UV Vis Irradiation Research Articles

Arsenite removal by using ZnAlFe mixed metal oxides derived from layered double hydroxides.

ZnAlFe mixed metal oxides (ZnAlFe-MMOs) were synthesized from layered double hydroxides (LDHs) prepared by the coprecipitation method at pH 9 using an initial weight composition of Zn2+ = 75%, Al3+ = 15% and Fe3+ = 10%, with or without the addition of citric or oxalic acid. The solids were calcined at 400 °C to obtain the respective MMOs, which exhibited relatively high specific surface areas (165.3 - 63.8 m2 g-1) and semiconductor properties active in the visible region (bandgap values (Eg) of 2.42 - 1.77 eV). The synthesized materials were tested for the removal of trivalent arsenic by adsorption and by photocatalysis under visible light irradiation (λ ≥ 420 nm). The best removal of As(III) by adsorption (65.9%) and by photocatalysis (99.9%) was obtained with the ZnAlFe-MMOs prepared in the absence of organic acids. The XPS results indicate the coexistence of As3+ and As5+ over ZnAlFe-MMOs after the photocatalytic reaction and also confirm the formation of Fe2+ sites on the hematite surface that enhances the removal of As(III). Raman measurements confirmed that, in the photocatalytic experiments, As is largely retained as As(V) on ZnAlFe-MMOs, bound to Fe. The results of fluorescence of 7-hydroxycoumarin suggest that the photocatalyst produces HO•, which can be the main species for As(III) oxidation under UV-Vis irradiation. Moreover, ZnAlFe-MMOs exhibited a good reusability after regeneration making ZnAlFe-MMOs a promising material for arsenic decontamination in polluted water.

Degradation of Decabromodiphenyl Ether Dispersed in Poly (Acrylo-Butadiene-Styrene) Using a Rotatory Laboratory Pilot Under UV-Visible Irradiation.

The growing volume of plastics derived from electronic waste (e-waste) underscores the imperative for environmentally sustainable strategies for the management of this waste. In light of the paramount importance of this issue, a pilot demonstrator for the decontamination of polymers containing Brominated Flame Retardants (BFRs) has been developed. The objective is to investigate the potential for decontaminating BFR-containing polymers from e-waste via UV-visible irradiation using a rotatory laboratory pilot operating under primary vacuum conditions. This report focuses on binary model blends composed of 90 weight% (wt%) poly(Acrylo-Butadiene-Styrene) (ABS) pellets and 10 wt% Deca-Bromo-Diphenyl Ether (DBDE), which is one of the most toxic BFRs. The efficiency of the irradiation process was evaluated as a function of pellet diameter and irradiation time using Fourier Transform InfraRed spectroscopy (FTIR) and High-Resolution Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectroscopy (HR-LDI-MS). As a consequence, ABS + DBDE achieved a decontamination efficiency of 97% when irradiated with pellets of less than 1 mm in diameter for a period of 4 h. Additionally, the thermal behavior of the irradiated samples was investigated through thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. It was thus established that the application of UV-visible irradiation had no significant impact on the overall thermal properties of ABS.

Hydrothermal Synthesis of ZnO Nanoflowers: Exploring the Relationship between Morphology, Defects, and Photocatalytic Activity

Two forms of flower-like ZnO nanostructures were synthesized using hydrothermal methods at various growth times/temperatures and zinc precursors. The morphology, structure, chemical composition, and optical properties of these ZnO nanoflowers were studied using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), X-ray photoelectrons spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectroscopy, and UV–Vis spectroscopy. The SEM images revealed two forms of flower-like nanostructures, namely lotus- and tulip-like flower ZnO nanostructures. The XPS analysis revealed the oxidation state of the Zn and O elements, as well as the presence of OH groups on the surface of the lotus-like flower ZnO nanostructure. The XRD results revealed less crystallinity of the lotus-like ZnO nanoflowers (NFs) compared with the tulip-like ZnO NFs. The XRD results revealed the presence of Zn (OH)2 in the ZnO NFs. The Raman results confirmed less crystallinity of the lotus-like ZnO NFs. The estimated optical bandgap was 2.92 and 3.0 eV for the tulip- and lotus-like ZnO NFs, respectively. The tulip-like ZnO NFs showed superior photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue dye, verified via UV–Vis radiation, compared with the lotus-like ZnO NFs, which show the impact of the structure defects and OH- impurities on the photocatalytic performance of ZnO nanoflowers.

