UV Process Research Articles

The Characterization of Natural Resins and a Study of Their Degradation in Interactions with Zinc Oxide Pigment

In the last few years, the role of science in Cultural Heritage has assumed greater significance since diagnostics have become essential for the characterization of artworks. The development of conservation strategies involves growing the study of artworks and the knowledge of the materials used against the degradation plaguing the painted surfaces. This work focuses on the investigation of the degradation processes involving paintings on canvas, in particular delamination and progressive deterioration of the painted surfaces. The main causes of the degradation are attributable to the formation of metal soaps, which originate from the interaction between binders and pigments; as a result, the process leads to the progressive fracturing of the paint film. Using various characterization techniques allowed us to acquire information on the structural and morphological properties of the binder resins and study the binder/pigment interaction during the degradation process to understand the quantity and quality of the acid sites present in the binders and, consequently, the potential reactivity with the cationic part of the pigments. The binders were also analyzed within paint layers in contact with zinc oxide to study the interactions and the possible formation of new species as metal soaps and metal oxalates that can modify the boundary among the painting layers and, consequently, the appearance of the artwork and its artistic value. Modifications after UV and thermal aging processes were observed using Infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. Zinc soap formation was observed after 7 h of a UV aging process and was correlated to the acidity of the resins.

Decolorization of Acid Red 337 dye with hydroxyl and sulfate radical based advanced oxidation processes using different iron Catalyst: An experimental and statistical Investigation

The removal efficiencies of Acid Red 337 dye were investigated by combining advanced oxidation processes based on OH and SO4− radicals. The photocatalytic oxidation processes were carried out at the natural pH (5.4) and acidic pH (3.0) values of the dye solution. In the experiments, iron (II) sulfate (Fe2+) and potassium ferrioxalate (FeOx) were used as catalysts, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and peroxymonosulfate (PMS) were used as oxidants to compare dye removal efficiency and to determine the optimum doses. This comparison provided the opportunity to identify suitable catalysts and oxidants for dye removal. Furthermore, time-based comparisons were conducted from 2 to 10 min using the optimum catalyst doses. It was obtained that PMS was more effective as an oxidant in the presence of both iron catalysts for colour removal. The colour removal efficiency of 98.2 % was achieved in the PMS/Fe2+/UV process with doses of 1 mM PMS and 0.1 mM Fe2+ at pH 5.4 and an irradiation time of 10 min. In experiments using light-sensitive ferrioxalate (FeOx), colour removal was achieved in the PMS/FeOx/UV process with an efficiency of 97.8 %. Additionally, an artificial neural networks (ANNs) model effectively optimized the oxidation parameters, with predicted values closely matching the experimental data. The ANNs model yielded excellent statistical performance, with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.0317, 0.0223 and coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.9690 and 0.9854 for UV/Fe2+/H2O2-UV/FeOx/H2O2 and UV/Fe2+/PMS-UV/FeOx/PMS oxidation systems respectively.

A comparative study of ferrous and persulfate catalysts for the H2O2/UV oxidation of batik wastewater

The increasing number of batik industries in Indonesia may lead to water pollution due to wastewater containing high levels of organic pollutants. This study evaluated advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) utilising H2O2/UV to decolourise and remove organic contaminants (measured as chemical oxygen demand, COD) from batik wastewater. The study aims to compare the effectiveness of adding ferrous and persulfate as catalysts as catalyst in the H2O2/UV process, specifically evaluating the H2O2/Fe2+/UV and H2O2/S2O82-/UV processes. The results indicated that all treatment methods effectively decolourised and degraded COD in the batik wastewater. COD and colour removal achieved up to 96.51% and 78.70% for H2O2/UV, 97.20% and 83.53% for H2O2/Fe2+/UV, and 97.20% and 83.53% for H2O2/ S2O82-/UV, processes, respectively. Additionally, the use of persulfate as a catalyst accelerated the oxidation processes, reaching completion in 45 minutes compared to 60 minutes with the other catalyst.

