Utilization Of Rice Husk Research Articles

Utilization of rice husk–sawdust as blending feedstock of small-scale downdraft gasifier

ABSTRACTExperimental work to figure out the effect of tuyer inclination angle on performance of small-scale downdraft gasifier fed by rice husk–sawdust blend was performed. Performance of the gasifier in terms of the temperature profile, fuel consumption rate, composition and heating value of producer gas, and cold gas efficiency (CGE) is evaluated. Air is injected at the location of 330 mm above the grate. Tuyer inclination angles observed are 0°, 30°, and 60°. Meanwhile, ratio of rice husk and sawdust is 1:1 by mass and equivalence ratio for gasification is 0.15 for each tuyer inclination angle. The result indicates that the use of inclined tuyer increases maximum temperature and volume fraction of CO and H2 in producer gas thus enhances higher heating value of producer gas. Maximum CGE of 76.29% is found with the use of horizontal tuyer.

Impact of Alkaline Pretreatment to Enhance Volatile Fatty Acids (VFAs) Production from Rice Husk.

This study explores the use of alkaline pretreatments to improve the hydrolyzation of rice husks to produce volatile fatty acids (VFAs). The study investigated the effects of reagent concentration and pretreatment time on protein, carbohydrates, and dissolved chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) dissolution after the pretreatment. The optimum alkaline pretreatment conditions were 0.30 g NaOH (g VS)−1, with a reaction time of 48 h. The experimental results show that when comparing the total VFA (TVFA) yields from the alkaline-pretreated risk husk with those from the untreated rice husk, over 14 d and 2 d, the maximum value reached 1237.7 and 716.0 mg·L−1 with acetic acid and propionic acid and with acetic acid and butyric acid, respectively. After the alkaline pretreatment, TVFAs increased by 72.9%; VFA accumulation grew over time. The study found that alkaline pretreatment can improve VFA yields from rice husks and transform butyric acid fermentation into propionic acid fermentation. The study results can provide guidelines to support the comprehensive utilization of rice husk and waste treatment.

Thorough utilization of rice husk: metabolite extracts for silver nanocomposite biosynthesis and residues for silica nanomaterials fabrication

Utilizing rice husk extracts and residues to synthesize AgNPs and SiO2 nanomaterials with antioxidant and heavy metal removal capacities.

Fermented rice husk utilization of effective microorganisms-4 supplemented with Piper betle L. performance, meat quality, antioxidant capacity, and meat cholesterol levels of Bali duck

This experiment was conducted to study the effect of the offered effective microorganisms-4 fermented rice husk in diets and piper betle L. supplemented on performance, meat quality, antioxidant capacity, meat cholesterol levels of Bali duck. Research results showed that giving rations contain fermented rice husk and supplemented betle leaf (E treatment) on feed consumption was decreased significantly (P<0.05) with the treatment. Moreover, the offering treatmeat C, D and E can increase of feed antioxidant consumption were significantly different (P<0.05), but with treatment B was decrase of feed antioxidant consumption (P<0.04) than the treatment A. Therefore, the offering treatment C, D, and E can increased of feed digestibility, final body weight, and gain body weight were significntly different (P<0.05), but offering treatment B were not significantly of feed degestibility and final body weight (P>0.05) and cotrasted with offering treatment B can decreased of gain body weight , and on FCR was increased, but with treatment C, D can decrease FCR were significantly (P<0.05) than the treatment A. The giving treatment B, C, D, and E can increase of meat quality with organoleptic methods (P>0.05), but on meat quality with obyrcyive was not significantly different (P>0.05) than the treatment A. The offering treatment B, C, D, and E can be increased antioxidant capacity (P<0.05), but on cholesterol concentration with treatment B, and C were not significantly different (P>0.05), but treatment D and E can decrease of the cholesterol cooncentration (P<0.05) than the treatment A., it could be concluded that giving treatment E gave the best response on performance, meat quality, antioxidant capacity, and meat cholesterol concentration of Bali ducks.

