Utilization Of Urban Underground Space Research Articles

Research on the Driving Factors and Prediction Model of Urban Underground Space Demand in China

The development and utilization of urban underground space (UUS) have emerged as critical strategies to address the challenges posed by urban population growth and land resource depletion. Accurate prediction of UUS demand serves as the cornerstone for scientifically planning underground space and promoting sustainable urban development. In this study, statistical analysis methods were used to investigate the relationship between potential driving factors and UUS demand based on collected data from 16 cities in China. The identification of primary driving factors involves correlation, path, and determination coefficient analyses. Subsequently, univariate regression, multiple linear regression, and LASSO regression methods are employed to construct prediction models for UUS demand. Additionally, the link between historical data and UUS demand in each city was studied separately. The findings reveal that GDP per km2 and GDP per capita comprehensively capture the influence of urban population, economy, and transportation on UUS demand. Notably, GDP per km2 makes the most significant contribution to the proposed regression models, followed by GDP per capita. The application of LASSO regression proves effective in selecting potential factors while maximizing data utilization, presenting itself as a valuable auxiliary tool for UUS planning.

An Integrated Model for Risk Assessment of Urban Road Collapse Based on China Accident Data

With the deepening development and utilization of urban underground space, the risk of urban road collapse is becoming increasingly prominent, which is a serious threat to the safety of life and property. Therefore, the risk assessment of urban road collapse has vital significance for the safety management of cities. The main idea is to predict ongoing accidents by analyzing historical accident cases in depth. This paper explores the combination of Interpretative Structural Modeling (ISM) and Bayesian Networks (BNs) to construct a risk assessment model of road collapse. First, the main risk factors of road collapse and their coupling relationships are identified, which is used to increase the low reliability of complex systems. Then, the risk factors of road collapse are logically divided by ISM to obtain the BN hierarchy. Finally, the BN node probabilities are evaluated by the Expectation–Maximization (EM) algorithm using the collected 92 real road collapse accident cases. The model can be used to quantify the coupling strength and influence degree of each risk factor on the occurrence of road collapse accidents, which in turn can predict the probability of road collapse accidents in a given scenario. This study can provide a theoretical basis for urban safety management and reduce the risk of road collapse and potential loss of life and property, which is important for the sustainable development of societies.

Estimation of the ecological carbon sink potential of using urban underground Space: A case study in Chengdu City, China

Urban carbon sinks from plant photosynthesis in urban blue-green spaces (BGSs) effectively sequester CO2 and achieve carbon neutrality. Building urban facilities underground saves land for the development of urban BGSs. Development and utilization of urban underground space (UUS) is increasing rapidly in most advanced cities globally, many of which are located in China. This study combined the planting design strategy of urban BGS and the vegetation carbon sequestration efficiency estimation method to quantitatively assess the ecological carbon sink potential of the use of UUS. Three types of BGSs: partly open green space (GPO), closed green space (GC), and partly open blue space (BPO), were first constructed based on their practicability in the city, and a planting strategy was designed for urban BGSs accordingly. Secondly, a model for the conversion of UUS development intensity into surface space to achieve ecological carbon sinks under three scenarios of UUS development intensity (low, medium, and high intensity) was constructed. Thirdly, methods for the calculation of carbon sequestration by GPO, GC, and BPO, were established based on the land-use carbon emission model. The developed method was finally validated through a case study in the Tianfu New District Directly Administered Area of Chengdu in Sichuan Province, China. The results of the study in Chengdu show that the higher the intensity of the use of UUS, the greater the proportion of carbon sink contribution to the CO2 emissions of the building industry for the planned population, and a maximum of 7% of carbon emissions absorbed from the building industry for the planned population was achieved. These findings serve as a reference for assessing the use of UUS to achieve urban carbon neutrality in other cities.

Application of Borehole Geophysical Prospecting Method in Pile Foundation Detection of Existing Buildings

It is particularly important to find out the pile foundation of existing buildings for building safety protection and engineering construction safety during the development and utilization of urban underground space. As a non-destructive, efficient and economic method, the borehole geophysical techniques such as magnetic gradient method, ground penetrating radar method and parallel seismic test method are used to detect the pile foundation of existing buildings, which have obvious advantages. According to the combined abnormal characteristics such as "strong magnetic anomaly, electromagnetic wave in-phase axis change and diffraction wave anomaly at the pile end, P-wave velocity variation", the pile foundation length can be judged.