Plasmonic ZnO-Au Nanocomposites: A Synergistic Approach to Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity through Nonthermal Plasma-Assisted Synthesis

A novel and efficient method for synthesizing Au-decorated ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) with enhanced photocatalytic activity is presented. The synthesis involves a two-step process: hydrothermal preparation of ZnO NPs followed by nonthermal plasma-assisted deposition of Au nanoparticles on their surface. Comprehensive characterization of the ZnO and ZnO–Au NPs was carried out using X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Optical properties were evaluated via UV-Vis absorption and fluorescence measurements. The synthesized ZnO NPs displayed a hexagonal wurtzite structure, and the successful deposition of Au NPs was confirmed by TEM and XPS analysis, along with Raman and fluorescence data showing the quenching effect caused by Au. The incorporation of Au nanoparticles led to the appearance of localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) at 540 nm, enhancing visible light absorption and improving photocatalytic performance. Notably, the methylene blue (MB) degradation efficiency increased from 78% with pure ZnO NPs to 91.6% with ZnO–Au NPs under UV-Vis irradiation, demonstrating superior photocatalytic activity. This study introduces a simple and scalable method for synthesizing plasmonic ZnO-Au hybrid nanomaterials using plasma technology and highlights the critical role of Au NPs in enhancing photocatalytic performance by reducing electron–hole recombination.

Sustainable Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent-Mediated Synthesis of Magnesium Zirconate Nanoparticles: A Photocatalyst for the Degradation of Anti-Viral Drug.

The anti-viral drug hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) has captivated significant interest in the pharmaceutical field, as it is a quinolone derivative. Its unrestrained occurrence causes prominent health hazards owing to its persistent, carcinogenic, recalcitrant, and teratogenic nature. Herein, in this work, an experimental investigation was carried out toward the photocatalytic degradation of HCQ drug using magnesium zirconate (MgZrO3) nanoparticles as an effective photocatalyst. A comprehensive characterizations of the as-synthesized material was carried out. The photocatalytic degradation of the HCQ drug was examined with various sources of light energies. The obtained outcomes indicated that ±85% of HCQ was degraded using a MgZrO3 photocatalyst within 30 min of the reaction time under UV-visible (ultraviolet) light irradiation. Further, other significant operational parameters such as various catalyst dosages, HCQ concentrations, pH, scavengers, and salts were examined. The degradation studies revealed that the reaction followed pseudo-first-order kinetics. Hence, this perovskite-type MgZrO3 has grasped profound attention in environmental remediation, significantly in photocatalytic degradation of HCQ drug. This comprehensive research offers green synthesis strategy as a substantial framework for providing effective photocatalyst that addresses contemporary water pollution issues linked to notable results. This aids in targeting era-driven advancements toward a clean and safe future environment.

Enhancement of the photodegradation performance towards methylene blue and rhodamine B using AgxSn1–xO2 nanocomposites

In the present study, the structural properties, as well as the photodegradation performance of methylene blue (MB) and rhodamine B (Rh B) using hydrothermal synthesized AgxSn1–xO2 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) nanocomposites were studied. The study was investigated using various techniques including EDS, XRD, FE-SEM, HR-TEM, photoluminescence spectroscopy, N2 adsorption-desorption, GC-MS, and a double-beam spectrophotometer. The tetragonal SnO2 phase dominates, while the cubic Ag2O phase appears at larger x ratios (x ≥ 0.5). The crystallite and particle sizes were slightly raised for a low Ag ratio but dramatically increased for higher x ratios. Different morphologies emerge depending on the composition, such as spherical and irregular particles for x = 0 and 1, sheet-like morphology for x = 0.05, 0.2, and 0.4, and worm-like morphology for x = 0.5. The maximum surface area was calculated using the BET method to be 358 and 354 m2/g for x = 0.2 and 0.4, respectively. The direct optical band gap depends on the x ratio and the crystallite size and equals 3.95eV and 3.70eV for x = 0 and x = 1, respectively. The synthesized AgxSn1–xO2 composites demonstrated excellent photodegradation efficiency (η) towards MB and Rh B. The majority of compositions had high η towards MB and the highest value of 99.6% was attained using Ag0.4Sn0.6O2 under the UV-visible irradiation for 1.5h. Also, synthetic composites demonstrated efficient photodegradation of Rh B, particularly for higher Ag content (η = 94.4% at x = 0.5). The catalysts revealed acceptable reusability and stability, and the degraded products were studied using the GC-MS technique with a proposed mechanism of degradation. The improvement in photodegradation of MB and Rh B dyes can be attributed to an increase in surface area, as well as the development of shape and optical characteristics.

