Utilization Of Scientific Knowledge Research Articles

Classification of Scientific Papers based on their Nature and Format

The effective categorization and classification of scientific papers based on their nature and format are vital due to the extensive volume of published scientific literature. This research endeavors to delve into the intricate realm of classifying scientific papers, concentrating on discerning categories such as dissertations, scientific articles, theses, and other pertinent types. By meticulously examining the unique attributes, objectives, and structural elements inherent in each paper type, this study aims to furnish researchers, students, and readers with a comprehensive comprehension of the diverse assortment of scientific papers and their idiosyncratic features. Moreover, this article deliberates upon the significance of accurate classification with regard to proficient literature retrieval, knowledge dissemination, and academic publication. Additionally, it scrutinizes the conceivable challenges and deliberations involved in formulating classification systems for scientific papers, encompassing the dynamic nature of scientific communication and the emergence of alternative formats such as preprints and data papers. By augmenting our grasp of scientific paper classification, this research contributes to the enhancement of accessibility, organization, and utilization of scientific knowledge.

Współtworzenie wiedzy i procesy uczenia się w złożonych systemach społecznych. Przypadek współpracy polskich naukowców z podmiotami spoza uniwersytetu

The article aims to present the results of empirical research and theoretical analyses concerning the transfer, co-creation, and utilization of scientific knowledge by various entities, emerging at the intersection of science and practice. The research was conducted using survey techniques and in-depth interviews among scientists engaged in research collaboration with entities outside the university, and through case studies of two institutions acting as external partners. Among them were the Lublin City Office and the Lublin Culture Workshops, a municipal cultural institution. The work falls within the realm of social research, which directly (Zerubavel 1997) or indirectly (Sange 1990, Douglas 2011) addresses the functioning and adaptation of various social systems (in this case, institutions and organizations) from the perspective of the communicatively mediated cognitive processes occurring within them (Luhmann 2018, Weick 1995, Lenartowicz et al. 2016a, 2016b). In this context, the subject of cognition and the user of knowledge is not an individual human, but a social system/organization with the capacity to observe itself and its environment, to learn, and to anticipate its future (Hecker 2012; Walsh 1995, Luhmann 2018; Seidl 2006, Lant, Shapira 2001). It posits the existence of a kind of supra-individual rationality, which does not require something like a system's unique self-consciousness, akin to human consciousness, but operates on the principle of L. Fleck's thought collectives, which are emergent in nature with respect to individuals (Sady 2020, Luhmann 1990, Fleck 1986). The rationality of such collectives is defined by their belonging to a functional area of society, hence they differ in the case of entities belonging to the science, economy, politics systems, etc. The research focused on situations where, due to the need for knowledge, various organizations collaborate with scientific units. This research succeeded in characterizing the main stages of establishing and implementing such collaboration, and the main requirements associated with them. The study sought to determine the impact of the interaction of different rationalities on the nature of the co-created knowledge and to identify the conditions of its usefulness, both for external entities and for the scientific system. The adopted indicator of the usefulness of knowledge for the scientific system is the publication of results in scientific journals, while for external entities, its impact on the decision-making process, such as changing operational strategies. In this case, the mechanism of translating knowledge into changes in organizational practices was also examined, paying attention to the existing mechanisms of collective learning within the organization.

中華民國時期 兒童公育論의 變化- 아나키즘, 국가주의, 여성문제 -

Reformers and revolutionaries in early twentieth century China advocated for a system of “communal child rearing”(儿童公育) that assigned primary responsibility for child rearing to society and community rather than individual parents. This article discusses the idea of communal child rearing, how it changed over time, and how these debates have reverberated in post-1949 policy debates. Revolutionary anarchists in the 1900s believed communal child rearing could dismantle the hierarchical relationship between parent and child and thus would play a crucial role in their project to overthrow the existing social order and create of a more egalitarian society. In the 1920s, starting from 1919 to be exact, communal child rearing became a focal point of debate for social reform. Those who advocated for the program were radicals who also supported women’s liberation and criticized private property and family as an embodiment of traditional values. Newspaper articles published around and after this time show how their contemporaries understood communal child rearing as a necessary condition for women’s economic independence. However, the debates in the 1910s and 20s differed from those in the 1900s in terms of their utilization of scientific knowledge. Whereas radicals in the 1900s advanced their ideas based on revolutionary idealism, the 1910s and 20s groups (on both sides of the debate) grounded their arguments in the social scientific discourses of early child education and psychology. In the 1930s, nationalists gained more ground and argued for communal child rearing for the sake of the nation. While nationalists’ views on child rearing drastically differed from the anarchists and other radicals of earlier periods, they continued to support the feminist claim that communal child rearing was crucial for women’s economic activities and social participation. The wartime conditions in China from the mid-1930s also contributed to the increase of public child rearing facilities for war orphans. Public child care in wartime China owed much to the desperate material conditions of women and children. These policies prioritizing the needs of working women and children continued after 1949 and served as the basis of institutionalized child care facilities in the early years of the People’s Republic of China.

