Utilization Of Public Spaces Research Articles

人間中心視点による公共空間のアクティビティ評価手法に関する研究

In this some decades, the way of using public space is changing from automobile oriented perspective to human oriented perspective and the use of public space with its perspective became popular. In japan, municipality's permitting authority for utilization of public space became dramatically widespread by deregulations of the low about public space. Now we need to make an evaluation method of people's activity in public space as livable space. In this study, we aim to establish “the activity evaluation method of public space by the human oriented perspective” by referring to evaluation method for existing pilot projects research and analyzing and organizing the result of activity evaluation research of “IKEBUKURO East Green Boulevard Sidewalk cafe pilot project in 2015 Spring”. The following five points became clear from this study. First, we identified some problems for pilot projects in Japan; for example, single year's budget framework and short-term restricted program. Second, The conventional evaluation method was by questionnaire and traffic survey only. First: In the pedestrian traffic volume increase or decrease, accurate users' condition in open café can't be grasped. Second: Whether this pilot project contributed to improvement of space cannot be evaluated from the activity aspect since the conventional questionnaire survey can't do an objective observation, survey, although it can show user's satisfaction and what they ate based on user's subjection. Third: Correlation of each user's attributes and actual use condition is not clear. Third, The western's evaluation method for public space improvement program by Jan Gehl's do not only activity evaluation, but also a suggestion for improvement of public space by mapping activity in public space and connecting that activity data with urban space structure, including pedestrian traffic volume survey, activity survey, questionnaire survey that are three survey called "public life survey" overall. Forth, There is nearly twice the difference in sample, number between questionnaire and activity survey. Questionnaire survey is not applicable to grasp user number but applicable for qualitative data, such as satisfaction and thought of users. On the other hand, an activity survey of our study can gather all user data and also have user activity data that can only get from this objective observation, survey, and can analysis multiply through various data that is get by one time. Fifth, conventional evaluation method can show user number from the traffic volume survey, but from our research, deferent findings came out. The tendency of increase or decrease of pedestrian traffic and number of open cafes user are not necessarily match and increase of pedestrian traffic is not necessarily to correspond to volume of use of public space from the result traffic volume survey and activity survey.

ニューヨーク市のPrivately Owned Public Spaceの更新に関する基礎的研究

We conducted a field survey on 316 cases of utilizing Privately Owned Public Spaces in New York City as antecedent cases for utilization of public spaces in Japan, and performed a comparative analysis with previous pictures captured in the preceding investigative study by Kayden in 2000 in order to superficially find out how POPSs are updated and managed. Taking into consideration the space characteristics of the created open spaces through discussion on the institutional background, we analyzed (1) the trend of updating in the whole city, (2) the components and updating systems of the updated spaces (3) the relationships of the updated cases with era, location, system, or scale. The object of this study is to obtain basic knowledge regarding what Japan should do to solve the problem of aging public open spaces that is getting severer. Among the 316 cases, 313 cases existed as of the field study conducted in October, 2014.44% of them had been updated, confirming positive updating of such cases. The components of the updated spaces were itemized into 37 types, which were then categorized into 7 categories such as staying, construction, planting, environment/crime prevention, landscaping, signage, and facility. The categories of staying, construction, and planting, which largely depend on the quality of public spaces, account for 70% of the total, from which we could extract the problem of open spaces and the updating system as the solution for the problem. Analysis on era: There are no updating cases among relatively new cases that were constructed after 1990s so that they are about 20 years old. The updating rate for cases for the constructions built in 1970s was about 50% or more, while cases constituted of plaza and Arcades under old open space regulations are likely updated. For cases constructed in late 1970s and early 1980s, the updating rate is about 40% or more. It can be said that the cases enter the updating phase after they reach about 30 years old. Analysis on institution: The updating of cases under space regulation of staying type apparently exceeds the updating of cases under space regulation of staying type. Among POPSs created under new space regulation such as Urban Plaza and Residential Plaza, about 40% or more of them are operated continuously, and the highly potential open spaces are also updated without fail. For open spaces of in-house atrium type in Covered Pedestrian spaces, about 60% or more of the cases have been updated for installing signage and seats etc. to alleviate the difficulty of public recognition, and for reviewing of traffic lines. Analysis on scales: Regarding space scales, many of the spaces are of small scales having 200 to 600 m2. However, the frequency of updating is greater especially for spaces of 600 to 1400 m2. The open spaces of large scale having 2000 m2 or greater are small in number but likely updated in large scale. Therefore, we could extracted the scale conditions preferable for updating. We found that New York City have made excellent policy prescription for POPS and there is a need of updating system. We highly appreciated their persistent approach in which even small POPSs difficult to be used as staying spaces for people are also utilized for installation of public arts or planters etc. to make contribution to the community even if only slightly. We will carry on our study on these spaces including 57 cases currently under construction.

Local Elites and Public Space Sustainability: The Local Elite Roles in the Presence and Usage of Public Space in Malang Raya, Indonesia

Public space has become a major concern in urban area development due to its close relation with human security issues such as socio economic, health, and environmental security. In the development of urban area in Indonesia, decentralization system giving greater authority and power to the local government has increased the dynamics of local political constellation. Consequently, the presence and usage of public space in urban area cannot be separated from the interest of local political elites. This study investigated the roles of local political elites in the presence and usage of public space in urban area in Indonesia‘s decentralization era. The focused areas were Malang Municipality, Batu Municipality and Malang Regency that commonly known in Indonesia as the Metropolitan Malang Raya. The result of this study revealed that local political business elites frequently influenced economical and political decisions to steer a public space utilization in order to defend and expand their wealth and power. In this case, lobbying and negotiation among elites had big influences. Moreover, the access to the local mass base such as the Aremania soccer fans society seems to be significant to their strategies. The results of this study revealed that the utilization of public spaces as a part of human security fulfillment is often defeated by business and political interests.

