Uttarakhand State Research Articles

Solidago virgaurea L.: Chemical composition, antibacterial, and antileishmanial activity of essential oil from aerial part

Solidago virgaurea L. popularly called Goldenrod is a member of the Asteraceae family. S. virgaurea sample were obtained from Binsar, Almora (Indian state of Uttarakhand). The essential oil from the aerial part was distilled out using steam distillation, and GC and GC-MS were employed for analysis. A total of 27 constituents from aerial part were identified constituting 92.92% of total oil composition. The aerial parts of S. virgaurea were found to contain limonene (25.57%), α-humulene (12.19%), linalool oxide (8.65%), benzyl salicylate (6.40%), 1,4-cineole (6.22%) and humulene epoxide (II) (5.93%). The antibacterial activity of this essential oil was studied using disk diffusion and broth microdilution methods on five human pathogen bacteria and six plant pathogenic bacteria. There was moderate to good antibacterial activity in the oil sample extracted from the entire aerial portion of the plant. We did the antileishmanial activity of essential oils with Leishmania donovani (Dd8) promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes. EO was safer on the J774.A1 macrophages and lethal to promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes at different concentrations (10, 50, and 100 μg/ mL). These findings support the traditional uses of S. virgaurea and suggest its potential as a natural remedy for bacterial infections and leishmaniasis.

Seismic Risk Assessment of Built Environment in the Himalayan Foothill City of Dehradun, Uttarakhand

Himalayan foothill city of Dehradun in Uttarakhand state is located in a tectonically active region and is prone to earthquakes. The growth of Dehradun city is analysed using high resolution remote sensing datasets in the current study, with a focus on its vulnerability to seismic risks for single and double storey structures as the city is predominantly made up of low-rise structures. Analysis shows that 10% of urban expansion has occurred in spectral acceleration zones that are vulnerable to double-storey buildings, while 38% of urban expansion has happened in spectral acceleration zones that are vulnerable to single-storey buildings. The proposed land use as per Dehradun Masterplan 2041 is examined with reference to National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP) for seismic regulating provisions. It is emphasized that the intended land use is incongruous in areas with higher spectral acceleration zones since it comprises structures with higher occupancy and the amenities required during post-earthquake rehabilitation. On the other hand, the open spaces are more appropriate in these locations, which will lessen susceptibility as the influence of seismic forces can be sufficiently attenuated. The present study, thus highlights the significance of including seismic risk information in urban planning processes in order to ensure resilient cities.

An audit of patient radiation doses during interventional cardiology procedures in Uttarakhand, India, and establishment of local diagnostic reference levels.

The objective of this study was to investigate patient radiation doses by a dose audit of three common interventional cardiology (IC) procedures: coronary angiography (CA), percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) and CA-PTCA procedures performed in IC centres in the Uttarakhand state of India, for the establishment of local diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) and the estimation of average effective dose (Eav) for these procedures. For each procedure, the values of kerma-area product (PKA), reference air kerma (Ka,r), fluoroscopy time (FT) and the number of cine images were recorded from 1233 CA, 458 PTCA and 736 CA-PTCA procedures performed over a 12-month period at 13 IC centres of the state. From the recorded dose data, 0.6%, 1.53% and 7.9% patients were identified to have exceeded the PKA trigger level of 500 Gy cm2 for possible skin injury for CA, PTCA and CA-PTCA procedures, respectively. The 3rd quartile of the distribution of the recorded PKA values for each type of procedure was calculated to estimate local DRL values. The estimated values of DRLs and Eav were 37, 153 and 224 Gy cm2, and 6.72, 23.97 and 34.79 mSv for CA, PTCA and CA-PTCA procedures, respectively. For about 77% of the surveyed centres, the recorded patient doses were in agreement with the international standards. The local DRLs proposed in this study may be used to achieve patient dose optimization during IC procedures and the obtained patient dose data may also be archived into national dose database for the establishment of national DRLs.