코로나19에 대한 국가별 대응변화 분석을 통한 미래 방역 정책의 변화

There is no perfect way to compare the incidence rates of different countries during an epidemic. For this reason, all countries in the world cannot take a unified global response to the epidemic, nor can they implement the same quarantine policy at the same time. To change the policy necessary for the transition to the era of coexistence with infectious agents through the appearance of the mutant coronavirus, early detection of infected people, completion of a new tracking and monitoring system considering social activities, change of medical response policies, and utilization of scientific knowledge are necessary. For the prevention of future infectious diseases through changes in the quarantine system, referring to similar overseas cases, it is necessary to establish a policy for a new infectious disease that takes into account the context of the existing quarantine policy, the public's experience with the epidemic, and the capacity of the medical system to replace it in an emergency.

Development of Mechanical Engineering in Knowledge Economy: Search for New Business Model

The purpose of the study is to propose a procedure for choosing a business model of a machine-building enterprise, depending on the degree of utilization of scientific knowledge of the company’s employees in the production. The subject of the article is the search for a new business model based on education and science in order to develop Russian mechanical engineering in the period of the emergence of the knowledge economy. At the same time, mechanical engineering is positioned as a basic branch of the knowledge economy. To select a business model, depending on the degree of use of scientific knowledge at a machine-building enterprise, a system of factors and their indicators is substantiated. The identified factors are related to possible knowledge-based business models. When choosing a business model in mechanical engineering, the most adequate to the development of the knowledge economy is the option with a high degree of utilization of scientific knowledge of workers. Therefore, the management of the system of selected factors should be aimed at the predominant use of indicators that provide this option in the production. Knowledge management is selected as the mechanism for implementing the required business model. Prospects for further research are in the organic combination of business modeling with knowledge management technologies created and applied in the dominance of the humanistic paradigm.

Use and Utility: Exploring the Diversity and Design of Water Models at the Science-Policy Interface

Effort to narrow the gap between the production and use of scientific knowledge for environmental decision-making is gaining traction, yet in practice, supply and demand remains largely unbalanced. A qualitative study based on empirical analysis offers a novel approach to exploring key factors, focussing on seven water models in the context of two organisations at the science-policy interface: the PIREN-Seine in France and the CRC for Water Sensitive Cities in Australia. Tentative linkages drawn from these examples identify: (1) objective and expertise; (2) knowledge and tools; and (3) support structures as main drivers influencing the production of scientific knowledge which, in turn, affect the use and utility of modelling tools. Further insight is gained by highlighting the wide spectrum of uses and utilities existing in practice, suggesting that such ‘boundary organisations’ facilitate interactions and exchanges that give added value to scientific knowledge. Coordinated strategies that integrate inter-, extra-, and intra-boundary activities, framed through collaborative scenario building and the use of interactive modelling platforms, may offer ways to enhance the use and utility of scientific knowledge (and its tools) to better support water resources management, policy and planning decisions, thus promoting a more cohesive relationship between science and policy.