Electrical Resistivity Tomography for Urban Underground Space by COMSOL Multiphysics

The development and utilization of urban underground space are of great significance to urban sustainable development. Geophysical methods have the characteristics of non-destructive detection, and electrical resistivity tomography has an obvious response to underground resistivity structure and can be used in urban underground space exploration. In this paper, COMSOL Multiphysics is used to realize the finite-element simulation of geoelectric models, and electrical resistivity tomography is used to explore resistivity anomalies of karst and fault models in urban underground environments. The results show that electrical resistivity tomography can identify karst and fault distribution effectively, and COMSOL Multiphysics promises to be a powerful tool for exploring urban underground space.

Prediction of back-layering length in subway tunnel with on-fire train running

The exploitation and utilization of urban underground space effectively contribute to the sustainable development of society. Tunnel fire safety is necessary to ensure normal operation. Motion train fire is more serious and complex than stationary fire in tunnels due to the influence of unsteady piston wind. This study investigates the smoke back-layering characteristics of a burning subway train during emergency braking. A three-dimensional unsteady numerical model adopting the dynamic mesh technique is built to investigate the smoke diffusion characteristics of motion train fire. Experimental tests are conducted based on a 60 m-long scaled-down experimental setup to verify the accuracy of the numerical model. On this basis, the dynamic characteristics of smoke back-layering length as the longitudinal wind pressure is less than the critical value are studied, considering the influence of heat release rate (HRR), train speed, and train deceleration. The results indicate that the maximum back-layering length follows the logarithmic law with the variation of longitudinal wind pressure. An empirical model is proposed to predict the maximum back-layering length at various longitudinal wind pressure, and it is helpful to the optimization design of ventilation systems for tunnel motion fire.

Generating Topologically Consistent BIM Models of Utility Tunnels from Point Clouds.

The development and utilization of urban underground space is an important way to solve the "great urban disease". As one of the most important types of urban underground foundations, utility tunnels have become increasingly popular in municipal construction. The investigation of utility tunnels is a general task and three-dimensional laser scanning technology has played a significant role in surveying and data acquisition. However, three-dimensional laser scanning technology suffers from noise and occlusion in narrow congested utility tunnel spaces, and the acquired point clouds are imperfect; hence, errors and redundancies are introduced in the extracted geometric elements. The topology of reconstructed BIM objects cannot be ensured. Therefore, in this study, a hierarchical segmentation method for point clouds and a topology reconstruction method for building information model (BIM) objects in utility tunnels are proposed. The point cloud is segmented into facades, planes, and pipelines hierarchically. An improved mean-shift algorithm is proposed to extract wall line features and a local symmetry-based medial axis extraction algorithm is proposed to extract pipelines from point clouds. A topology reconstruction method that searches for the neighbor information of wall and pipeline centerlines and establishes collinear, perpendicular, and intersecting situations is used to reconstruct a topologically consistent 3D model of a utility tunnel. An experiment on the Guangzhou's Nansha District dataset successfully reconstructed 24 BIM wall objects and 12 pipelines within the utility tunnel, verifying the efficiency of the method.

Causal effect of metro operation on regional resident mobility considering zone-based trip time reliability

The full use of underground space is recognized as a necessary means to improve the accessibility of residents and change the spatial distribution of urban population. The dividends generated by the metro operation will increase as the increases in the number of residents attracted to the zone. However, when the number of residents within the zone exceeds a certain threshold, travel accessibility may be reduced by exceeding the optimal service capacity of the metro, which leads to a decline in the per capita dividend. This paper uses the zone-based trip time reliability (TTR) to represent travel accessibility, and describes the interaction between the zone-based TTR and regional resident mobility. A generalized boosted method based Rubin causal model with longitudinal data was adopted to investigate the impacts of the improvement of zone-based TTR by metro operation on regional resident mobility. Then, an approximate BPR function was established to represent the feedback impact of regional resident mobility on zone-based TTR. Five typical areas considering population, average age, income level and land value are proposed to recognize the resident spatial re-segmentation rule. The results show that the metro operation has a significant impact on the regional resident mobility. And the improvement of zone-based TTR by metro operation is more attractive for resident relocation in Mixed and Stable areas than in Vibrant and Siphonic areas under the similar location distance. This paper intends to indicate the trade-off between zone-based trip time reliability (TTR) and regional resident mobility, and provide a reference for the development and utilization of urban underground space.