P‐186: A Novel Liquid Crystal Material for Shortening the UV2 Process of Polymer‐stabilized Vertically Aligned Liquid Crystal Displays

The production of polymer‐stabilized vertically aligned (PSVA) displays requires two UV processes for liquid crystal (LC) alignments. UV1 is usually short for pre‐tilt angle formation, while UV2 takes approximately 90 minutes to consume the remaining reactive monomers (RMs). Therefore, shortening the UV2 process can significantly reduce the power consumption and maintenance costs of UV lamps during LCD fabrication. Herein, we report a novel LC material consisting of fast‐reaction RMs. With the addition of fast‐reaction RMs, the UV2 process can be dramatically decreased from 90 min to 20 min. Furthermore, the reduction of the UV2 process shows competitive optical properties, reliabilities and pre‐tilt angle stabilities compared with the reference. Overall, new fast‐reaction LC materials are beneficial to energy saving and the cost competitiveness of the company.

The Performance Analysis of a Novel Sterilizable Trombe Wall Based on the Combined Effect of Heat and UV Light

A Trombe wall is a widely applied heating system that has a single function. An interesting thing is that both the solar heat and UV light received by a Trombe wall have an air sterilization effect. Here, the air sterilization and thermal performances of a Trombe wall in different cities were investigated based on an established heat and mass transfer model. The main results were as follows: (1) UV dose accumulation and high temperature were the most important factors that affect the UV and thermal sterilization performance, respectively. The Trombe wall had the thermal characteristics of high accumulation of UV doses in the morning and afternoon and a high temperature level at noon, which was a good match with the UV and thermal sterilization process. (2) A typical sterilization process in a Trombe wall was divided into three areas: the UV inactivation area, UV and thermal inactivation area and UV inactivation area. (3) The weather conditions played an important role in the sterilization performance. UV sterilization was dominant in cloudy weather, and thermal sterilization was dominant in sunny weather. (4) In Nanjing, Shanghai, Xining and Guangzhou, the average daily clean air volumes in heating months were 39.4, 33.5, 32.2 and 39.8 m3/m2, respectively. (5) When the wall height increased from 1.5 m to 3.5 m, the average daily clean air volume in heating months increased from 31.7 to 43.6 m3/m2.

Techno-economic comparison of two hydroxyl and sulfate radicals based advanced oxidation process for enhancing biodegradability of pulp and paper mill wastewater

The aim of this study is to provide an Advanced Oxidation Process (AOP) based solution to enhance biological treatment efficiency by improving biodegradability of wastewater. Photo-Fenton and Peroxydisulfate (PDS)/UV processes were selected in this study as a representative of hydroxyl and sulfate radical based AOPs. A central composition design (CCD) employed to optimize operational cost and BOD/COD ratio to determine optimal conditions for enhancing wastewater treatment efficiency. The study achieved a maximum COD removal of 71.5 % and increased wastewater biodegradability. Optimal conditions for Photo-Fenton process were DOD (H2O2) 0.28, [Fe2+] 106.26 mg/L, and pH 2.32, costing 2.27 USD per 1 kg COD removed. For PDS/UV process, 75.5 % COD removal was achieved at a cost of 10.6 USD/1 kg removed COD. The PDS/UV process had higher COD removal than Photo-Fenton but did not improve wastewater biodegradability. Optimal conditions were DOD (PDS) 0.19, pH 6.68, costing 10.6 USD/1 kg COD removed.

Degradation of chloroquine phosphate during UV/H2O2 process: Performance, kinetics, and degradation pathways

Residues of chloroquine phosphate (CQP) in the aquatic environment pose a potential hazard to aquatic organisms and human health. Herein, the degradation kinetics and pathways of CQP during ultraviolet/hydrogen peroxide (UV/H2O2) process were investigated. Results demonstrated that UV/H2O2 process exhibited the highest performance for CQP degradation compared to the single UV or H2O2 process. The second-order rate constants of CQP with hydroxyl radicals were determined as 8.9×109–1.2×1010 M–1 s–1 at pH 4.8–10.8. With the increase of H2O2 dosage from 0.2 to 3.0 mM, the degradation rate constant of CQP firstly improved from 0.0164 to 0.1267 min–1 and then slightly reduced to 0.1104 min–1 at 6.0 mM. The degradation efficiency of CQP by UV/H2O2 was significantly promoted at pH 4.8. Cl– and HCO3– showed the unobvious effects on the CQP degradation. Meanwhile, a kinetic model was established to simulate the evolution of CQP and various reactive species during UV/H2O2 process. The trend of predicted values of CQP degradation obtained from model simulation were well compared with experimental values. According to the identified intermediates of CQP degradation, the possible degradation pathways of CQP were proposed, which mainly involved N-deethylation, C–N bond cleavage, hydrogen abstraction, and N-oxidation. The aquatic toxicity of CQP degradation products was reduced relative to CQP, while the developmental and mutagenic toxicities of some intermediates were higher than CQP. Moreover, the economic consumption of UV/H2O2 treatment of CQP was determined under varied H2O2 concentrations. In general, UV/H2O2 process may constitute an effective option for treating CQP-contaminated water.