Highly-efficient recovery of silver from industrial cyanide-based plating effluent on TiO2/activated carbon composites

The release of silver-containing wastewater is an economic loss. In this works, the silver ions in the cyanide-based plating effluent of jewelry effluent was systematic recovered by the photocatalytic process using commercial semiconductors (TiO2, ZnO, Bi2O3 and WO3) and activated carbon (AC) enhanced semiconductors as the photocatalysts. The preliminary results demonstrated that the highest photocatalytic silver recovery was achieved via the use of TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs), ascribing to its better textural property that provided abundant active sites to undergo the reaction. The intrinsic property and activity of TiO2 were significantly improved in the presence of proper content of AC. Approximately 94% of silver was recovered within 45 min through the TiO2/AC with 14.9 wt.% AC (TiO2/AC1) under the UV-vis irradiation due to the act of AC as the conductive pathway for electron migration from CB of TiO2 along its surface, thus prolonging the lifetime of electron-hole pairs. Although a marked decrease in photocatalytic activity of the best composite was detected after the 4th use (∼50%), it exhibited an outstanding antibacterial ability compared with TiO2 and fresh one in dark environment. The work offers the avenue to design the photocatalyst for recovering the precious metals from industrial effluent and broaden the application of such recovered metal decorated photocatalyst for practical use.

Thermomechanical and Structural Analysis of WO3 Array for Optimized Photoelectrochemical Chloride Oxidation Performance.

Understanding the crystal structure of WO3 is essential for optimizing its photoelectrochemical performance. This study comprehensively analyzes the structural characteristics of WO3 during synthesis and investigates their correlation with photoelectrochemical activity. Structural analysis, incorporating annealing procedure and WO3 thickness, identifies a blend of hexagonal, monoclinic, and orthorhombic phases within WO3 array. Specifically, detailed analysis reveals a predominance of monoclinic WO3 phase alongside the orthorhombic WO3 phase, both of which are commonly characterized by their monoclinic structure. Three-dimensional thermomechanical simulations using the finite element method reveal that thermal displacement in WO3 layers increases with thickness during the thermally induced synthesis process. These results highlight a direct correlation between WO3 thickness, thermal displacement, and phase transition, with thicker layers favoring the transformation from orthorhombic to monoclinic structures due to increased thermally induced deformation. The heightened monoclinic structure, which possesses lower symmetry than the orthorhombic structure, induces more defect sites, suggesting increased donor density. Notably, the monoclinic-dominated WO3 exhibits superior performance under UV-visible irradiation in 0.5 M NaCl. Furthermore, the WO3 array demonstrates over 85% Faradaic efficiency for chloride oxidation, indicating preferential selectivity over oxygen evolution reaction in 0.5 M NaCl. This study emphasizes the pivotal role of the crystal structure of WO3 in achieving efficient photoelectrochemical seawater splitting.

Enhancing eco-friendly coatings: Aqueous olive leaves extract fortifies macroalgae-based packaging materials

This study incorporated bioactive compounds extracted from olive leaves (Olea europaea L.) into biodegradable films designed for preserving perishable food items like fruits and vegetables. Olive leaves, sourced from Lesvos island in Greece, yielded three aqueous extracts - OL1, OL2, and OL3 – representing different cultivated species. The antioxidant potential and phenolic compound profile of these extracts were analyzed. Subsequently, these extracts were integrated into 2% sodium alginate solutions, and the resulting mixtures were cast into 90 mm Petri dishes to form solid biofilms. Our findings reveal that the olive leaf extracts offer protection against UV–VIS radiation. Particularly, OL1 showcased the highest antioxidant capacity among the extracts examined. For the solid biofilms, various physical characteristics such as weight, diameter, density, and thickness were measured, alongside evaluating humidity, solubility in water, and water vapor permeability. The rheological properties of these solutions, influenced by temperature and extract addition, affect the viscosity, flow behavior, and gelation capacity, crucial for coating applications. Our research not only explores the impact of olive leaf extracts and glycerol as a plasticizer on biofilm solutions but also sheds light on increased opacity, reduced light absorption, and altered rheological properties. This endeavor aligns with the ongoing pursuit of sustainable packaging alternatives, emphasizing the crucial role of bioactive compounds in enhancing the functionality and eco-friendliness of biodegradable films.