Implications of R.S. Peters’ notion of ‘cognitive perspective’ for science education

This paper discusses R.S. Peters’ notion of ‘cognitive perspective’, which, through careful reading, can be interpreted as a wider perspective resulting from an awareness of the relationships of one’s knowledge and understanding to one’s own life. This interpretation makes cognitive perspective a holistic notion akin to that of worldview, and also points to the possibility for students to experience a change of outlook on the world, as a result of learning science. Given the ongoing debate regarding the notion scientific literacy and the problems associated with it, the development of cognitive perspective can be considered the primary goal of school science education, as it provides an alternative way to think about what it means for a student to be educated in science. Such a goal, in turn, points to the importance of teaching for the (practical and emotional) significance of scientific facts and ideas, as awareness of such significance does not necessarily follow the acquisition of content knowledge and the application of the latter in everyday contexts. The paper also attempts to clarify the notion of utility of scientific knowledge, as an understanding of such notion is crucilal for understanding the implications of the development of cogintive perspective for school science education.

Pharmacist for a Healthy India – Swasth Bharath

India has emerged as a global player for pharmaceuticals. The pharmaceutical revolution of 1970-90 of Indian Pharma Industry had demonstrated that India could be self-sufficient in the manufacture of essential drugs at affordable prices. The turnover of Indian Pharmaceutical is over $30 billion in 2015 including $15 billion in exports. It was a great honor to preside the 67th Indian pharmaceutical congress held in Mysore. The topic of Pharmacists for a Healthy India is close to my heart and being a regulator myself, I feel that the Pharmacy fraternity can play a much larger role in contributing to the healthcare system in India. Pharmacist as such are involved in a big way in the regulation of drugs, be it manufacture, be it sale or research and development. A contribution of the Pharmacists is there at every stage till the drug reaches the consumer safely. For this purpose, the society needs a pool of well qualified and experienced pharmacists, which requires regular updating of their knowledge to keep pace with the developments taking place in the pharmaceutical sector. The advancements in technology and the emerging challenges in the health sector require pharmacists to shoulder the responsibilities towards the utilization of scientific knowledge in the use of modern medicines and the protection of the public against dangers of wrong use of drugs. The Pharmacy Council of India on its part will have to ensure that the courses offered for creating a high technology based are calibrated in such a way that the education and skills developed suit to the requirements of the Pharmaceutical Industry as well as needs to the patients

Knowledge and Innovation in China: Historical Legacies and Emerging Institutions

The purpose of this study is to provide a critical and historically grounded perspective on the institutional fabric for knowledge generation and innovative activities in Chinese society. Utilizing theoretical and methodological insights from social epistemology, it explores legacies of traditional Chinese perceptions of the utility of scientific knowledge, the balance of exploitation/exploration, the prestige of innovation, and the division of labour in knowledge production and application. It is argued that these legacies have continued to shape emerging contemporary institutions of knowledge and innovation. They contribute to tensions between the search for knowledge and requirements of power; they bias innovative activities towards exploitation; and they constrain creative entrepreneurship in the transitional innovation system.

The Public Perception of Science and Technology in a Periphery Society: A Critical Analysis from a Quantitative Perspective

In this article a series of variables referred to the general public's valuations of science and technology are analysed. These valuations refer to different dimensions of science and technology—as a utility of scientific knowledge, their legitimacy, their bond with the cultural matrix of everyday life. The analysis is based on information from a survey carried out in a great urban conglomerate of a little scientific developing country, Argentina. We see that valuation variables discriminate the public according to their positive or negative responses about science, but that there is no evident association between them. We consider one variable in particular dividing the public into those who are ‘trustful’ and those who are ‘cautious’ regarding the advances of science, and we see how it is related to other significations of valuation. The pre-eminence of positions of ambivalence or contradiction in the population's perception regarding this topic is discussed. A factor analysis is presented that comprises these variables and that presents a set of ‘valuation orientations’ towards science as a result. Finally, it is interesting to see how education and the level of understanding of scientific knowledge affect the public's valuation, which questions the basic supposition of the tradition of public understanding studies.

The Use of Self-Directed Learning to Promote Active Citizenship in STS Classes

The purpose of this article is to outline the viability of a student-directed assignment within collegiate-level STS curricula for the improvement of the utilization of scientific knowledge and technology in society. The assignment, christened the Do Something! assignment, is a novel teaching tool that utilizes students’ individual interests to encourage in-depth learning across disciplines and capitalizes on their personal skills and talents to solve real-world problems. The Do Something! assignment has been utilized in two STS courses at The Pennsylvania State University (STS 100: The Ascent of Humanity and STS 200: Critical Issues in STS). The structure of this assignment allowed students to make small but concrete contributions toward a sustainable future by applying STS principles. Outcomes indicated that (a) students had an overwhelming positive attitude toward the assignment; (b) students developed an in-depth understanding of STS issues outside of their individual fields of study; (c) students perceived a high level of attainment, which resulted in personal fulfillment; and (d) this positive perception encouraged students to attempt similar socially beneficial actions outside of the classroom.