Degradation of antibiotic sulphamethoxazole by application of modified photo-Fenton processes: kinetics, degradation pathways and toxicity

ABSTRACT Degradation of antibiotic sulphamethoxazole (SMX) was studied by applying modified photo-Fenton reactions (MPF) with the novel choice of using sodium tripolyphosphate (STP) and sodium hexametaphosphate (SHP) complexing agents. STP and SHP have a strong ability as complexing agents because they can sequester and complex with different ions. Process optimisation was performed using Doehlert design at pH = 6. This study presented higher performance for MPF using STP and SHP complexing agents than conventional photo-Fenton and H2O2 + UV process. The best yields were associated with the formation of a smaller number of intermediates with high degradation efficiency and low oxidative stress, environment-friendly and promising processes.

Polyacrylamide degradation in oil field wastewater by UV/H2O2 and UV/PDS: Rapid experimental measurement and model simulation

Ultraviolet-based advanced oxidation processes (UV-AOPs) are effective for degrading refractory pollutants in wastewaters. However, performing rapid efficiency evaluations represents a significant challenge for process selection and optimization in practical application. This study investigated polyacrylamide (PAM) degradation by UV/hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and UV/potassium peroxydisulfate (PDS) in pure water and practical oil field wastewater. Based on a previously developed mini-fluidic photoreaction system that is easy to operate and requires low sample volumes, an experimental setup for rapid evaluation of UV-AOP efficiency was constructed that enabled on-line analyses of viscosity, UV absorbance, and pH via specially fabricated flow cell devices together with off-line analyses of PAM, chemical oxygen demand (COD), and acrylamide (AM). The PAM degradation rate constants (k′PAM) in practical oil field wastewater by UV/H2O2 and UV/PDS were 2.4 and 2.1 m2 einstein−1, respectively, which were much higher than those by sole UV process (0.8 m2 einstein−1). Combing with the analyses of viscosity, UV absorbance (220 nm), pH, COD, and AM concentration, the UV/H2O2 and UV/PDS demonstrated the effectiveness in PAM degradation in oil field wastewater. Additionally, the scavenging capacities of HO• and SO4•− of practical oil field wastewater were determined, and the k′PAM values were predicted by model simulation and verified experimentally. This study provides rapid evaluation methods for UV-AOP efficiencies, which is helpful for selecting and optimizing UV-AOPs for industrial wastewater treatments.

Comparative study of degradation of pharmaceutical and personal care products in wastewater by advanced oxidation processes: Fenton, UV/H2O2, UV/TiO2

AbstractIn conventional wastewater treatment plants, micropollutants mix with the aquatic environment because they cannot be removed entirely due to their nonbiodegradable structure. Advanced oxidation processes can be considered an alternative solution to this problem. In this study, five different pharmaceutical and personal care products, carbamazepine, diclofenac, ibuprofen, paracetamol, and triclosan, which are commonly found in aquatic environments, were selected as target pollutants. The removal of these target pollutants was investigated using advanced oxidation methods such as the Fenton and UV processes (UV, UV/H2O2, and UV/TiO2). The feasibility of processes in terms of cost was investigated. In the study, both initial and final pharmaceutical concentrations were measured using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry to accurately calculate removal efficiency. It has been determined that processes other than the UV process have removal efficiency >99.9%. The UV process showed removal efficiency of 40% for carbamazepine, 90% for diclofenac, 85% for ibuprofen, 86% for paracetamol and 85% for triclosan. Among the processes with high removal efficiency, the Fenton process has been integrated into wastewater treatment plants and has been shown to be the most suitable system in terms of both performance and cost in solving the micropollutant problem.