Flower-like nickel oxide nanostructures: Superior ammonia gas sensing and efficient dye removal behavior under UV–visible light illumination

In this study, we fabricated the NiO nanostructures using a straightforward solvothermal technique. The NiO nanoparticles were characterized using various analytical techniques. The FESEM images clearly show the flower-like structure of NiO nanoparticles. These nanostructures were then employed as a sensor to detect the presence of highly toxic ammonia (NH3) gas. The flower-shaped nanostructures of NiO played a vital role in improving sensing performance. Moreover, the NiO sensor displayed rapid response to 100 ppm ammonia at room temperature, with responses/recovery times of 40 s/44 s. This research holds promise as a viable approach for effectively sensing and detecting NH3 gas. The NiO exhibited excellent photocatalytic activity and degradation rates of 80% and 84.75% for Methyl orange (MO) and methylene blue dye (MB) respectively under UV-visible light irradiation. The NiO nanoflower remains unaffected after recycling MB dye degradation. This effective photocatalytic performance might be due to the formation of flower-like morphology. This underscores the potential of NiO as a promising candidate for applications in environmental and healthcare safety applications.

(Y3+/Sm3+)-doped and co-doped CoFe2O4 for heterogeneous advanced oxidation process: structural, magneto-optical, and photocatalytic investigations.

The photocatalytic properties of CoFe2O4 nanoparticles were activated by the doping and co-doping of a low level of Y3+ and Sm3+ cations. After optimizing the annealing temperature, 900°C was found to be the optimal temperature for the successful incorporation of Y3+ and Sm3+ into the spinel structure. The purity of our samples annealed at 900°C was confirmed using several characterization methods, including PXRD, SEM, XPS, VSM, FTIR, and Raman spectroscopy. Thus, we were able to increase the photocatalytic degradation of orange G dye from 9.9 to 64.63% for the Sm3+-doped sample, 76.42% for the Y3+-doped sample, and even 85.81% for the co-doped sample under 60min of UV-visible light irradiation. The beneficial effect of samarium and yttrium doping and co-doping is attributed to several factors: the first factor is doped and co-doped rare earth impurities induce distortion in the lattice, the larger the ionic radii of dopant element, the highest is the photocatalytic activity; second factor, upon doping and co-doping of rare earth impurities in the structure of CoFe2O4 leads to the creation of donor state level within the band gap, causing the Fermi energy to shift near the conduction band. Third factor, co-doping produced strong interactions, which accelerated photocarrier mobility and transport; lastly, longer electron-holes lifetime. We have provided a detailed study of the structural, vibrational, and optical properties to support our conclusions.

CuOx supported LaCoO3 perovskite for the photoassisted reverse water gas shift reaction at low temperature

CuOx/LaCoO3 systems have been studied for the rWGS reaction under thermal assisted photocatalytic conditions within low temperature range of 180–330 ºC. CuOx species deposited from chemical reduction method over LaCoO3 homogeneously covered the perovskite surface. The reduction pretreatment before reaction leads to the partial Co reduction and the complete reduction of Cu. A significant improvement on CO production has been attained upon Cu incorporation. In addition, upon UV–vis irradiation the CO production is also enhanced. Best results have been obtained for 5 wt% Cu. The highest synergistic effect was observed for the lowest temperature, for which catalytic contribution is negligible. Thus, a good compromise is attained at 300 ºC for which a CO production of 5.45 mmol/h·g and 92 % selectivity, showing a good synergistic effect between thermo and thermo-photocatalytic activity.

Synergistically enhanced photocatalytic properties of Co3O4-G/GO nanocomposites: unravelling their interactions and charge-transfer dynamics using XAS.

