N4 composite [x,y = (0.00,0.00), (0.03,0.06), (0.06,0.03), (0.045,0.045)] is synthesized by a low-temperature and cost-efficient sol-gel auto-combustion method to address this issue. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to characterize the morphology and crystal structure of the composite, respectively. The optical properties of the composite were investigated by a UV–visible spectrophotometer. The photocatalytic performance of the prepared samples was evaluated against crystal violet and 4-nitrophenol under solar irradiation. The doped composite La0.06Ni0.03Mn1.91O3/g-C3N4 exhibited superior degradation efficiency of 87.54 % for crystal violet in 60 min, compared to 56.2 % for the undoped composite. The same composite also achieved 78 % reduction of 4-nitrophenol without any external reducing agent. Furthermore, adsorption isotherms models and statistical analysis were applied to the composite to elucidate the adsorption mechanism and the optimal conditions. The results demonstrated that the composite is an excellent candidate for environmental remediation due to its remarkable degradation and adsorption capabilities against organic pollutants.

Phenolic Content and Functional Groups of Green Tea Kombucha, Telang Flower Kombucha, Rosella Flower Kombucha, Chamomile Flower Kombucha, and Lavender Flower Kombucha

Kombucha is a fermentation product between green tea and microorganisms. The basic ingredients for kombucha can be obtained from plants that contain high antioxidants, such as green tea, butterfly pea flowers, rosella flowers, chamomile flowers and lavender flowers. The aim of this research was to determine the phenolic content and functional groups in green tea kombucha, telang flower kombucha, rosella flower kombucha, chamomile flower kombucha and lavender flower kombucha. This research uses experimental research by testing phenolic content using a UV-Vis Spectrophotometer instrument and functional group analysis using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR). The results showed that the phenolic content of green tea kombucha was 162.35 mg/L GAE, butterfly pea flower kombucha was 124.46 mg/L GAE, rosella flower kombucha was 101.30 mg/L GAE, chamomile flower kombucha was 35.41 mg/L GAE and lavender flower kombucha was 136.43 mg/L GAE. The highest phenolic content is found in green tea kombucha. The spectra resulting from the identification of telang flower kombucha tea samples contain alcohol functional groups, amines, nitro compounds, and the broad peaks indicate the stretching vibration of OH monometric alcohol. In green tea kombucha, alkenes, alkynes and monometric alcohol groups are found. In rosella flower kombucha, the functional groups alcohol, alkene, alkyne, nitrile and phenol are found. In chamomile flower kombucha, the functional groups ether, amine, alkene, alkyne, ester and alcohol are found. In lavender flower kombucha, the functional groups alcohol, alkene, alkyne and alkane are found. It can be concluded that kombucha contains secondary metabolite compounds including flavonoids, phenolics, saponins, tannins, steroids and triterpenoids.

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Osbeckia leschenaultiana DC extract: Optimization of synthesis, biological activities, larvicidal activity and toxicity analysis

Presently the Osbeckia leschenaultiana DC leaf - extract was used to synthesis the silver nanoparticles and the green synthesized AgNPs were characterized by UV–vis spectrophotometer, FTIR, XRD, DLS, Zeta potential and SEM. Absorbance at 405 nm was obtained in UV–vis spectrophotometer and multiple peaks emerged in FTIR analyses that represent the presence of some interesting functional groups. XRD results proved that the synthesised AgNPs were face-centered cubic and crystalline in nature. SEM revealed the particles are Cuboid and irregular forms; the particle size ranged between 70 nm and 100 nm. And the antibacterial and antioxidant characterization of green synthesized silver nanoparticles Osbeckia leschenaultiana DC leaf − extract against. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio cholerae, Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli, revealed the potential antibacterial efficiency against gram positive bacteria Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (23.0 ± 1.0) and Bacillus subtilis (22.0 ± 1.0) and they showed 60–70 % high antioxidant activity compared to Osbeckia leaf extract. AgNPs showed the highest mortality against Aedes aegypti with LC50 value of 49.17 µg/mL, followed by the Osbeckia leaf extract have LC50 value of 85.95 µg/mL. The toxicity profile analyzed using non-target organism Artemia salina exhibited less toxicity. The results revealed that the Osbeckia leschenaultiana DC mediated AgNPs had multifaceted antibacterial, antioxidant and larvicidal potential.