Large-scale preparation of rice-husk-derived mesoporous SiO2@TiO2 as efficient and promising photocatalysts for organic contaminants degradation

Mesoporous SiO2@TiO2 photocatalysts with application prospect for organic contaminants degradation were prepared by utilizing rice husk (RH), an easy-available bioresource, as the biotemplate. Structures and physicochemical properties of RH-derived SiO2@TiO2 photocatalysts were systematically characterized and discussed. Results indicate the RH-derived mesoporous and thermal-stable template, which can postpone the anatase-rutile phase transition of TiO2 at high temperatures, is mainly consisted of tightly compacted amorphous SiO2 nanoparticles. Optimized calcination temperature of 700 °C is positive for preparing the most active RH-derived SiO2@TiO2, which has the anatase phase, mesoporous structure, proper crystalline degree (grain size of 22.75 nm), specific surface area of 41.13 m2/g, and high ability in separating the photogenerated electron-hole pairs, for removal of Rhodamine B (RhB) in aqueous solutions under both the xenon lamp and visible light irradiation. Moreover, large-scale preparation, stable, and recyclable properties of the photocatalysts are also confirmed, which makes them as promising photocatalysts for practical application.

Characteristics of Foamed Concrete Utilizing Rice Husk Ash with Foam Percentage Variation

Foamed concrete is one of lightweight concrete innovations without coarse aggregates by adding foam to concrete mortar mixtures. The concrete was developed as a non-structural element in the building. This research utilizes rice husk ash (RHA) as substitute material for cement. This study determines the effect of foam percentage and the use of rice husk ash (RHA) on foamed concrete's microstructures. The percentage of used foam is 30%, 40%, 50%, and 60%, while the percentage of RHA substitution is 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% on cement. The use of RHA is to show the secondary reaction of cement to make new CSH. Tests conducted in this study include fresh concrete test, compressive strength of 28 days, and SEM test. Fresh concrete test includes slump flow test, and setting time. Research shows that the value of slump flow decreases with increasing percentage of foam and RHA substitution on cement. Percentage foam 30% to concrete volume with RHA 0% shows the maximum slump flow value, that is 63.25 cm. Setting time test results are increasing as the percentage of foam and substitution of RHA increases. The maximum setting time value is on 60% foam to concrete volume with RHA 20%. Percentage foam 30% with RHA 10% showed the maximum compressive strength value of 28 days at 7.77 MPa with density 1,378 kg/m3 and air void/bubble structure with smallest diameter.

การประยุกต์ใช้จีโอพอลิเมอร์จากเถ้าแกลบในคอนกรีตบล็อกชนิดรับน้ำหนัก

การประยุกต์ใช้จีโอพอลิเมอร์จากเถ้าแกลบในคอนกรีตบล็อกชนิดรับน้ำหนัก

The Effect of Utilizing Rice Husk Ash on Some Properties of Concrete - A Review

World environmental pollution is having direct and visible influence of construction industry. Relatively, 10 quintal of CO2emitted by the manufacturing of 10 quintal of ordinary portland cement (OPC), which accounts almost seven percent of the global CO2 emissions. Averagely, ten thousand million cubic meter of concrete is produced yearly. Byproducts like rice husk ash (RHA), fly ash, blast-furnace slag, metakaolin and silica fume will be able to utilize as supplementary cementitious material because of their pozzolanic behavior. Rice husk cannot be used as animal’s feed due to the low nutritional value. Neither can it be discarded as landfill nor by burning because it arise a great environment challenge. By converting rice husk into rice husk ash (RHA), it can be used in concrete as a fractional substitution of cement because of high silica quantity in RHA. In this present paper, the result of some authors with the use RHA as a fractional substitution of cement on the properties of concrete like workability, permeability, compressive and tensile strength are reviewed.

Utilizing Rice Husk for Ceramic and Glass Foams as Matrix and Foaming Agent

Utilizing Rice Husk for Ceramic and Glass Foams as Matrix and Foaming Agent

A full utilization of rice husk to evaluate phytochemical bioactivities and prepare cellulose nanocrystals

Rice husks (RHs) as an agro-waste generated from rice production, while its application is limited. This study was designed to introduce a full utilization of rice husks, which extracted the phytochemical at first and then produced cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) as the use of the residue. Furthermore, the phytochemicals extracted from rice husk was identified and its biological activity, including antioxidant activity, cellular antioxidant activity (CAA) and antiproliferative activity, had been detected as well. Results showed the bound fraction of rice husk had higher antioxidant than common fruit and grain. Free fraction of rice husk deserved to have further analysis in antiproliferative activity due to its low cytotoxicity. The CNCs produced by residue was using delignification process and acid hydrolysis treatments. The chemical composition of the residue obtained after phytochemical extraction was determined. CNCs morphological investigation was performed using an optical microscope and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Our strategy is to achieve a comprehensive utilization of rice husks with both economy and environment benefits.