A Study on the Entrepreneurs’ Perception towards Rig Industries in Namakkal District of Tamilnadu

Purpose: To enhance the Rig Entrepreneurs’ perceptions, identifying the problems & prospects of Rig owners, involvement of the government in promoting Rig Entrepreneurs. Design/Methodology/Approach: The study's main aim is to explore rig entrepreneurs' problems and prospects with particular reference to Namakkal District So; the study is a primarily descriptive one. Both primary and secondary data are used for the study. Findings/Results: The banks' role is very minimum for the undertakings of rig venture. Therefore, the banks should take more initiative to provide loans and other rig entrepreneurs' financial support to undertake the rig business. It would encourage and facilitate many individuals who interested in the rig business to enter into this field. For the reason of many formalities to avail loan from the banks is one of the causes of the significant problem for the poor financial support to the rig entrepreneurs. Outcome: Entrepreneurship has pulled the attention of policymakers in India. A progression of elevated level activities, including startup India, has been dispatched to promote more India entrepreneurs. However, the developing entrepreneurship in a country is a significant job for the policymakers. At the same time, the economists have perceived the strong connection between entrepreneurship and development of the economy throughout history. Originality/Values: The research highlights the problems & prospects of Rig Entrepreneurs in Namakkal District. The government undertaken numerous changes since 1990’s to develop entrepreneurs, Reforms & investments in the rig industry have expanded worldwide. It is also used for the recovery operations in partially collapsed Himalayan highway tunnel in northern India’s Uttarakhand State. Type of paper: Empirical study. Primary data using questionnaires were used from various sources like case study analysis; journals were used for the research work.

Land Subsidence Phenomena in Joshimath Town, Garhwal Himalaya, India: Field Observations and Possible Causes

Astract The town of Joshimath, in the state of Uttarakhand, India, has been witnessing severe ground subsidence problems. Though the land subsidence has been documented since a long time, there were sudden enhanced appearance of cracks on the ground and in houses overnight on 2nd and 3rd of January 2023, in the western segment of the Joshimath town. At the same time, there was high-volume of sediment-laden water discharge inside the Jaypee Colony beginning from 3rd of January 2023. More than 1000 houses and infrastructure were severely damaged during this event. Therefore, it is being of high importance to study the present situation and highlight the possible reasons that make this area vulnerable to land subsidence. With this aim, the present study incorporates different data sources and field observations to provide an overview of the present situation of the Joshimath town.

Probabilistic Assessment of Seismic Hazard for Uttarakhand State of India

Abstract Uttarakhand state of India, being located in the seismically active Himalayan mountain range, is highly prone to seismic hazards. This study presents assessment of seismic hazard of Uttarakhand through probabilistic approach. For conducting this study, a homogenous earthquake catalogue for moment magnitude during the period 1953 - 2020 with magnitude range of 2.0 - 6.9 consisting of 522 events was used. Various geological structures viz. folds, faults and lineament as well as thrust, have been identified in the associated regions. The state was divided into several grid points and the seismic hazard was evaluated for each of the grid points through probabilistic method. Finally, based on the analysis results, bedrock level hazard maps were developed for the state for contingency level earthquake (CLE) and maximum credible earthquake (MCE). The estimated peak ground acceleration (PGA) of the state is in the range of 0.16g-0.52g for CLE and the PGA varies for 0.20g-0.61g for MCE level earthquake. Main Central Thrust (MCT), Sunder Nagar fault and Ropar fault were observed to be more hazardous in the northern region of the state.

Investigation of Peste des petits ruminants virus circulation in Uttarakhand, India: a step towards global eradication of PPR by 2030.

This study was conducted to estimate the seroprevalence of Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) and to determine the virus distribution in unvaccinated goats in the Pantnagar region of Uttarakhand state, India. A total of 212 serum samples from goats were collected randomly from various villages in three districts (Udhamsingh Nagar, Nainital, and Almora) of Uttarakhand. Serum samples were tested for anti-PPRV antibodies by a commercially available kit. RNA was extracted from the clinical samples and it was subjected to one-step RT-PCR, followed by virus isolation from positive samples. A total of 41 animals from various villages were found to be seropositive with a prevalence rate of 19.33%. PPR outbreaks were also reported from the Tarai region of Uttarakhand, and detection by PCR confirmed PPRV in 8 goats. Two representative swab samples were subjected to virus isolation in Vero cells and both samples showed typical cytopathic effects. The present study shows that PPRV is circulating in the Tarai region of Uttarakhand and mass vaccination for PPR must be followed in this region to increase herd immunity to a protective level. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first investigation of PPRV seroprevalence in unvaccinated goats of Uttarakhand, India.