Study on emergency evacuation in underground urban complexes.

With progressive urbanization and the development and utilization of urban underground space, underground urban complexes (UUCs) have been increasingly used. UUCs have brought much convenience to people's lives. However, due to their enclosed nature and complexity, it has been an urgent issue to avoid (or reduce) casualties and allow rapid and safe evacuation of people during an emergency. In this study, the evacuation simulation software Pathfinder was used. Based on the steering model, the variation of the total evacuation time and pedestrian flow at main exits with different simulated evacuation measures, congestion at key nodes and people's path selection were compared and analyzed. Then, the critical locations in the spatial layout of UUCs that were prone to evacuation bottleneck effects were focused on and determined. The evacuation effectiveness of UUCs in an emergency was studied to investigate the problems of emergency evacuation in UUCs. It is found that in UUCs, the bottleneck effects were likely to occur at stairway entrances and exits as well as supermarket checkout counters and caused severe congestion. These locations should be focused on during emergency evacuation. For key locations prone to evacuation bottlenecks, increasing the width of exits or setting up auxiliary evacuation channels could be an effective measure to improve evacuation efficiency. In addition, formulating rational evacuation rules can be a favorable measure for emergency evacuation. However, during the evacuation, the herd mentality in people has an uncertain (positive or negative) impact on evacuation effectiveness. Setting up diversion walls may improve evacuation efficiency and reduce congestion to a certain extent, while evacuation confusion and chaos are prone to occur after diversion. These findings in this study have significant implications for improving the emergency management of UUCs.

Does the scarcity of urban space resources make the quality of underground space planning more sustainable? A case study of 40 urban underground space master plans in China

The international community has reached a consensus on promoting the sustainable development of global cities. As an important and irreversible space resource in a city, the development and utilization of urban underground space should follow the principle of sustainability and emphasize scientific and forward-looking planning. At present, most cities have formulated urban underground space master plans. However, due to the lack of an effective evaluation method, the plan quality is uneven, which directly affects the sustainability of underground space development and utilization. This paper proposes a set of sustainability evaluation framework of underground space planning based on relevant planning standards and plan quality evaluation protocol, and makes a comparative analysis of the 40 urban underground space master plans formulated in China from 2004 to 2020. The research found that the planning documents generally reflected the problem of emphasizing design strategies and engineering technology while neglecting implementation and humanistic care; administrative region, population density, land price and other variables closely related to the scarcity of urban space resources are the main factors affecting the quality of urban underground space planning. The conclusions of this paper can aid planners and researchers to identify the problems and influencing factors of underground space planning related to sustainability, and summarize the methods to improve the quality of underground space planning.

Frequency-Bessel Transform Based Microtremor Survey Method and Its Engineering Application.

The development and utilization of urban underground space depend heavily on an understanding of urban geological conditions. The microtremor survey method is essential in urban geological surveys due to its quickness, convenience, non-destructiveness, and interference resistance. Since only the fundamental dispersion curves of Rayleigh waves can be obtained by utilizing the spatial autocorrelation method, the inversion results have multiple solutions. To improve the accuracy of the microtremor survey, this study employed the frequency-Bessel transform to extract the fundamental and higher modes of dispersion information of Rayleigh waves from the microtremor data array and verified the effectiveness of this method by synthesizing theoretical microtremor signals. Additionally, taking into account the order identification challenges brought on by mode jumps or missing modes in the dispersion curve, this study processed a multi-mode dispersion curve based on the newly proposed inversion objective function coupled with a genetic algorithm to obtain a shallow surface S-wave velocity structure. Compared to the traditional inversion objective function, the new function presented in this study could address mode misidentification more effectively and improved the accuracy of inversion calculations. Finally, the applicability and dependability of the frequency-Bessel-transform-based microtremor survey method were evaluated in a practical engineering case.