Metal oxide composites with graphene/graphene oxide have increasingly gained popularity in enhancing the photocatalytic degradation of several existing harmful dyes. Moreover, identifying the role of carbon networks and their interactions in composite formation would assist in the design and development of photocatalysts. In the present study, we investigated the role of carbon networks in improving photocatalytic properties. Electronic structure analysis of cobalt oxide-graphene (C2)/graphene oxide (C3) nanocomposites using XAS suggested possible charge transfer from cobalt oxide nanoparticles to the carbon network during composite formation. The photocatalytic degradation of C3 towards phenol dye (1×10-3M) was >50% and improved the degradation rate with k = 0.231 h-1.In the quest to understand the mechanism unfolding on its surface, in situ XAS under UV-visible irradiation was performed, which shed light on delayed excitonic recombination in the synthesized nanocomposites. This enabled hydroxy radicals (˙OH) to play a preeminent role in the cleavage of the phenol ring and its intermediaries. Based on these observations, a detailed mechanism for charge transfer occurring during nanocomposite formation and the mechanism involved in the enhanced photocatalytic activity of the nanocomposite photocatalyst towards phenol degradation under the influence of UV-visible irradiation are discussed.

Modulating photocatalytic activity of nitrogen doped TiO2 nanoparticles via magnetic field

The effect of the magnetic field on the photocatalytic activity of TiO2-based nanoparticles is analyzed using a magnetically-assisted photoreactor with permanent magnets to generate a controlled uniform magnetic field, B (≈ 82 mT). Nitrogen doped TiO2 nanoparticles (sizes around 10 nm) were synthesized through a solvothermal method employing Ti(IV) butoxide and HNO3 (x = 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 mL) as precursors and their structural, optical and magnetic properties were analyzed. Specifically, nitrogen doping is confirmed through Hard X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (HAXPES) in those samples synthesized with low HNO3 concentrations (x = 0.5, 1). The correlation between spin polarization (magnetic susceptibility) and visible photocatalytic activity (methyl orange as a model organic pollutant) is particularly analyzed. Surprisingly, opposite effects of the magnetic field on the photocatalytic performance are found in the visible range (above 400 nm) or under UV-Vis irradiation (decrease and increase in the photocatalytic activity, respectively, under magnetic field). The Langmuir-Hinshelwood model allows us to conclude that the strong decrease in adsorption under the magnetic field (around 42 % for x = 0.5) masks the increase in the kinetic constant (close to 58 % for x = 0.5) related mainly to the effect of Lorentz forces on the reduction of the electron-hole recombination.

Exploring the effect of Hf (IV) doping in spinel ferrite CoHfxFe2-xO4 on magnetic properties, electrochemical impedance, and photocatalytic activity: In-depth structural study

In this study, CoHfxFe(2−x)O4 nanoparticles (x = 0.0, 0.04, 0.08, and 0.12) were synthesized using the co-precipitation method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed a pure spinel phase for the x = 0.04 sample, validated by Rietveld refinement, with crystallite sizes between 39 and 59 nm. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirmed the formation of the spinel structure and the proper valence states of the elements. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) verified the morphology and homogeneity of the samples. Magnetic property analysis revealed reduced saturation magnetization with increased Hf content. Impedance spectroscopy showed enhanced electrical resistivity with Hf incorporation. Photocatalytic tests demonstrated that doping improves the degradation efficiency of Orange G dye under UV-Vis irradiation, achieving yields between 9 % and 35 % after 60 min.

Coupling photocatalytic CO2 reduction and CH3OH oxidation for selective dimethoxymethane production

Currently, conventional dimethoxymethane synthesis methods are environmentally unfriendly. Here, we report a photo-redox catalysis system to generate dimethoxymethane using a silver and tungsten co-modified blue titanium dioxide catalyst (Ag.W-BTO) by coupling CO2 reduction and CH3OH oxidation under mild conditions. The Ag.W-BTO structure and its electron and hole transfer are comprehensively investigated by combining advanced characterizations and theoretical studies. Strikingly, Ag.W-BTO achieve a record photocatalytic activity of 5702.49 µmol g−1 with 92.08% dimethoxymethane selectivity in 9 h of ultraviolet-visible irradiation without sacrificial agents. Systematic isotope labeling experiments, in-situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier-transform analysis, and theoretical calculations reveal that the Ag and W species respectively catalyze CO2 conversion to *CH2O and CH3OH oxidation to *CH3O. Subsequently, an asymmetric carbon-oxygen coupling process between these two crucial intermediates produces dimethoxymethane. This work presents a CO2 photocatalytic reduction system for multi-carbon production to meet the objectives of sustainable economic development and carbon neutrality.