Degradation of aqueous phenol by combined ultraviolet and electrochemical oxidation treatment

The industrial wastewater containing phenol is characterized by its elevated toxicity, resistance to biodegradation, and pronounced bioaccumulation. Traditional treatment methods frequently fall short in effectively removing phenol. In this study, a UV photoelectrochemical synergistic catalytic oxidation process was employed for the efficient elimination of phenol. The investigation systematically assessed the impact of various factors, including electrolyte type, concentration, current density, and initial pH, on phenol degradation. Furthermore, the degradation products were analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results indicate that the oxidation and degradation of phenol in the UV photoelectrochemical synergistic catalytic system adhere to a first-order kinetic equation. Moreover, the combined UV and electrochemical catalytic degradation process demonstrated a synergistic effect, significantly enhancing the efficiency of phenol degradation. This study aimed to elucidate the mechanism of UV combined electrochemical catalytic degradation of phenol and provide reasonable speculation on the degradation pathway of phenol under UV electrochemical co-catalytic oxidation.

Removal of Antibiotics From Hospital Wastewater Using Hybrid Chemical Purification and Batch Biological Reactor

Background: This study aimed to investigate the performance of tetracycline and amoxicillin antibiotics removal from hospital wastewater using a combination of chemical treatment and Batch biological reactor. Methods: In this study, the effect of PS/Fe2+/UV on tetracycline and amoxicillin removal was investigated. Different parameters including pH, different concentrations of iron, antibiotics and persulfate were investigated for removal efficiency. The remaining concentration of the solution was measured using a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) device. The degree of mineralization of the process was evaluated using the chemical oxygen demand (COD) parameter. Then, the removal of tetracycline, amoxicillin and COD from the pre-treated wastewater in the batch biological reactor was investigated. Results: The results demonstrate that the PS/Fe2+/UV process achieved complete removal of tetracycline and 97.3% removal of amoxicillin under laboratory conditions. In wastewater treatment, the process achieved a 69% reduction in tetracycline and a 67.2% reduction in amoxicillin within a 60-minute reaction time. Also, the amount of mineralization of tetracycline and amoxicillin antibiotics by PS/Fe2+/UV process was evaluated using COD index, which resulted in removal of more than 60% of COD for both antibiotics. Also, the combination of this process and the batch biological reactor succeeded in removing 99% of BOD5 from both antibiotics and 98% of COD from real wastewater, containing 10 mg of tetracycline and amoxicillin. Conclusion: The combined PS/Fe2+/UV process and batch biological reactor is an efficient method. It is effective for removing antibiotics and its mineralization for wastewater treatment containing tetracycline and amoxicillin antibiotics.

High aspect-ratio sub-500 nm UV-PDMS bilayer stamps by means of hybrid thermal-ultraviolet curing for resonant nanopillars fabrication through soft UV-NIL

A novel protocol for the fabrication of bilayer stamps for soft UV-NIL is presented. The patterned layer is composed of a commercially available UV-curable PDMS, while a quartz backplane acts as support layer. The pattern reproduced in the stamp through direct casting comes from a hard template and is composed of nanopillar arrays with 250–300 nm of diameter and 300–400 nm in height. The master template with nanoholes is treated with a self-assembled monolayer before pattern reproduction for improved separation of UV-PDMS layer. The hybrid cross-linking protocol includes a thermal and a UV process, and parameters of the former are investigated for best results. The pattern was reproduced in a resist on a Si sample by means of soft UV-NIL, and the imprinted nanohole arrays show dimensions coherent with the stamp. Finally, its application in the fabrication of resonant nanopillars for sensing purposes is briefly described. This is, to the best of our knowledge, the first time a hybrid thermal-ultraviolet curing of UV-PDMS has been reported and that protruding nanostructures with aspect-ratio higher than 1 in soft UV-NIL stamps have been demonstrated.

