Utilization Of Phase Change Materials Research Articles

Oriented High Thermal Conductivity Solid-Solid Phase Change Materials for Mid-Temperature Solar-Thermal Energy Storage.

As the global energy crisis intensifies, the development of solar energy has become a vital area of focus for many nations. The utilization of phase change materials (PCMs) for photothermal energy storage in the medium temperature range holds great potential for various applications, but their conventional forms face several challenges. For instance, the longitudinal thermal conductivity of photothermal PCMs is inadequate for effective heat storage on the photothermal conversion surface, and there is a risk of leakage due to repeated solid-liquid phase transitions. Here, we report a solid-solid phase change material, tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (TRIS), which has a phase change temperature of 132 °C in the medium temperature range, enabling high-grade and stable solar energy storage. To overcome the low thermal conductivity problem, we propose a large-scale production of oriented high thermal conductivity composites by compressing a mixture of TRIS and expanded graphite (EG) using the pressure induction method to create in-plane highly thermally conductive channels. Remarkably, the resulting phase change composites (PCCs) exhibit a directional thermal conductivity of 21.3 W/(m·K). Furthermore, the high phase change temperature (132 °C) and large phase change entropy (213.47 J/g) enable a large-capacity high-grade thermal energy to be used. The developed PCCs, when combined with selected photo-absorbers, exhibit efficient integration of solar-thermal conversion and storage. Additionally, we also demonstrated a solar-thermoelectric generator device with an energy output of 93.1 W/m2, which is close to the power of photovoltaic systems. Overall, this work provides a technological route to the large-scale fabrication of mid-temperature solar energy storage materials with high thermal conductivity, high phase change enthalpy, and no risk of leakage, and also offers a potential alternative to photovoltaic technology.

A novel multilayer composite structure based battery thermal management system

The battery thermal management system (BTMS) utilizing phase change materials (PCM) has shown promising performance in high heat flux heat dissipation. However, conventional PCM systems do not fully exploit the latent thermal properties of paraffin wax to enhance battery cooling efficiency. To address this issue, this paper proposes a novel multilayer composite material for BTMS, aiming to improve the thermal performance of the battery and overcome the low thermal conductivity of paraffin wax. The preparation process involves positioning the battery at the center of a triangular container, melting paraffin wax and pouring it into a 100 mm high container to form a 20 mm paraffin layer, placing copper foils and graphite layers on the paraffin surface, and repeating this step once. Finally, pour the 40 mm paraffin wax into the container, resulting in a sandwich-like structure with two layers of graphite. The cooling performance of the multilayer composite structure was experimentally tested at different ambient temperatures (15°C and 20°C) and discharge rates, and compared with a conventional BTMS based on pure paraffin wax. The results demonstrate that the multilayer composite structure exhibits superior heat dissipation compared to the pure paraffin structure, significantly reducing battery temperature rise, particularly at higher discharge rates. At an ambient temperature of 20°C and a discharge rate of 5°C, the battery temperature rise is only 14.97°C, with a remarkable cooling effect of 32.6%. Moreover, optimization of the number and thickness of graphite layers in the composite structure reveals that the 6-layer graphite structure outperforms the 2-layer, 4-layer, 8-layer, and 10-layer graphite structures. Additionally, a relatively lower battery surface temperature is observed with a graphite thickness of 0.5 mm on the basis of the 6-layer graphite structure. These findings indicate that the proposed novel layout structure exhibits excellent thermal performance, effectively addressing the low thermal conductivity limitation of traditional paraffin cooling systems, and providing a new approach for thermal management of lithium batteries.

Phase change materials (PCMs) in solar still: - a review of use to improve productivity of still

This study examines the utilization of phase change materials as latent heat storage devices to boost the output of solar stills. These results show that compared to a solar still without phase change material, a passive solar still equipped with phase change material can boost its yield up to 120%. An active solar system equipped with phase change material can enhance productivity by as much as 700%. These findings show that productivity rises with PCM mass and declines with salty water bulk. Additionally, it is discovered that the PCM performs worse during the day than at night. The most often used PCMs in productivity improvement studies were likewise found to be organic PCMs (like paraffin), with inorganic and eutectic PCMs garnering very little attention. From the present study it is clear that most of researchers used paraffin as a PCM. Also mixing of nano particles (such as silicon oil and Cu nano particles) in the PCM gives better result. Paraffin wax with nAl2O3 enhanced the production by 60.53%.