Impact of Natural Disaster on the Tourism Possibilities Case Study of Himachal Pradesh

In both India and globally, all three sectors play pivotal roles in GDP production. The service sector, among them, has exhibited notable growth in recent years. An integral segment within the service and industrial domains is the tourism industry, which has flourished over an extended period, presenting ample opportunities for related sectors. India's economic advancement has significantly benefited from its thriving tourism industry, which attracts a substantial influx of domestic and international travelers for both business and leisure purposes. Beyond contributing to the revenue of towns and nations, tourism fosters local employment opportunities and showcases India's rich heritage sites, festivals, and natural landscapes, all of which are highly esteemed by visitors. For numerous years, natural and human-induced disasters have adversely impacted the nation's tourism sector. People bear the brunt of these calamities, experiencing severe disruptions in their social and economic lives. The states of Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh, known for their vibrant tourism industry, fall within India's disaster-prone zones. A robust economy is vital for the tourism sector, which is relatively susceptible to fluctuations, to flourish. The response of the tourism industry to such disasters underscores its vulnerability to abrupt changes in the local economy. This thesis underscores prior research indicating that both natural and human-induced disasters can detrimentally affect employment within the tourism sector. Focusing predominantly on economic ramifications, the paper delves into disasters occurring over the past two decades, with particular emphasis on the significant impact of the 2023 floods in Himachal Pradesh, which reverberated across northern India. Seniors' exposure, sensitivity, and capacities when combined with potentially dangerous situations might severely impair their ability to function normally. It affects people in a socioeconomic, psychological, and physical way. The Depending on their age group, the disaster's impact could be different in degree.

Molecular marker-assisted genetic diversity analysis in soybean cultivars from Himalayan region of Uttarakhand, India

‘Bhat’ is the soybean variety highly valued in the traditional food and therapeutic system of Uttarakhand state in the Indian Himalayan region. It is available in diverse colors, shapes, and sizes, often linked to their nutritional parameters. The present investigation was conducted to assess the diversity and genetic relatedness in ‘bhat’ genotype indigenous to the Garhwal division of Uttarakhand. 25 polymorphic simple sequence repeats (SSR) markers were used to determine the genetic diversity and varietal identification among the 45 genotypes collected from the different villages of Uttarakhand. Out of the different markers assessed only 13 primers showed amplification with the maximum of 2–4 alleles obtained with each primer with the molecular weight ranging between 80 and 400 kb. The highest band amplification was observed in Satt 257 and Satt 197. The allelic frequencies of amplified primers ranged from 0.5 to 0.833 with a mean value of 0.645 and the mean gene diversity and PIC value was found to be 0.43 and 0.33. Satt 183, Satt 288, and Satt 389 showed the highest polymorphism, while Satt257 and Satt245 exhibited the presence of unique alleles in some samples. The phylogenetic analysis grouped the genotypes into 4 major clusters having visually distinct phenotypes in each group, indicating the mixing of population and loss of authenticity also confirming that phenotypic attributes are not indicative of genetic relatedness among the genotype under study. The results indicate the need for the development of novel ‘bhat’ specific markers for more accurate genetic identification of the nutritionally rich indigenous soybean variety.

The Second Garhwal Expedition of the St. Petersburg Association of Scientists & Scholars (the Western Himalaya, Uttarakhand, India, May 2023)

This paper briefl y describes the interdisciplinary biogeographical expedition to the Garhwal Himalaya, Uttarakhand state (India) in May 2023. It was organized by the Center for Himalayan Research of the St. Petersburg Association of Scientists & Scholars (SPASS) and took place under the fl ag of the Russian Association of Researchers of the Himalaya and Tibet. This was the 7th expedition of SPASS to the Western Himalaya and the 2nd expedition of SPASS to Garhwal. Participants explored the eastern part of this region west of the Nanda Devi mountain from the Indo- Gangetic Plain to the southern foot of the Transhimalaya (Zanskar Range, 4330 m). Observations were made and materials were collected in the fi elds of botany, zoology (entomology, herpetology), hydrobiology and microbiology.