Deformation monitoring and remote analysis of ultra-deep underground space excavation

The development and utilization of urban underground space is producing many deep foundation pits. On-site monitoring is a key issue to ensure the safety of the foundation excavation, especially the monitoring of the lateral displacement of the structure. The ultra-deep circular foundation excavation project (58.65 m deep, the deepest foundation pit in Shanghai) in the test section of the Suzhou River deep tunnel is one of the most challenging engineering around the world. The distributed optical fiber monitoring technology of Brillouin optical frequency domain analysis (BOFDA) was employed to monitor the lateral displacement of the deep foundation. The monitoring process lasted for 14 months, and a total of 19 times of monitoring was carried out following the progress of the excavation of the foundation pit. This paper introduces the process, methods and precautions of optical fiber monitoring from early installation, equipment debugging to data acquisition, data processing and data analysis. By comparing the fiber monitoring data with the manual monitoring data, the deformation of the deep foundation excavation is analysed. The analysis results not only obtain the deformation law of ultra-deep foundation excavation, but also prove the advantages of optical fiber monitoring in deep foundation excavation. Finally, with the support of the Smart Infrastructure Service System (iS3), the research combines optical fiber monitoring with an information platform. Under the framework of the iS3 platform, an integrated data processing and analysis module for fiber monitoring is developed, and the feasibility of remote real-time collection and analysis of monitoring data is discussed. With the support of the information platform, the monitoring data can be transmitted back to the computer terminal to realize remote monitoring.

Study of Natural Ventilation Potential and Performance for the Undergroun Utility Corridor Using Numerical Method

The utilization of urban underground space is a strategic choice to solve land space shortage, traffic congestion and environmental pollution. The underground corridor serves as both commercial and entertainment spaces. Proper natural ventilation system is believed to combine the advantages of good indoor air environment and high energy efficiency. In the present study, field experiments and numerical simulation are performed to compare the natural ventilation performance in the underground utility corridor under different layout of gates and skylights during the transitional season. The results show that the overall Richardson number is calculated to analyze the dominant driving force of the corridor. Second, it has been found that the arrangement of skylights and asymmetric gates can well promote natural ventilation in the corridor. The air exchange rate of the corridor with asymmetrical outlet is 10% higher than that with symmetrical outlet under the conditions in this study. Third, the wind speed at the openings in the middle of the corridor is higher than that of other openings in the corridor with skylights.

Application of active-source surface waves in urban underground space detection: a case study of Rongcheng County, Hebei, China

Active-source surface wave exploration is advantageous because it has high imaging accuracy, is not affected by high-speed layers and has a low cost. It has unique advantages in the investigation of shallow surface structures. For the development and utilization of urban underground space, there are two important parameters in the shallow surface, namely, shear wave velocity (vs.) and site predominant period, which determine the elevation and aseismic grade of the building design. The traditional method mainly obtains the above two parameters through the testing and measurement of drilling samples. However, this method is extremely expensive and time consuming. Therefore, this paper uses the multichannel surface wave acquisition method to extract the fundamental dispersion curve of the single shot data using the phase shift method and obtains the vs. characteristics in the uppermost 40 m by inversion. According to the vs. profile, the following two conclusions were obtained. First, the study area can be roughly divided into 5 layers, among which the layers 0-8 m, 14-20 m, and 20-30 m are low-velocity layers, corresponding to miscellaneous fill, a water-bearing sand layer and a sand layer. Therefore, the vs. is relatively low, and the layers at 8-14 m and 30-40 m are high-velocity layers that are mainly composed of clay, with a relatively better compactness and relatively high vs. values. In addition, the low-speed anomaly suddenly appears in the high-speed area at 20-40 m. Combining this with geological data suggests that it is an ancient river channel. Second, according to the vs. value, the V_se(equivalent shear wave velocity) was calculated. The construction site soil is classified as Category III, with good engineering geological conditions. In addition, according to vs., we calculate the site predominant period to be 0.56-0.77 s. Therefore, in the overall structural design of foundation engineering, the natural vibration period of the structure should be strictly controlled to avoid the predominant period of the site.