Utilization of rice husk to enhance calcium oxide-based sorbent prepared from waste cockle shells for cyclic CO2 capture in high-temperature condition.

The CO2 capture capacity and cyclic stability of calcium oxide (CaO) prepared from cockle shells (CS) were enhanced by incorporating rice husk (RH) and binder through wet-mixing method. The cyclic reaction of calcination and carbonation was demonstrated using thermal gravimetric analyzer (TGA) which the calcination was performed in a pure N2 environment at 850°C for 20min and carbonation at 650°C for 30min in 20vol% of CO2 in N2. The analysis using x-ray fluorescence (XRF) identified silica (Si) as the major elements in the sorbents. The RH-added sorbents also contained several types of metal elements such as which was a key factor to minimize the sintering of the sorbent during the cyclic reaction and contributed to higher CO2 capture capacity. The presence of various morphologies also associated with the improvement of the synthesized sorbents performance. The highest initial CO2 capture capacity was exhibited by CS+10%RH sorbent, which was 12% higher than the RH-free sorbent (CS). However, sorbents with the higher RH loading amount such as 40 and 50wt% were preferred to maintain high capture capacity when the sorbents were regenerated and extended to the cyclic reaction. The sorbents also demonstrated the lowest average sorption decay, which suggested the most stable sorbent for cyclic-reaction. Once regenerated, the capture capacity of the RH-added sorbent was further increased by 12% when clay was added into the sorbent. Overall, the metal elements in RH and clay were possibly the key factor that enhances the performance of CaO prepared from CS, particularly for cyclic CO2 capture. Graphical abstract Cyclic calcination and carbonation reaction.

Rancang Bangun Boiler Pemanas Tahu Kapasitas 90 kW Dengan Tungku Gasifikasi Berbahan Bakar Sekam Padi

Boilers that used in the tofu industry in Indramayu are still use firewood as a fuel. The use of firewood as a fuel in boiler is not effective because it affects the destruction of forests as producers of plants (timber) and oxygen in earth. On the other hand there are also many rice husks that mount in the rice mill and has not been utilized by the surrounding community. Therefore, this research is conducted to utilize rice husk as fuel in boiler for cooking tofu with boiler. This research begins by doing a survey in the field of industry to know about the capacity of traditional wood-fired boilers, which capacity is obtained of 90kW capacity. Then the next step is making boiler husk based on the existing calculations to determine the size of the boiler to be made. Data retrieval is carried out until the temperature of the air boils with a tolerance of up to 30 minutes. Based on the results of the test, the rice husk boiler that has a capacity of 98.3 kW, greater than the value of designing that only 90 kW capacity of combustion and able to heat 190 kg of water within 35 minutes, so it can be used as a substitute of firewood boiler.

Analytical method to determine the potential of using rice husk for off grid electricity and heat generation

This work develops an analytical method of determining the captive Combined Heat and Power (CHP) potential of the rice husk produced at the rice mills. Technologies whose commercial efficacy has been established for generating electricity and heat from rice husk were analysed using sets of thermo-chemical and thermodynamics equations to determine their CHP potential for the same amount of input rice husk. Four power plants were considered: boiler steam turbine combination labelled Plant A, gasifier - boiler - s team turbine combination labelled Plant B, gasifier - gas turbine combination labelled Plant C and gasifier - Internal Combustion engine combination labelled Plant D. Results from the analysis shows that 4.85 kg, 6.82 kg, 0.87 kg, and 0.97 kg are required to produce a kilowatt-hour of electricity by plants A, B, C and D respectively; while the heat co - generation potential of the plants A, B, C and D obtained are 10,051.09 MJ/hr, 7,136.24 MJ/hr, 4,182.95 MJ/hr and 6,604.67 MJ/hr respectively. Hence, a gasifier - gas turbine CHP plant is the most viable means of utilizing rice husk for off grid CHP generation while a gasifier - boiler steam turbine CHP plant is the least viable. Keywords : rice husk ash, renewable energy, heat generation, CHP, gasifier - gas turbine CHP