Feminist Pedagogy, Interdisciplinary Praxis, and Science Education

As a theoretical and methodological practice, feminist pedagogy embraces a commitment to incorporating the voices and experiences of marginalized students into the academic discourse as well as educating all students for social justice and social change (Kenway and Modra; Maher; Rosser; Shrewsbury). At its core, feminist pedagogy is a commitment not only to the development of cooperative, multicultural, and interdisciplinary knowledge that makes learning inviting and meaningful to a diverse population but also to the development of a critical consciousness empowered to apply learning to social action and social transformation. Although the theory and practice of feminist pedagogy is an increasingly familiar concept to women's studies educators around the country, few science educators have yet to acknowledge its potential to transform the traditional conceptualizations of scientific thought that fail to investigate the role of culture in the production, dissemination, and utilization of scientific knowledge (Bleir; Harding, Forum; Shulman). This article focuses on our vision of how social, scientific, and feminist inquiry and teaching can be drawn together to create a new vision of science education. What follows reflects our experience as two feminist educators teaching a unique interdisciplinary course, Earth Systems: A Feminist Approach. Earth Systems infuses geological education with the insights of sociological inquiry and feminist pedagogy and was offered in Spring 1995 for credit through the departments of geology, sociology, and women's studies at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas. Seventeen white undergraduate students (fourteen females and three males), ranging from sophomore to senior level, enrolled for and completed the course. Twelve students were social science or humanities majors; three students were women's studies majors; two students were natural science majors. In addition, we granted permission to one female graduate student from the environmental studies program to enroll in the course. She received

The implementation of health promotion: A new structural perspective

Although health promotion has become a critical concept in public health, both research and practical projects in this area are almost devoid of theory. The present article uses a theory of complexity and structure to organize the different elements of health promotion in a new perspective. This perspective involves (1) new ways for looking at patterns of behavioral risk factors and health-related lifestyles. It (2) relates health promotion to policy making. In particular, it (3) focuses on a comprehensive model of the implementation process, revealing the true interrelationship of relevant elements to the concept of health promotion. In this context, it (4) becomes obvious that the reflexivity and recursiveness of scientific analyses are an integral part of the structure of health promotion. Thus, the professional role of the social scientist with regards to the implementation and utilization of scientific knowledge in the field of public health policy will be discussed. Finally, the role of appropriate theory is emphasized as a strategy for improving the practice of health promotion and to further the development of a new public health.

Science on the periphery: Can it contribute to mainstream science?

Science is a global phenomenon that knows no frontiers. But in the real world, production and efficient utilization of scientific knowledge are highly concentrated in a few countries. A large majority of countries—those on the periphery, contribute precious little to the growth of scientific knowledge. Indeed, the distribution of science is even more skewed than is the distribution of wealth among nations. As a result, peripheral countries are left out of the intellectual discourse that is at the very foundation of the knowledge enterprise. The extent of this skewness and the relative neglect of the perihpery can be seen in some quantitative form from publication and citation data. However, while it may be true that mainstream science has not greatly benefitted from the efforts of the periphery, scientifically advanced societies are certainly benefitting from the traditional medical and agricultural knowledge base of the peripheral societies. Countless numbers of plants used in the traditional medical systems of India, China, Africa and Latin America are being drafted into the western system of medicine. A number of multinationals are learning from folk medicine and are gathering tons of plant material from these regions for the manufacture of modern medicine.