The Financial Viability of Solar Photovoltaic Canopies as Urban Climate Change Mitigation: An Analysis of the Potential Utilization of Public Space in Boston, Massachusetts

We model the electrical power generation potential, calculate the associated avoided emissions and conduct an economic valuation of a scenario of large scale photovoltaic canopy implementation in metro Boston, Massachusetts on publicly managed parking real-estate operated by the Massachusetts Bay Transit Authority. The results of this work demonstrate that 102.4 MWh of electricity may be generated by such a program which is equal to nearly 13.8% of total electricity demand in the state. Annual CO2, NO and SO2 emissions avoided in this scenario amounts to 53.7 tonnes of CO2, 46.5 kg of NO, and 107.1 kg of SO2. Despite the substantial amount of power production potential we find that such a scenario is not economically viable under current market conditions and using conventional financing mechanisms with a net present value of -1.4 Billion U.S. dollars.

PERAN MEDIASI PERSEPSI KOHESI SOSIAL DALAM HUBUNGAN PREDIKTIF PERSEPSI PEMANFAATAN RUANG TERBUKA PUBLIK TERHADAP KESEHATAN JIWA

Various phenomena involving university students such as suicide and gang fights indicate that students mental health conditions of need to be worried about. Some studies had linked the public space utilization with social interaction facilitation and social cohesion, as well as social cohesion with mental health. The original contribution of this research is that it employed perceived social cohesion as the mediating variable of the predictive relationship between public open space utilization with mental health. The design of this research is non-experimental, predictive correlational. As many as 375 university students in Jakarta participated in this research (Mage = 20.8 years old; SDage = 1.4 years old). This research used convenience, incidental sampling technique. The path analysis showed that the perceived public open space utilization is able to predict mental health level through perceived social cohesion (χ2 = 0, df = 1, p > 0.05, RMSEA < 0.05).

Walking the dog: exploration of the contact networks between dogs in a community

This study uses social network analysis to investigate potential contact among 214 dog-owning households in a UK community through their utilization of public space during walking. We identified a high level of potential contact between dog-owning households; most households walked their dogs in only a few areas but a small number visited many. Highly connected households were more likely to have multiple dogs, walk their dogs off lead, and own Working, Pastoral or some Terrier types. Similarly, most areas were only visited by a few households but a few were visited by many. Despite identification of subgroups of households and locations, we demonstrated high connectivity between dog-owning households, with minimum path lengths of two 'steps' (household-area-household, 74%) or four 'steps' (via two areas, 26%).

Os CEUs da Prefeitura de São Paulo: comunicação no espaço de inclusão social

The present work shows the Centros Educacionais Unificados (CEUs) from the town hall of the city of São Paulo, governed by Secretaria Municipal de Educação. The main point is the communication inside a public space of social inclusion in an education atmosphere. We try to analyze the impact and the changes that happened with the introduction of this equipment in the peripheral areas of the city, the adaptation and integration the side community and the capability of the projectin establish a communication channel among its various instances. We based our search in other experiences of utilization of public spaces of education and in theories of this theme produced by educators and researchers to, based on this, propose an intervention project that contemplate thedifferences among social nucleus, is codes and regional demands.

Injecting drug users' utilization of public space in Belgrade: Places, risk-management, and habitual life

Results from the case-study in Belgrade injecting drug users are presented here featuring the discussion on injecting occurring within the versatility of places belong to the public space. The attention is paid mostly to the certain type of physical risk environment which is specific to Belgrade injecting scene, called "shtek", but risk production and risk management are reviewed also taking into consideration other types of physical environments.

Measuring accessibility and utilization of public spaces in Famagusta

Public spaces have a central role, both physically and functionally, in urban planning and development. Many urban theorists state their significant role as one of the principal components of a healthy urban setting. This is in addition to their functional role, when they increase a sense of community when intensive social interaction takes place in these areas. However, recently, they have started to lose significance, when they are neglected in the urban planning process, or when existing spaces are lost. Additionally, accessibility and utilization of these areas decreases, since public spaces are neglected in urban planning and development processes. In this study, public spaces are assessed in terms of accessibility and utilization, regarding the effects of rapid urban growth on their physical and functional structure. This study first evaluates the significance of public spaces in an urban setting; second, determines the variables effective in terms of their accessibility and utilization; third, assesses the factors affecting the accessibility and utilization of public spaces through a questionnaire survey on the role of public spaces in social interaction, and concludes with an evaluation of the results and suggestions for further research.

Measuring accessibility and utilization of public spaces in Famagusta

Public spaces have a central role, both physically and functionally, in urban planning and development. Many urban theorists state their significant role as one of the principal components of a healthy urban setting. This is in addition to their functional role, when they increase a sense of community when intensive social interaction takes place in these areas. However, recently, they have started to lose significance, when they are neglected in the urban planning process, or when existing spaces are lost. Additionally, accessibility and utilization of these areas decreases, since public spaces are neglected in urban planning and development processes. In this study, public spaces are assessed in terms of accessibility and utilization, regarding the effects of rapid urban growth on their physical and functional structure. This study first evaluates the significance of public spaces in an urban setting; second, determines the variables effective in terms of their accessibility and utilization; third, assesses the factors affecting the accessibility and utilization of public spaces through a questionnaire survey on the role of public spaces in social interaction, and concludes with an evaluation of the results and suggestions for further research.