Mechanism, kinetics and DBPs formation of UV/NH2Cl process on sulfathiazole removal in aqueous solution

In this paper, UV/NH2Cl process was used to research the degradation of sulfathiazole (STZ) and the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs) after disinfection were detected. UV and NH2Cl process showed a synergistic effect on the removal of STZ. Natural organic matter and CO32− inhibited the STZ degradation, NO3− promoted the degradation of STZ, whereas NH2Cl concentration, HCO3− and Cl− had dual effects on the removal of STZ. The removal of STZ by UV/NH2Cl was slightly influenced by pH. The contribution of reactive chlorine species and reactive nitrogen species to STZ degradation was significantly higher than that of HO·. Possible STZ degradation pathways were presented by analyzing intermediate products. In addition, the pretreatment of UV/NH2Cl significantly reduced the formation of DBPs during NH2Cl or NaClO disinfection. In conclusion, UV/NH2Cl process is an effective water treatment technology and can be well applied for practical purposes.

Fluence (UV dose) distribution assessment of UV-C light at 254 nm on food surfaces using radiochromic film dosimetry integrated with image processing and convolutional neural network (CNN)

Uniform Fluence (UV Dose) distribution on food surfaces is essential for an effective UV process design. In this study, the use of radiochromic films (RCFs) with a computer vision system (CVS) integrating image processing and Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is proposed as an alternative method to assess Fluence distribution of UV-C light at 254 nm on food surfaces. The color difference of RCFs exposed to different UV irradiance and exposure times was correlated with Fluence. The validity of the developed methodology was proved by applying it to the surface of apple fruits of different shapes and sizes. A linear relationship was found between the color difference of RCF and Fluence. The maximum Fluence to be determined using RCFs was ∼60 mJ/cm2. The color of the films after UV irradiation remained stable for up to 15 days in darkness when stored at room and refrigeration temperatures. The results showed that RCF can be used as an alternative UV dosimeter.

Combined ozone, photo, and electrocoagulation technologies-An innovative technique for treatment of distillery industrial wastewater

Electrocoagulation with ozone and photo is a hybrid electrochemical and AOP techniques used to treat wastewater and industrial effluent. In the present study, the effects of combining O3, UV, and EC processes on color removal as well as the related COD removal and EEC from the treatment of DIW were assessed. The results showed that, compared to other hybrid processes like O3/EC, UV/EC, UV/O3, and single processes of EC, O3, and UV, the combined process of O3/UV/EC is significantly more effective for treating DIW in terms of COD removal (98.99%) and complete color removal with a required EEC of 9.7 kWhr m-3. Number of process variables, including reaction time (1 to 5 hr), O3 (0.8 to 4 g L-1), UV (8 to 32 W), current density (0.08 to 0.23 A dm-2), pH (1 to 11), COD (1000 to 6000 mg L-1), inter-electrode distance (0.75 to 3.75 cm), and combination of electrodes were studied to analyze how they affected. The optimum operating circumstances underwent testing and shown outstanding effectiveness in eliminating the COD and determination of EEC from DIW. Overall, it was clear from the results that combined treatment approaches could be more effective in removing the pollutant successfully from DIW.

Microbial inhibition and shelf-life extension of longan (Dimocarpus longan) juice by UV radiation

This study aimed to investigate the effects of UV radiation at different doses (0–149.8 J/cm2) and pasteurization process (72 ± 1 °C, 1 min) on the quality preservation of longan juice. Longan juice was inoculated with Escherichia coli and subjected to UV and pasteurization process. UV-149.8 J/cm2, and pasteurized longan juice samples had higher log reduction values of total microbial (2.80 and 3.63), yeast/mold (4.14 and 4.56), and E. coli (2.76 and 4.13) log CFU/mL, respectively, compared to untreated control and other UV treated samples. The first order kinetic model potentially inhibited total microbial count, yeast/molds and E. coli in UV-149.8 J/cm2 sample. pH, total solids, total acidity, and turbidity showed no difference in UV and pasteurized samples. However, color values were affected in pasteurized sample than the UV treatments. Total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and antioxidant (DPPH and FRAP) values were highest in untreated control, followed by the UV-74.88 J/cm2 than that of UV-149.8 J/cm2 and pasteurized samples. Based on the highest bioactivity, UV-74.88 J/cm2 and pasteurized samples were compared for quality changes during 15 days of storage at 4 °C. The selected UV-74.88 J/cm2 sample had higher TPC, TFC, DPPH, and FRAP values than the pasteurized sample up to 12 days of cold storage. Additionally, total plate count and yeast/mold were lowest in UV-74.88 J/cm2 sample in comparison with untreated control. Color values were stable in UV-74.88 J/cm2 sample, compared to pasteurized sample. Pasteurized longan juice showed no growth of yeast/mold during the entire storage period. Therefore, shelf life of UV-74.88 J/cm2 sample was prolonged to 12 days compared to the control sample that became unacceptable after 6 days during storage at 4 °C. UV treatment of longan juice could be considered a promising non-thermal additive free technology for reducing microbial load, improving quality characteristics, and extending shelf life.