Photo-assisted selective oxidation of monoterpenes by a covalently supported dioxo-molybdenum complex on TiO2: Effect of electron donor ligands

High-valent dioxo-Mo species have demonstrated the ability to catalyze industrially interesting alkene-to-epoxide transformations via oxygen atom transfer (OAT) reactions. The impact of electron donor ligands of dioxo-molybdenum complexes [MoO2Ln] covalently supported on TiO2 nanotubes (MoO2Ln/TiO2NT) on OAT to α-pinene, β-pinene, (R)-limonene and camphene has been investigated through the use of UV–vis radiation and molecular oxygen. Molybdenum complexes with electron donor ligands, such as bipyridine, bispyrazole, and terpyridine, exhibited high conversion and selectivity towards epoxide formation. This suggests that electron donation enhances the efficiency of photostimulated OAT. The photonic efficiency (ξ) demonstrates a linear correlation between the ligand structure and the OAT activity, indicating that the electron donation of the ligands enhances electron mobility towards the Mo=O bond. This correlation is evident in the position of the IR and Raman νsym(O=Mo=O) and vasym(O=Mo=O) vibrations of the complex Mo.

Photocatalytic activities of the ZnO:CuO nanocomposites synthesized by microwave-assisted hydrothermal under UV-Vis irradiation

The ZnO:CuO nanocomposite photocatalytic activity was experimentally and numerically investigated. This nanocomposite exhibits stability and durability during photodegradation. The nanocomposite with a ZnO/CuO ratio of 2.0 synthesized by microwave-assisted hydrothermal at 70 °C in 10 minutes exhibits a photocurrent density of over 1.0 mA.cm−2 for the ZnO layer and an optimal degradation efficiency of 86.4 %. The photocatalytic efficacy of the ZnO:CuO nanocomposite depends on the current generated by ZnO rather than the total density of photo-induced current. This nanocomposite can be a promising photocatalyst because of its enhanced light absorption and effective suppression of photogenerated electron-hole pair recombination.

A Comparative Study of Encapsulation of β-Carotene via Spray-Drying and Freeze-Drying Techniques Using Pullulan and Whey Protein Isolate as Wall Material.

The encapsulation of β-carotene was investigated using pullulan and whey protein isolate (WPI) as a composite matrix at a weight ratio of 20:80, employing both spray-drying and freeze-drying techniques. The influence of processing parameters such as the concentration of wall material, flow rate, and inlet temperature for SP encapsulants, as well as wall-material concentration for FZ encapsulants, was examined in terms of encapsulation efficiency (EE). The morphology, structural characterization, moisture sorption isotherms, and thermal properties of the resulting encapsulants at optimum conditions were determined. Their stability was investigated under various levels of water activity, temperature conditions, and exposure to UV-Vis irradiation. β-carotene was efficiently encapsulated within SP and FZ structures, resulting in EE of approximately 85% and 70%, respectively. The degradation kinetics of β-carotene in both structures followed a first-order reaction model, with the highest rate constants (0.0128 day-1 for SP and 0.165 day-1 for FZ) occurring at an intermediate water-activity level (aw = 0.53) across all storage temperatures. The photostability tests showed that SP encapsulants extended β-carotene's half-life to 336.02 h, compared with 102.44 h for FZ encapsulants, under UV-Vis irradiation. These findings highlight the potential of SP encapsulants for applications in functional foods, pharmaceuticals, and carotenoid supplements.

Conformational Analysis of Trifluoroacetyl Triflate, CF3C(O)OSO2CF3: Experimental Vibrational and DFT Investigation

The conformations of trifluoroacetyl triflate, CF3C(O)OSO2CF3, were investigated through experimental vibrational methods (gas-phase FTIR, liquid-phase Raman, and Ar matrix FTIR spectroscopy) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. A potential energy surface was computed using the B3P86/6-31+g(d) approximation as a function of the dihedral angles τ1 = CC−OS and τ2 = CO−SC. The surface reveals three minima, which were further optimized using the B3LYP method with various basis sets (6-31++G(d), 6-311++G(d), tzvp, and cc-pvtz). The global minimum corresponds to a syn–anti conformer (the C=O double-bound syn with respect the O−S single bond and the C−O single bond anti with respect to S−C single bond). The other two minima represent enantiomeric syn–gauche forms. The Ar matrix FTIR spectrum exhibited clear evidence of the presence of two conformers. Furthermore, the randomization process observed following broadband UV–visible irradiation facilitated the identification of the IR absorption of each conformer. Based on the Ar matrix FTIR experiments, the vapour phase of trifluoroacetyl triflate at room temperature was composed of approximately 60–70% of the syn–anti conformer and 30–40% of the syn–gauche form.