Highly conductive phase change composites based on paraffin-infiltrated graphite panels for photo/electrothermal conversion and storage

The extensive utilization of phase change materials (PCMs) for thermal energy harvesting, storage, and thermal management is often constrained by their inadequate thermal and electrical conductivity, form instability, and lack of photoabsorbance. To overcome these challenges, a phase change composite was prepared by vacuum infiltration of paraffin wax (PW) into a highly conductive scaffold of graphite panel (GP). Various PW grades with different phase change temperatures were tested to study their suitability for a wide range of applications. Graphite-based skeleton ensured high thermal and electrical conductivity and impeded liquid PW leakage in all composites. The composite thermal conductivity was enhanced up to 677 and 22 times that of PW in the axial and radial directions, respectively. The latent heat capacity of the composites varied between 88.5 and 102.7 J/g, depending on the PW grade. The composites are capable of harvesting thermal energy either by applying a small voltage of 1.8 V with a high electrothermal conversion efficiency of up to 71.1 % or by simulated sunlight with an excellent photothermal conversion efficiency of up to 76.5 %. The simple fabricating technique, a broad range of applications with different PW grades, and their efficient thermal properties meet the requirements for widespread utilization in thermal energy harvesting, storage, and thermal management of electronics, buildings, etc.

Double-diffusive natural convection with Soret/Dufour effects and energy optimization of Nano-Encapsulated Phase Change Material in a novel form of a wavy-walled I-shaped domain

BackgroundAs building segment grows in parallel with amplifying population, the necessity for consumption of energy needed to passive and active heating or cooling buildings for thermal comfort increases. Schemes such as developing green buildings for sustainable architecture were utilized to address this issue. The utilization of Phase Change Materials (PCMs) with the aim of active and passive cooling or heating of buildings illustrates a promising and modern technique. MethodsThis study's objective is to perform a numerical analysis using the finite element method, FEM for modeling free convection produced by double-diffusion (DDNC) with Soret/Dufour effects of Nano-Encapsulated PCMs within an I-shaped enclosure equipped with a novel type of corrugated vertical walls subjected to Neumann thermal and solutal conditions. FindingsResults are interpreted and assessed in relation to the governing factors, such as buoyancy ratio (N), Rayleigh and Lewis numbers (Ra, Le), the height of corrugated walls (a), Stefan number (Ste), non-dimensional fusion temperature (θf), Dufour (Df), and Soret (Sr) parameters. High values of N and Ra, and low values of Le and a, caused in the highest rate of heat and mass exchange. The irreversibilities due to the heat and mass transfer effects increase as the flow intensity within the system decrease. Decreasing the latent heat of the NEPCM cores and increasing their fusion temperature lowering the heat transfer rates, while improving mass transfer rates. This configuration can help in the design of the storage tank in hydronic apparatus for cooling, heating, and domestic hot water in buildings.

The effect of conical shell and converging/diverging tube on the charging performance of shell and tube latent heat thermal energy storage system

Latent heat storage is a promising method to overcome the problem of the intermittent nature of renewable sources. However, the main challenge in utilizing phase change materials is their poor thermal conductivity which leads to the slow charging and discharging of latent heat thermal energy storage tanks. Geometric optimization is a passive method to enhance the charging and discharging rate. In this paper, the geometric optimization of a shell and tube storage tank is studied numerically. Different configurations, including conical shell and tube, cylindrical shell and diffuser, cylindrical shell and nozzle, and a combination of conical shell and diffuser with different tilting angles is investigated. The height of all cases is assumed to be a constant number. The melting process is modeled by the enthalpy-porosity method, and the Boussinesq approximation is employed to consider the effect of natural convection. The governing equations are solved by a spatially and temporally second-order finite volume method. It is found that the main determining parameter is the cross-sectional area ratio of the phase change material at the top to its value at the bottom of the tank. By increasing this ratio, the effect of conductive heat transfer is attenuated, but natural convection is augmented. Since the charging rate is affected by these two heat transfer mechanisms, an optimum value of around 10 is obtained for this shape factor which results in an increased storage rate of 25 % compared to the case of cylindrical shell and tube storage tank. The optimum shape factor can be obtained either by a conical shell and tube or by combining a conical shell and a diffuser.