Near-surface velocity inversion from Rayleigh wave dispersion curves based on a differential evolution simulated annealing algorithm

The utilization of urban underground space in a smart city requires an accurate understanding of the underground structure. As an effective technique, Rayleigh wave exploration can accurately obtain information on the subsurface. In particular, Rayleigh wave dispersion curves can be used to determine the near-surface shear-wave velocity structure. This is a typical multiparameter, high-dimensional nonlinear inverse problem because the velocities and thickness of each layer must be inverted simultaneously. Nonlinear methods such as simulated annealing (SA) are commonly used to solve this inverse problem. However, SA controls the iterative process though temperature rather than the error, and the search direction is random; hence, SA always falls into a local optimum when the temperature setting is inaccurate. Specifically, for the inversion of Rayleigh wave dispersion curves, the inversion accuracy will decrease with an increasing number of layers due to the greater number of inversion parameters and large dimension. To solve the above problems, we convert the multiparameter, high-dimensional inverse problem into multiple low-dimensional optimizations to improve the algorithm accuracy by incorporating the principle of block coordinate descent (BCD) into SA. Then, we convert the temperature control conditions in the original SA method into error control conditions. At the same time, we introduce the differential evolution (DE) method to ensure that the iterative error steadily decreases by correcting the iterative error direction in each iteration. Finally, the inversion stability is improved, and the proposed inversion method, the block coordinate descent differential evolution simulated annealing (BCDESA) algorithm, is implemented. The performance of BCDESA is validated by using both synthetic data and field data from western China. The results show that the BCDESA algorithm has stronger global optimization capabilities than SA, and the inversion results have higher stability and accuracy. In addition, synthetic data analysis also shows that BCDESA can avoid the problems of the conventional SA method, which assumes the S-wave velocity structure in advance. The robustness and adaptability of the algorithm are improved, and more accurate shear-wave velocity and thickness information can be extracted from Rayleigh wave dispersion curves. • We convert the high-dimensional inverse problem into multiple low-dimensional optimizations to improve accuracy by using BCD. • We ​use the error as control conditions different from that in SA to avoid the inversion falling into local optima. • We introduce DE to ensure that the iterative error steadily decreases by correcting the iterative error direction.

Deformation monitoring of ultra-deep foundation excavation using distributed fiber optic sensors

The development and utilization of urban underground space is producing a large number of deep foundation pits. On-site monitoring is a key issue to ensure the safety of the foundation excavation, especially the monitoring of the horizontal displacement of the structure. The rapid development of distributed fiber optic sensors technology in recent years could avoid the deficiencies of manual monitoring methods, which can quickly, real-time and continuously monitor the horizontal displacement of deep soils. At the same time, with the support of the information platform, the monitoring data can be transmitted back to the computer terminal to realize remote monitoring. This paper relies on the ultra-deep circular foundation excavation project (58.65m deep, the deepest foundation pit in Shanghai) in the test section of the Suzhou River deep tunnel, and uses the distributed optical fiber monitoring technology of Brillouin optical frequency domain analysis (BOFDA) to monitor the horizontal displacement of the deep foundation. This paper introduces the process, methods and precautions of optical fiber monitoring from early installation, equipment debugging to data acquisition, data processing and data analysis. The analysis results not only obtained the deformation law of ultra-deep foundation excavation, but also proved the advantages of optical fiber monitoring in deep foundation excavation. Finally, the data has been uploaded to the digital platform for remote monitoring in the future.

Numerical study on transient aerodynamic behaviors in a subway tunnel caused by a metro train running between adjacent platforms

Aerodynamic effects, including slipstream, piston wind, drag, and pressure wave, in the tunnel caused by a metro train running between two adjacent platforms were simulated using a metro train model with six cars, an RNG ᴋ–ε turbulence model, and the sliding mesh technology, and they were verified through some full-scale tests and scale model experiments. Theoretical analysis and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) were used to investigate the formation and spatial–temporal distribution characteristics of the wind environment in a tunnel. The effect of uniform speed on the transient aerodynamic behaviors in the tunnel was analyzed. The results show that there are differences in aerodynamic behaviors in a subway tunnel when a train is in the acceleration and deceleration stages. Piston wind is a kind of high-quality wind resource, and it is better to arrange the wind turbines close to the destination platform. Some results can provide theoretical support for the recovery of wind energy resources and the layout of fans in the tunnel. Further, they can increase the development and utilization of urban underground space.