Utilization of Rice Husk for Production of Multifunctional Liquid Smoke

Utilization of Rice Husk for Production of Multifunctional Liquid Smoke

Utilization of rice husks in a water-permeable material for passive evaporative cooling

This research aims to use the byproducts of rice processing: the rice husk, coarse rice bran and rice polish, to experimentally develop a water-permeable material for evaporative cooling. The starting materials consisted of laterite, fine sand, Portland cement, rice byproducts and water. Mixtures with different material proportions were molded into interlocking blocked and cylindrical shapes, dried and cured in air indoors. In interlocking blocks connected into a column, the proportion of laterite, fine sand, Portland cement and coarse rice bran with a ratio of 4:2:1:3 absorbed the most water and yielded a maximum water height of 42 cm. In the cylindrical porous material, the maximum water height of 54 cm was found in the mixture with volumetric proportions of 3:2:1:4. The pore sizes of the porous cylinder were in the range of 0.03–3 μm. The investigation of the thermal performance of the developed material was conducted in an experimental chamber with an air temperature of 32–37 °C and relative humidity of 54–76% flowing through four rows of water soaking porous cylinders. The distance between two rows of water soaking porous cylinders was also varied from 11.2 cm to 14.0 cm and 16.8 cm. The air temperature was found to be reduced by 0.5-2.7 °C. The highest temperature reduction was found in the porous cylinders that had a distance between the rows of 16.8 cm and operated under high air temperature. The water consumption of 31.6 mL/h was lowest for the porous cylinder with a distance between two rows 16.8 cm apart. The developed product was appropriate for evaporative cooling in agricultural houses and outdoor spaces.

Pelatihan Pembuatan Biochar dari Limbah Sekam Padi Menggunakan Metode Retort Kiln

Utilization of rice husk waste into biochar could become one of the innovations that can be applied for farmers to overcome the reducing acidity of soil, increasing crop productivity, and savings carbon stocks to address global environmental issues. The purpose of this training are: 1) To introduce benefits of biochar as a soil improvement for farmer groups in Kampung Jaya Makmur; 2) To practice biochar production using retort kiln method from rise husk; 3) To apply biochar in as infertile or acid soil; 4) Establish a business group biochar production; and (5) To assist biochar business groups during the production, processing and marketing process. This training uses PLA (Participatory Learning and Action) by empowering pioneer farmers who had been trained in biochar production. The participants of this training are two farmer groups, owner of rice mills, and village officials Jaya Makmur, Kurik Subdistrict, Merauke District. The result of this training are 40 farmers know about the importance of biochar for their agricultural land as soil improvement reduce the acidity of soil. Participants also know how to produce biochar using retort kilns, and conventional methods and the disadvantages and advantages of each method, some farmers are able to make their own biochar by conventional methods. There are two farmers want apply biochar in their land in next planting season and establish a biochar production group. Conclusion of this training are the community knows about the importance of biochar and methods of efficient production and reduce pollution by using retort kiln.

Synthesis of Mesoporous Graphite Functionalized by Nitrogen for Efficient Removal of Safranin Dye Utilizing Rice Husk Ash; Equilibrium Studies and Response Surface Optimization