Application of phase change materials in improving the performance of refrigeration systems

Refrigerators are considered the most popular and effective means of preserving food; nevertheless, they contribute significantly to household energy usage. As a result, it is critical to enhancing their energy efficiency. So, employing phase change materials (PCMs) in refrigeration systems is considered among the most promising options for obtaining more energy efficiency the refrigeration systems while minimizing environmental effects. In this research, using PCMs was examined to boost the performance of refrigeration systems. Besides, various approaches to incorporating PCMs into refrigeration systems were also discussed. Furthermore, this review discussed the effects of properties of PCM geometry, heat transfer, and flow on the refrigeration system performance, as well as the prospective utilization of PCMs in terms of enhancing energy savings. Some techniques to enhance the refrigeration system performance like selection aspects of PCM have been discussed. On the whole, PCMs could be promising for energy savings, contributing to lowering operating costs and decreasing CO2 emissions. Also, organic PCMs can be considered the best in the design of the condenser. In the future perspective, some novel technologies like ultra-low temperature and composite PCMs may be developed to improve the system performance.

Effect of carbon nanotube and microencapsulated phase change material utilization on the thermal energy storage performance in UV cured (photoinitiated) unsaturated polyester composites

The utilization of phase change materials in the synthesis of polyester is an economically viable approach for the production of polymer composites with remarkable thermal and mechanical characteristics, thereby facilitating thermal energy savings. This study manufactured a series of unsaturated polyester resin (UPR)/carbon nanotubes (CNT)/MPCM composites via mechanical mixing and ultrasonication processes and the produced composites were cured with ultraviolet (UV) curing technology. The unsaturated polyester resin was utilized as a support matrix, and to improve the thermal conductivity of MPCM-UPR composites, CNT were introduced into the matrix. This paper discusses the effect of CNT and MPCM on the mechanical, thermal, and thermal regulative performance of polyester composites. A 10 wt% incorporation of MPCM led to an almost 77 % and 15 % drop at Charpy impact strength and Shore D hardness values of reference UPR, respectively. Similarly, the introduction of substitution of 0.005 wt% of CNT reduced the impact strength of the specimen with 10 % MPCM by 31 %, while it increased the Shore D hardness by almost 5 %. Although the thermal conductivity of reference resin was reduced by 15 % with a 10 % addition of MPCM, CNT content increased the thermal conductivity values by almost 20 % regardless of MPCM concentration. The onset melting and freezing temperatures of MPCM were found to be 21.71 and 22.74 °C, respectively; while for the composites with and without CNT, this value ranged between 20.70 and 22.39 °C and 22.45–22.90 °C, respectively. Thermoregulation test results indicate that MPCM improved the thermal energy storage capacity of composites. The results of this research will be of great significance in order to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the thermal properties of polyesters with MPCM/CNT, thus allowing for the utilization of this material as a latent heat thermal energy storage system for energy conservation.

Phase Change Materials Energy Storage Enhancement Schemes and Implementing the Lattice Boltzmann Method for Simulations: A Review

Utilizing phase change materials (PCMs) is one of the most effective methods of storing thermal energy and is gaining popularity in renewable energy systems. In order to analyze PCM performance, various numerical methods have been deployed to study the transient behaviour during phase changes. PCMs’ low thermal conductivity prevents their use as pure PCMs in industrial applications. There are various efficient methods of enhancing PCM thermal conductivity, which are addressed in this article. On the other hand, the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) is very inclusive in the numerical simulation of complex fluid flows, thermal transport, and chemical interactions because of its ability to simply represent various complex physical phenomena, suitability for parallel programming, and easy coding and implementation. Many numerical studies have been conducted on PCMs using the LBM. This study aims to review these studies and categorize them in a way so that one may thoroughly understand the LBM’s capabilities in the simulation of PCM-related investigations. First, PCM characteristics and applications are presented, then the LBM implementation in PCM problems is addressed. Afterward, the fabrication and types of PCMs are mentioned. Next, the improvement of thermal energy storage methods of PCMs is stated. Furthermore, governing equations are reviewed. Lastly, the opportunities and challenges of the LBM in PCMs are discussed.