A State Scholarship: The Political Geography of French International Science during the Nineteenth Century

The social, cultural and political power of the modem nation state is influenced, perhaps even determined, by the degree to which it controls the production and utilization of scientific knowledge. In France, the state has traditionally exerted an extremely important influence on the activities of scientists, scholar and academics. Building on recent innovative research on the history of geography and on research into the role of state patronage in the history of other sciences, this essay considers how a powerful, centralized state was able to influence the nature and geographical structure of French international science during the nineteenth century. Based on a rich archive from the Ministre de l'Instruction Publique, the essay indicates how political upheavals, and resulting shifts in official policy towards different parts of the world and towards different forms of scholarly endeavour, had a discernible though complex impact on the process of cultural and intellectual inquiry in France and on the production of knowledge itself.

Policy Analysis and Utilization Process: The Interplay between Sport Policy and Applied Sociology of Sport

The purpose of this paper is to outline a case study approach that deals with a central problem of applied sociology of sport, i.e. how to relate the different worlds of science and practice (in this case: sport policy) to one another. In the first part, the conceptual perspectives of the case study are presented. These perspectives emphasize a specific understanding of objectivity. First of all, policy analysis has to deal adequately with the structural patterns and rules of the "policy game". This means that phenomena like the bounded rationality and the incrementalism of policymaking or the conceptual utilization of scientific knowledge by policymakers have to be observed. Typical strategic orientations and networks of different actors in the field of public policy as well as potential roles of applied social scientists have to be analyzed according to the rules of the policy-game. With regard to the scientists, however, their close relationship to the rules of the "scientific game" must not be neglected. In this context a pragmatic orientation of applied social science is best suited to integrate the different scientific and professional interests.

The process of change in intensive care nursing

Change is an irrevocable fact of life in modern society and staff in intensive care units (ICUs) are frequently subjected to its influence (Figs 1 & 2). Peoples’ expectations and demands for health care, fluctuating resources and new management structures in the National Health Service all act as external forces for change in intensive care units. Advances in knowledge in medicine, nursing and technology also place new professional practice demands on intensive care nurses. Historically they have initiated change in a positive way as new ICUs developed in Britain and new practices in critical care were pioneered. However, actively initiating change rather than simply being reactive when change is thrust upon them is not an easy task for unit sisters and nurses. It therefore may be helpful in this article to focus on models of change, reasons why people may resist change and to discuss some concepts in the management of change. Change and innovation need to be defined for clarity of communication. Bennis and Benne (1969) defined planned change as: ‘A conscious, deliberate and collaborative effort to improve the operations of a system through the utilization of scientific knowledge.’ Planned change is seen by Douglas and Bevis ( 197 1 j as a process of leadership and accountability. They stated that, ‘it is a method of the organisational structure and management and a means of adaptation and problem solving.’ If a nurse aims to achieve successful change she must

Information Science in the Education of Social Work Students

Abstract Information science stands as a bridge between the practitioner facing clients in a day-to-day world and the mountain of relevant and not-so-relevant information that the social sciences have accumulated. This paper reports one school's attempts to encourage effective utilization of scientific knowledge through experimentation with (1) a computer-based retrieval system, (2) a specialized library of information tools that permits precise retrieval of current materials, and (3) an educational program that stresses the importance of having the best available knowledge as a guide to practice, and provides training in obtaining it.

A comparison between the scientific communication model and the mass communication model: Implications for the transfer and utilization of scientific knowledge: A PSYCHOM '72 paper

A comparison between the models of scientific communication and mass communication is made in terms of the basic components in the communication processes. Differences between the two models are emphasized so that the sources of ineffective communication can be identified. Several suggestions are made to bridge the communication gaps between science, technology, and the public.

Predicting Organizational Effectiveness With a Four-Factor Theory of Leadership

Recent research in the area of leadership seems to point to the existence of four basic dimensions of leadership: support, interaction facilitation, goal emphasis, and work facilitation. Data from a recent study of 40 agencies of one of the leading life insurance companies are used to evaluate the impact of both supervisory and peer leadership upon outcomes of satisfaction and factorial performance measures. Results from the study suggest that this conceptual model is useful and that leadership's relation to organizational outcomes may best be studied when both leadership and effectiveness are multidimensional. Both peer and supervisory leadership measures relate to outcomes. In most instances, the ability to predict is enhanced by taking simultaneous account of certain nonleadership variables. David G. Bowers is program associate at the Center for Research on the Utilization of Scientific Knowledge, The University of Michigan. Stanley E. Seashore is professor of psychology and assistant director of the Institute for Social Research, The University of Michigan.