UV and UV+ Water Effects on Mechanical, Thermal and Morphological Properties of Thermoplastic Polyurethane Based Composites

The degradation times of composite materials containing petroleum-based polymer matrix are quite long in nature and it causes environmental pollution. Researchers focus on producing alternative composite materials with organic and/or inorganic fillers to reduce degradation times in nature. In addition, the mechanical and chemical properties of polymer matrix composites are affected by heat, light, moisture and surface compatibility between matrix and filler. In the light of this information, many researchers examine the mechanical, thermal, morphological and similar properties of organic and/or inorganic filler composites by using artificial aging processes using one or more of the water, UV and temperature parameters. In this study, bentonite with surface modification by epoxysilane agent, and bentonite without any surface modification will be added to the thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) polymer matrix, which has two different segments, and will be mixed in a twin screw extruder and it will then be shaped by the injection molding process. Artificial aging processes of the obtained composites will be done under UV and UV+water for 2 and 4 weeks, respectively. The reason for choosing UV and UV+water processes is that UV and water processes have not been applied together at the same time and there is not much knowledge in the literature on this subject. Mechanical, thermal and morphological properties of composites were investigated.

Comparison of inactivation characteristics between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria in water by synergistic UV and chlorine disinfection

Disinfection is essential in water and wastewater treatment process as a guarantee for microbial safety. This study systematically investigated: (i) the inactivation characteristics of bacteria widely existed in water, including Gram-negative bacteria (Escherichiacoli) and Gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis spores), by sequential UV and chlorine disinfection processes (UV–Cl and Cl-UV), simultaneous UV and chlorine disinfection process (UV/Cl); and (ii) the disinfection mechanisms on different bacteria. The combination of UV and chlorine disinfection could inactive bacteria at lower doses, but showed no synergistic effect on E. coli. Contrarily, disinfection results indicated that UV/Cl performed an obvious synergistic effect on highly disinfectant-resistant bacteria (e.g. S. aureus and B. subtilis spores). Specifically, UV/Cl at the UV dose of 9 mJ/cm2 and chlorine dose of 2 mg-Cl/L could inactivate S. aureus completely. Moreover, the effectiveness of UV/Cl on the removal of indigenous bacteria in actual water conditions was also confirmed. In short, the study provides significant theoretical and practical implications for ensuring microbial safety during water treatment and use.

Oxidation of ibuprofen in water by UV/O3 process: Removal, byproducts, and degradation pathways

Owing to the huge consumption of ibuprofen (IBP), its risk of exposure in water is of concern. The UV/O3 process has advantages in IBP degradation compared with the single UV and O3 processes. To promote the utilization of UV/O3, further exploration is necessary. In this study, the degradation mechanisms, byproduct security and cost of the UV/O3 process were investigated. Degradation kinetics showed that adding of UV irradiation into 0.6 mg/L of O3 increased the IBP degradation rate by 10 times, subsequently achieving a superior mineralization result. When the pH values changed (4.0–10.0) or humic acid existed in water, the UV/O3 efficiency was less affected compared with that of O3 process, which mainly attributed to the promotion of HO formation during UV/O3. Eleven byproducts with OH/COOH groups were identified in UV/O3, most of which contained 2–6 carbons. Ozonation produced the same types of byproducts, but the byproducts from UV irradiation were aromatics. Toxicity evaluation indicated that the 4′-(2-Methylpropyl)acetophenone formed in the UV process had stronger bioaccumulation potential than IBP, and some byproducts produced in the O3 and UV/O3 processes were more harmful based on the oral rate LD50 values. Because the byproduct transformations in UV/O3 accomplished within 10 min compared with the 100 min in the separate processes, the UV/O3 technology could better ensure byproduct security. In addition, the cost of UV/O3 was most acceptable among the three technologies under the same IBP degradation target. The UV/O3 technology had the promotion potential in IBP wastewater treatment.