Thermal improvement of the vertical plate-fin heat sink by variable fin thickness pattern and utilizing phase change material: A numerical investigation

In this 3-D (three-dimensional) numerical study, variable fin thickness is proposed to address the thermal problem of the vertical plate-fin heat sink (PFHS) under natural convection. This design aims to facilitate heat transfer by preventing the merging of boundary layers and reducing the weight and cost of manufacturing. Simulations are carried out with COMSOL Multiphysics to solve continuity, momentum, and energy equations under a time-dependent condition. The PFHS with the dimension of 10 × 5.5 × 4.5 cm is hired with two fin convergence angles (α = 1.145, 0.572), and the number of fins and applied heat rate are varied from 4 to 7 and 2.5 W to 20 W, respectively. The numerical results show that the influence of the fin convergence angle on the thermal resistance rises by increasing fin numbers in the PFHS. The maximum reduction of 45.5 % is registered for thermal resistance in the highest density of fin numbers. Simulations are also expanded to study the PFHS under high temporary heat loads (40 and 80 W). For this, employing single and multiple PCMs for the thermal management of PFHS along with air cooling is proposed. The combined heat transfer mode results indicate that using PCM can decrease the critical temperature of PFHS by up to 8 %. Furthermore, the obtained result indicates that using multiple PCM with different melting temperatures is not advised for thermal management as it deters the full utilization of latent heat, and better performance achieves for a single PCM with a lower melting temperature.

Numerical simulation of the melting of solid paraffin in a solar water heater and the effect of the number of fins and the height of the fins

Numerous theoretical and experimental studies were conducted on thermal energy storage utilizing phase change materials (PCMs). This study employs paraffin with particular properties as the PCM in a square solar water heater. Paraffin's melting point (MP) is 55 °C, the flow is transient, and natural convection is responsible for the heat transfer (HT). In this study, the effect of fin geometry, such as height (H) (3, 4, and 5 cm), and the number of fins (NoF) (double and triple), on the performance of the heat exchanger (HE) was investigated. For various parameters, temperature (T) and liquid fraction contours were produced. The results show that, the melting time (MT) for case A (without fins) about 3860 s. Based on the calculations, the reduction of MT for case B (with 3 fins) is 71%. The MT reduction at H=3, 4, and 5 cm equal to 48, 61, and 74% respectively.

Effectiveness assessment of different kinds/configurations of phase-change materials (PCM) for improving the thermal performance of lightweight building walls in summer and winter

Phase change materials (PCM) are very effective in improving the thermal performance of walls with their superb heat storage and release capacity. However, the effectiveness of PCM in different thermal environments is restricted by their inherent phase-transition temperatures, especially in summer and winter. In this study, the influence laws and effectiveness of different kinds/configurations of PCM on the thermal performance of lightweight building walls (LBW) in summer and winter were evaluated by using a validated numerical model, and the suitable PCM configurations were proposed to maximize the application potential of PCM. The results show that: (1) Although a single-layer of PCM performs prominently in one season (summer or winter), a double-layer of PCM is the best choice from a year-round perspective under the same total thickness; (2) The effectiveness of double-layer PCM is closely related to the temperature difference between indoor and outdoor (comprehensive outdoor temperature), which is better in summer than in winter; (3) The narrower the phase-transition temperatures range (ΔT), the higher the PCM utilization under other suitable parameters, but the optimum value exists from the application effectiveness, the double-layer PCM is ΔT = 6 °C (27–33 °C, 12–18 °C). Meanwhile, the effectiveness of PCM reaches saturation when thickness and latent heat exceed 10 mm (5 mm+5 mm) and 125 kJ/kg, respectively; (4) The optimized PCM kinds/configurations are applied in local summer/winter can reduce the attenuation rate by 84.6%/84.3%, the delay time is added to 5 h/4.86h, the peak and average heat flux are decreased by 58.2%/36.4% and 22.1%/19.4%, respectively compared with reference wall (no PCM). The findings of this study can provide data support and theoretical reference for the application of PCM in LBW to maximize economic benefits.

Phase Change Materials for Renewable Energy Storage at Intermediate Temperatures.

Thermal energy storage technologies utilizing phase change materials (PCMs) that melt in the intermediate temperature range, between 100 and 220 °C, have the potential to mitigate the intermittency issues of wind and solar energy. This technology can take thermal or electrical energy from renewable sources and store it in the form of heat. This is of particular utility when the end use of the energy is also as heat. For this purpose, the material should have a phase change between 100 and 220 °C with a high latent heat of fusion. Although a range of PCMs are known for this temperature range, many of these materials are not practically viable for stability and safety reasons, a perspective not often clear in the primary literature. This review examines the recent development of thermal energy storage materials for application with renewables, the different material classes, their physicochemical properties, and the chemical structural origins of their advantageous thermal properties. Perspectives on further research directions needed to reach the goal of large scale, highly efficient, inexpensive, and reliable intermediate temperature thermal energy storage technologies are also presented.