Probing the historic thermal and humid environment in a 2000-year-old ancient underground tomb and enlightenment for cultural heritage protection and preventive conservation

The development and utilization of urban underground space have contributed to more excavation of ancient tombs in recent years. The microclimate in the burial environment is crucial for the sustainability of historical artifacts. In this paper, the variation in thermal and humid conditions during the burial time from the closure of a tomb to excavation was investigated by field testing and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling. The selected object is the famous M1 tomb chamber of the mausoleum Zhang An-shi, which has a 2000-year history. It was found that the average air temperature (T) and relative humidity (RH) of the M1 tomb chamber before excavation were 12.7 °C and 93.0%, respectively. The results of the CFD simulation suggest that the burial time of an ancient tomb consists of a very short variable phase and a long stable phase. The very beginning phase may be as short as 0.3 h. The dramatic changes in temperature and RH were more than 10 °C and 20%, respectively. Consequently, dramatic changes in the thermal and humid environment will trigger the deterioration of historical artifacts. Current findings further suggest that the local annual average temperature is optimal for the conservation of underground artifacts excavated from the soil thermostatic layer. This study paves the way for characterizing the environment of an ancient tomb chamber, as well as museum design, energy savings that support cultural heritage protection and preventive conservation.

An intelligent planning model for the development and utilization of urban underground space with an application to the Luohu District in Shenzhen

Development and utilization of Urban underground space (UUS) is one of the key ways for developing sustainable cities. However, the development and utilization of UUS is currently occurring in a passive manner, lacking proactive and quantitative planning. In this paper, an intelligent planning model was established to guide the future development and utilization of UUS. The proposed model, in which more than twenty factors were considered, is capable of analysing the suitability of UUS development in different regions and at different depths. In addition, an improved artificial intervention genetic algorithm (AIGA) with an additional correlation operator was integrated into the proposed model to achieve the optimal two-dimensional (2D) planning scheme by quantitively analysing the matching of the ground surface and underground space, and the compactness and suitability of underground space. A three-dimensional (3D) planning scheme was obtained by analysing the stratification of the underground space and hierarchical development. The proposed intelligent planning model was, subsequently, applied to the development and utilization of UUS in Luohu District in Shenzhen. An analysis of the geological conditions and the current construction status of the ground surface showed that 69.4% of the underground space is suitable for shallow layer developments, and this proportion further increases to 76% for the sub-shallow, sub-deep and deep layers, indicating that the Luohu District is highly suitable for developing underground space. Furthermore, the derived optimal 2D planning scheme indicated that the suitability component plays a greater important role in the objective values than the matching and compactness components, and more attentions should be paid to the development of municipal facilities in the shallow layer in Luohu District. The derived 3D planning scheme of Luohu District showed the characteristics of an “inverted cone”, where the utilization rate significantly decreases with increasing depth. The findings in this paper provide new insights for the future development and utilization of UUS.

A collaborative approach for urban underground space development toward sustainable development goals: Critical dimensions and future directions

The utilization of urban underground space (UUS) offers an effective solution to urban problems but may also negatively affect urban development. Therefore, UUS development needs better concerted guidelines to coordinate various urban systems and the multiple components of the underground world. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which should be viewed as important yardsticks for UUS development, do not explicitly mention urban underground space, although many of them are affected by both the positive and negative consequences of its development. To fill this gap, this review lays the foundations of relevant UUS concepts and uses exemplary cases to reveal that 11 out of 17 SDGs can be linked with UUS uses. These linkages also manifest that land administration, integrated planning, architectural design, and construction technology are critical dimensions for increasing the contributions of UUS to the realization of SDGs. To achieve multi-disciplinary synergies among these four critical dimensions, a collaborative approach framework based on spatial data infrastructure is required. Thus, this work provides academics and practitioners with a holistic view of sustainable UUS development.