Visible light-driven Synergetic antimicrobial activity of Cu2O quantum dots and electrospun PAN/PCL nanofiber matrix

This work reported a successful observation of the synergistic rapid antibacterial activity of the Electrospun PAN/PCL Nanofiber (NF) with Cuprous Oxide -based Quantum Dots (QDs). Our findings reveal that the NF-QDs nanostructure exhibits excellent antibacterial activity that eliminated more than 98% of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in 30 s under visible light. The characterization including X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), UV–Vis spectrophotometer (UV–Vis), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), atomic force microscopy (AFM), Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET) analysis exhibits good physicochemical properties of both synthesized quantum dots and nanofiber. A desired hydrophobic NF with an average surface roughness of 219.40 nm and 243.46 nm for NF–Cu2O and NF–Cu2O/TiO2 was achieved with an average diameter of 502.54 nm and 343.02 nm, respectively. The antibacterial activity was tested against antibiotics-resistance strains, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, as well as non-resistance strains, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Our results indicate the promising potential of NF-QDs as antibacterial fabric to halt antibiotic resistance infections and mitigate outbreaks in various sectors.

Gentian violet adsorption on a super magnetic nanocomposite (Fe2O3/Bentonite), non-linear kinetic and isotherm modeling

The health of humans may be at risk from textile wastewater's harmful dye effluents. Searching for effective and inexpensive adsorbents to treat these contaminated waters has attracted a lot of interest over the years. This work aimed to prepare a super nanocomposite based on raw bentonite to remove a cationic dye (gentian violet) from wastewater. Raw and Magnetic bentonite have been characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF). The specific surface area calculated by BET transform for both adsorbents show a high specific area for magnetic bentonite, four times higher than the raw one, it is estimated to 10.3452 and 41.6073 m2. g-1 for raw and magnetic bentonite respectively. A UV-Vis spectrophotometer has also characterized the gentian violet dye (GV). Kinetic non-linear models confirm that the adsorption phenomena are well modeled by the pseudo second order model, and thermodynamic studies show that it is also a spontaneous, endothermic, and inorganized process. The non-linear adsorption isotherm results were best fitted using the Langmuir isotherm, which refers to monolayer adsorption. The effect of some parameters, such as adsorbent mass, temperature, and contact time, has also been optimized. From these results, we concluded that supporting iron oxide on bentonite can increase the adsorption capacity, with a maximum Langmuir monolayer adsorption capacity qm= 137.39 mg. g-1.

B-Glucan Comparison in the Mushrooms of Medicinal Fungal Species

Agaricus blazei Murill has been known as a mushroom with medicinal properties, such as its efficacy in maintaining the immune system and other metabolic processes. The main polysaccharide found in A. blazei, is b-glucan. This study aims to quantify and compare b-glucan content in A. blazei compared with the medicinal mushrooms Ganoderma sp. and Pleurotus ostreatus. ?-glucan was extracted from each species using an alkaloid extraction method. The b-glucan content was determined using UV-Vis Spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 220 nm. The data showed that A. blazei contained the highest level of b-glucan, 6.99% (w/w), while the other mushrooms contained less than 2 %. This study obtained that A. blazei contain high levels of b-glucan compared with Ganoderma sp. and Pleurotus ostreatus. Thus, A. blazei has the potential as medicine, especially to maintain the balance of the immune system. To keep the body healthy and balance immune system patient can consume Agaricus blazei Muril.

The Development of a Novel Nitrate Portable Measurement System Based on a UV Paired Diode-Photodiode.

Nitrates can cause severe ecological imbalances in aquatic ecosystems, with considerable consequences for human health. Therefore, monitoring this inorganic form of nitrogen is essential for any water quality management structure. This research was conducted to develop a novel Nitrate Portable Measurement System (NPMS) to monitor nitrate concentrations in water samples. NPMS is a reagent-free ultraviolet system developed using low-cost electronic components. Its operation principle is based on the Beer-Lambert law for measuring nitrate concentrations in water samples through light absorption in the spectral range of 295-315 nm. The system is equipped with a ready-to-use ultraviolet sensor, light emission diode (LED), op-amp, microcontroller, liquid crystal display, quartz cuvette, temperature sensor, and battery. All the components are assembled in a 3D-printed enclosure box, which allows a very compact self-contained equipment with high portability, enabling field and near-real-time measurements. The proposed methodology and the developed instrument were used to analyze multiple nitrate standard solutions. The performance was evaluated in comparison to the Nicolet Evolution 300, a classical UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The results demonstrate a strong correlation between the retrieved measurements by both instruments within the investigated spectral band and for concentrations above 5 mg NO3-/L.