Human-wildlife conflicts (sudden increase in tiger attacks on humans) in adjacent areas of Corbett National Park Ramnagar Uttarakhand, India (from November 2023 to January 2024)

Human-wildlife conflicts become a common problem in Ramnagar tehsil of district Nainital in Uttarakhand state in India. The incidence of tiger attacks has suddenly increased in the villages adjoining Corbett Park, Ramnagar Forest Division and Tarai-West Forest Division during three months of winter (from November 2023 to January 2024). Tiger hunger, unavailability of adequate food (Cheetal/Sambar, etc.), man-eaters tigers, increasing population density of tigers, old age tigers with worn and broken claws, disturbance of their alertness and breeding (by noise of safari, bike and public vehicle), large herds of Cheetal in villages near the forest, foreign tiger in this area, need for tiger territory in buffer area (shrinking territory) etc. are main reasons for tiger attacks in these incidences. Both humans and tigers are affected by these conflicts. After these incidents, the Forest department cut small trees and bushes on both sides of the road from the buffer area (about 20-30 feet) and the road has become clear. With this, the tiger will not be able to hide in the bushes on the roadside and sit in ambush, and tiger attacks will be reduced.

Impacts of urbanization on land use, air quality, and temperature dynamics in Dehradun district of Uttarakhand, India: a comprehensive analysis

The present study investigates the impact of urbanization on land surface temperature and air quality in Dehradun district of the Uttarakhand state in India. We utilized data from LANDSAT, TROPOMI, OMI, MODIS, MOPITT, and CHIRPS, for spatio-temporal and trend analyses along with the assessment of correlation matrix. Our findings revealed a significant increase in the built-up area of Dehradun district in 2023 as compared to 2003. This expansion was particularly prominent in the southern and south-eastern regions of the district. The findings highlight the impact of rapid urban expansion on land use and land cover, leading to a rise in land surface temperature (LST) and the formation of surface urban heat islands (SUHI). Notably, the study reveals distinct spatial and temporal patterns, with lower regions of Dehradun district experiencing higher temperatures and pollutant concentrations due to intensified urbanization. Dehradun city also emerged as a hotspot for nitrogen dioxide within the district. Long-term trends indicate a rise in formaldehyde and nitrogen dioxide, attributed to both urbanization and increasing temperatures, while carbon monoxide levels decrease due to reduced biomass burning and the adoption of cleaner household fuels. Correlation matrix analysis underscores the complex relationships between land use, temperature, and pollutants, with built-up areas exhibiting strong positive correlations with all pollutants. This comprehensive study highlights the importance of sustainable urban planning and management to mitigate the adverse effects of rapid urbanization on air quality and overall environmental health in the Dehradun district.

Exploring the role of quadcopter technology in enhancing healthcare access in remote Himalayan Regions: a case study of Almora, Uttarakhand.

Quadcopters are employed in diverse civil applications, ranging from monitoring airports and disaster management to serving as public address systems for announcing government directives, aiding in infrastructure monitoring for resilience, and facilitating real-time automobile detection, among others. Nevertheless, the utilization of quadcopters and hexacopters for delivering health assistance to remote and intriguing grounds has garnered comparatively less attention and research worldwide. This paper presents the basics of quadcopter machinery in delivering medications and highlights its benefits for concerned patients who previously struggled to access life-saving medications due to challenging road infrastructure. The efficiency of quadcopters in terms of various parameters for delivering crucial medical supplies is significantly pronounced, particularly in the Almora District of Uttarakhand State, where many villages do not have roads to various villages. A comprehensive analysis of the road infrastructure in the mountainous terrain of the Himalayas in India was conducted to understand the situation of individuals who are denied of access to life-saving medications because of the lack of nearby roads. The findings indicate that the widespread use of quad/hexacopters can offer a ray of optimism to people living in distant areas. The quadcopter can provide basic facilities of medicines by dropping them at their doorsteps in the remote places of Almora, not accessed by Uttarakhand, thereby providing hope of living to the people.

Pollen morphology of Acanthoideae species from the Shivalik Foothills in Rajaji National Park (Uttarakhand, India).