Mesoporous graphitic carbon (PG) was successfully synthesized from alkaline treated rice husk ash through chemical activation by phosphoric acid at 800 °C for 1 h and modified by nitric acid to produce porous graphite with nitrogen functional group (N.PG). The morphology and structure of N.PGC were characterized by XRD, SEM and Micromeritics ASAP2010 analyzer at 77 K. N.PG was applied as an adsorbent material for safranin-O dye from aqueous solution. The removal of safranin dye by the synthetic porous graphite with nitrogen functional groups shows higher capacity as compared to the pure phase of porous graphite. The adsorption process was investigated as a function of contact time, adsorbent mass, pH, initial dye concentration and ionic strength. The kinetic studies revealed that the adsorption equilibrium was reached after 480 min and the obtained data well fitted with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Elovich kinetic model. The equilibrium adsorption isotherm of safranin by the synthetic N.PG was described with Langmuir isotherm model, and the calculated qmax is 20.66 mg/g. The removal process is highly dependent on the pH value of the solution, and the optimum pH for maximum removal of safranin-O is pH 6. The response surface methodology in conjunction with the central composite rotatable design was used to optimize the sorption process. From the second order polynomial model, the predicted optimum conditions for maximum removal of safranin (100%) are 365 min contact time, 0.3 g dose, 5 g/l NaCl and pH 6 at initial concentration 127 mg/l.

Pemanfaatan Limbah Sekam Padi untuk Campuran Pupuk Bokashi dan Pembuatan Biobriket sebagai Bahan Bakar Nabati

The rice husk waste often becomes a problem for people in Tatah Makmur district. The mountainous of a stack of rice husk has not been utilized by farmers as a useful material. The science activities for the people aimed to provide knowledge about the utilization of rice husk waste into a charcoal husk, biobricket, and bokashi. The target people of this program are Kelompok Tani Bina Desa Jaya RT. 07 and Yasinan Group RT. 06 in Tatah Makmur district. The types of outcomes generated through the science activities of the people are biobricket and bokashi. The socialization, counseling, and training activities were held from May to October 2015 in Pemangkih Village, Tatah Makmur district, South Kalimantan. The people in the village enthusiastically participated in extension activities as they gained knowledge about the making of bokashi and biobricket so that it can reduce dependence on chemical fertilizers and wood fuels. The science activities for this people can solve the problems of the farmers in the utilization of rice husk waste and at the same time can overcome the farmers� difficulties in obtaining organic fertilizer.

Utilization of rice husks functionalized with xanthates as cost-effective biosorbents for optimal Cd(II) removal from aqueous solution via response surface methodology

Pristine rice husk (RH), a kind of agricultural waste based biosorbent, was chemically modified by introducing sulfur-bearing groups with the CS2 treatment under caustic medium. Using response surface methodology (RSM), the interactive effects of three preparation variables on the cadmium uptake and material yield of xanthate-modified rick husk (RH-X) were investigated, and two quadratic regression models were developed to correlate the preparation parameters to the two responses. Through process optimization, the optimal RH-X was finally obtained under the optimum synthesis conditions (i.e., 1.00 CS2-RH ratio, 60.00min xanthation contact time and 18.50°C xanthation temperature), resulting in 138.85mgg−1 of cadmium uptake, and 68.63% of RH-X yield, strictly similar to the values predicted from the models, with extremely small errors of 0.85 and 0.96%, respectively. Overall, cheap and abundant raw materials, low-cost and easily-controlled preparation and excellent cadmium adsorption ability can make RH-X a preferred biosorbent for wastewater decontamination.

Development of Green Geopolymer Using Agricultural and Industrial Waste Materials with High Water Absorbency

Geopolymer is a promising porous material that can be used for evaporative cooling applications. Developing a greener geopolymer using agricultural and industrial wastes is a promising research area. In this study, we utilize rice husk (RH), rice husk ash (RHA), metakaolin (MK), ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), and palm oil fuel ash (POFA) to prepare geopolymer pastes, with alkali liquid as an activator. Many geopolymer samples have been prepared as per the Design of Experimental software (DOE), and its corresponding response surface mode and central composite design and later they were characterized. The samples were cured in an oven for 2 h at 80 °C, and thereafter stored at room temperature (~25–30 °C) prior to being tested for its water absorption and compressive strength. The effect of the different composition of precursors on water absorption, density, porosity, and the compressive strength of the prepared geopolymers have been investigated. The results showed that the compressive strength of geopolymers is directly proportional to the ratio of the alkali liquid. Post-optimization, the best geopolymer paste mixture was confirmed to contain 10% of RH, 15% RHA, 35% MK, 10% POFA and 30% of GGBS, with 72% desirability for maximum water absorption (~38%) and compressive strength (4.9 MPa). The results confirmed its applicability for evaporative cooling.