Apart from its role in plant taxonomy, the understanding of pollen morphology is considered an essential interdisciplinary tool in diverse applied fields, including plant systematics, melissopalynology, aeropalynology, forensic palynology, paleopalynology, and copropalynology. In palynotaxonomy, it is frequently employed to classify and validate natural groups across a range of hierarchical levels, from higher categories down to the infrageneric level. The subfamily Acanthoideae, within the Acanthaceae family, consists of a diverse group of flowering plants that are distributed globally. The present study attempted a comprehensive analysis of the pollen morphology, employing both light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), for a total of 13 Acanthoideae species from the Shivalik Foothills in Rajaji National Park (located in the northern Indian state of Uttarakhand, Western Himalaya). The findings indicated that the Acanthoideae is characterized by eurypalynous features, and the studied species exhibited pollen grains that were monads, radially symmetrical, and varied in size from small to large. The pollen grains were predominantly tricolporate or heteroaperturate, with porate occurrences being rare. The significant variation in exine sculpturing, including reticulate, coarsely reticulate, and bireticulate patterns, holds substantial taxonomic significance. The detailed presentation encompasses pollen morphological characters described with LM and SEM micrographs, along with a species-level identification key. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: This article provides a thorough analysis of the pollen morphology of Acanthoideae taxa using both light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, covering 13 species across 10 genera and revealing a broad spectrum of pollen characteristics, including size, shape, aperture type, and exine sculpturing. The microscopic investigation of these Acanthoideae species not only enhances our understanding of their pollen morphology but also aids in species identification through the development of a pollen-based key.

Genetic diversity and population structure in natural populations of Toona ciliata in the Uttarakhand state of Himalaya

Genetic diversity and population structure in natural populations of Toona ciliata in the Uttarakhand state of Himalaya

Women Empowerment through Non-Governmental Organization: A Study of Pithoragarh District of Uttarakhand

The aim of this study is to examine the role of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) towards women empowerment in Pithoragarh district of Uttarakhand. The study is carried out to accomplish three objectives. First, to explore the cases of women empowerment through NGOs in context to dairy products, second is to explore the cases of women empowerment through NGOs in context to traditional products, and the last one is to analyse the experience of women after getting associated with the NGOs. The study has used both quantitative and qualitative research with descriptive research design. The study has used survey data collection technique for objective 1 & 2 and conversation data collection technique for objective 3. Convenience sampling method is used in this study. Sample size for objective 1 and 2 is 20 women each from different villages and for objective 3, sample size of 5 women associated with the NGOs is taken. The data collected through survey method was analysed with univariate analysis and the data collected through conversation was analysed through content analysis method. The analysis concluded 11 cases of women empowerment in context to dairy products and 11 cases of women empowerment in context to traditional products. In analysing the experience of women after getting associated with the NGOs, it was observed that with the help of NGO some women were motivating other women to empower themselves and to complete their education and some of the women were able to earn good amount of money. The findings of this study would help other NGOs working in other districts of Uttarakhand and other states of India in designing their training activities in a new way so that those training activities could be more effective in empowering women.

Pediatric Facial Fracture in Garhwal Himalayan Region of Uttarakhand State: A Retrospective Study

ABSTRACT Background: Pediatric facial fractures are fairly uncommon injuries and comprise less than 15% of all facial fractures in the literature. Objectives: To analyze the pattern of pediatric facial fractures and compare the results with similar studies performed in India and the rest of the world Materials and Methods: A total of 231 patients were admitted for the treatment of maxillofacial fractures. Data on etiology, anatomical location, mode of treatment, duration of stay, and X-ray advice were recorded. Results: Pediatric trauma comprised 27% of the total population. The most common cause of injury was road traffic accident (RTA), that is, 28 (43.8%) patients Conclusion: The incidence of pediatric facial trauma is high in the hilly Garhwal–Himalayan region of Uttarakhand state in India as compared to other states of India.

Assessment of groundwater potential and determination of influencing factors using remote sensing and machine learning algorithms: A study of Nainital district of Uttarakhand state, India

Exponential increase in population, rapid urbanization and industrialization have increased the demand of water globally. Groundwater is an important resource in hilly and mountainous regions during dry spells. Thus, identifying prospective groundwater zones is crucial for conserving and managing groundwater. The study makes an attempt to assess groundwater potential in the Nainital district of a hill state in India. Random forest, multi-layer perceptron, M5P and REPTree algorithms were used for preparing groundwater potential maps. Sensitivity analysis was carried out to examine the influence of site-specific parameters on groundwater potential. Each model was evaluated through performance successors and receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) for its effectiveness in groundwater potential assessment. Multi-layer perceptron was found best fit model for groundwater potential assessment. Largest area was found under high to very high groundwater potential zones in the plain area of the district (48 %), followed by very low to low in the hilly area (46 %) and moderate in the transition zone (7 %). Rainfall, lineament density and drainage density were found significant factors for influencing groundwater potential. The methodology adopted in this study has proved effective in groundwater potential assessment. The other geographical regions may find this methodology useful for groundwater management.

Trend of viral load during the first, second, and third wave of COVID-19 in the Indian Himalayan region: an observational study of the Uttarakhand state.

India had faced three waves throughout the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, which had already impacted economic lives and affected the healthcare setting and infrastructure. The widespread impacts have inspired researchers to look for clinical indicators of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection prognosis. Cyclic threshold values have been used to correlate the viral load in COVID-19 patients and for viral transmission. In light of this correlation, a retrospective study was conducted to assess the trend of viral load in clinical and demographic profiles across the three waves. Data of a total of 11,125 COVID-19-positive patients were obtained, which had a Ct value of <35. We stratified Ct values as follows: under 25 (high viral load), 25-30 (moderate viral load), and over 30 (low viral load). We found a significantly high proportion of patients with high viral load during the second wave. A significantly high viral load across the symptomatic and vaccinated populations was found in all three waves, whereas a significantly high viral load across age groups was found only in the first wave. With the widespread availability of real-time PCR and the limited use of genomic surveillance, the Ct value and viral load could be a suitable tool for population-level monitoring and forecasting.

Groundwater Assessment in Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand, India Using Multivariate Statistical Techniques, WQI, and HPI

We conducted a study to assess the variations in groundwater quality and metal pollution and identify the sources in the U S Nagar district of Uttarakhand state of India using multivariate statistical techniques. The two essential indicators of any developed society are Safe drinking water and decontamination. This research aims to undertake drinking water quality analyses of the groundwater and the sources of contamination in Udham Singh Nagar district, Uttarakhand. We produced results of 250 samples collected from hand pumps (Govt. and Private) and artesian wells. We measured 19 parameters which nine physicochemical parameters (pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen, oxidation and reduction potential, salinity, fluoride, chloride, nitrate), 7 Heavy metals (Lead, nickel, chromium, copper, iron, manganese, zinc) along with three metals (potassium, magnesium, sodium). Water quality index, Heavy metal pollution index, PCA (Principal component analysis)/FA (factor analysis), and CA (Cluster analysis) methods were applied. WQI index shows five samples (2 %) comes under the excellent, 211 samples (84.4 %) fall under good quality, and 34 samples (13.6 %) have poor water quality wqi status as per Yadav index. Further, referring to the Ramakrishnaiah index, 216 samples (86.4 %) fall under excellent quality and only 13 samples (13.6 %) come under good water quality. For HPI, as per Indian Standard, nearly 40.4% of samples show a low degree of pollution, 33.2% of samples show a medium degree of pollution, and 26.4% show a High degree of pollution. According to the International HPI standard, 46% of samples show a low degree of pollution, 38% have a medium degree, and 16% show a high-grade degree of pollution. The results of PCA show that groundwater has mainly geogenic (geochemical alteration and weathering of source rock like carbonate, dolomite, quartzite, etc.) followed by anthropogenic sources (agrogenic, domestic sewage and industrial wastes etc.). The results obtained through the PCA are also moderately supported by Cluster analysis. The cations which were over the limit in groundwater samples are presented in chronological order Fe &gt; Pb &gt; Ni &gt; Mg &gt; Mn &gt; Zn &gt; Cu, and significant anions were over the limit F¯ &gt; Cl¯, and the rest was under the limit. The highly heavy metal-contaminated drinking groundwater sample, being used for drinking purpose, is deteriorating and need a proper treatment strategy before domestic water supply.