Optimization of the utilization of phase change materials in planar structures to control and optimize energy flux

The optimal use of phase change materials (PCMs) in multilayer constructions in hot climates is taken into account in this study. PCMs could reduce energy use and improve indoor thermal comfort by being added to the building envelope. To achieve this, an optimization-based numerical model is created to predict the thermal behavior of a multilayer wall of the building in a hot environment. The finite element model is coupled with design exploration tools based on design of experiments methodology and the response surface technique to analyze the relationships between the influencing PCM parameters and the response variable, which is represented by the heat flow into the internal space. Optimization analysis is carried out to identify a set of PCM thermophysical and geometrical parameters which minimize the output variable. The set of input parameters that includes the PCM thickness and location as well as melting temperature and melting zone is implemented in the computational model for a simulation period of 10 days. The achieved results show a decrease in the maximum temperature at the internal wall compared to the original wall without PCM, with <20% of the heat entering the occupant area. The analysis demonstrates the potential utilization of PCMs as an approach to enhance the thermal characteristics of the building and decrease energy use in regions with high temperatures.

Numerical models of heat storage with respect to phase change materials considering hysteresis

Phase change materials (PCMs) absorb and release thermal energy that corresponds to the latent heat absorbed and released during phase changes. Thus, by efficiently utilizing solar heat, they are expected to stabilize the room temperature, resulting in reduced heating loads. The accurate prediction of the energy-saving effect of PCM utilization is important for designing buildings, and it is essential to adequately evaluate the influence of the hysteresis phenomenon, which occurs when the heating and cooling cycles of PCMs are repeated. This study examines the precise calculation modeling of PCMs that demonstrate complex hysteresis behaviors to accurately predict the PCM effect. The proposed approach includes a simple model with two temperature–enthalpy curves, a complex model with multiple curves, and a subcooling model. The accuracy of the proposed model is verified by comparison with the measurement results, and the models can be integrated into a heat load calculation program.

Effect of Polyethylene Glycol and Activated Carbon Macroparticles on Thermal Conductivity of Paraffin Wax for Thermal Storage Applications.

Low thermal conductivity is the major obstacle for the wide range utilization of phase change materials (PCMs), especially organic PCMs, for most practical applications in thermal engineering. This study investigates the potential of enhancing the charging and discharging rates of organic PCM (RT44HC) by introducing polyethylene glycol (PEG) and activated carbon macroparticles (ACMPs). Different concentrations of PEG and ACMPs ranging from 0.3 wt% to 2 wt% were tested separately. The optimized concentrations found were used as dual reinforcements to attain the highest possible thermal conductivity. The specimens were tested for a complete charging–discharging cycle using an improvised thermal apparatus. Use of ACMP alone resulted in a minimal reduction in complete charging–discharging time due to the settlement of ACMPs at the bottom after 2–3 heating–cooling cycles. However, the addition of PEG with ACMPs exhibited a reduction in charging–discharging time due to the formation of a stable dispersion. PEG served as a stabilizing agent for ACMPs. The lowest charging–discharging time of 180 min was exhibited by specimens containing 1 wt% PEG and 0.5 wt% ACMPs which is 25% lower compared to bare PCM.

Energy analysis of evacuated tube solar collector integrating phase change material in northeast China

Evacuated tube solar collectors (ETSCs) are one of the most popular collector types with regard to solar energy utilization. However, the poor energy performance of ETSCs results in equal timeliness with solar energy. Incorporating phase change material (PCM) into ETSCs is regarded as a novel strategy to alleviate the challenge by means of enhancing their thermal energy storage capacity and improving energy performance. Since thermophysical parameters of PCM have a vital influence on energy performance of ETSCs, the present work aims to identify the effects of density, specific heat capacity, latent heat, thermal conductivity, and melting temperature of PCM on energy performance of ETSCs. The findings exhibit that increasing the density, specific heat capacity and melting temperature of PCM, the peak outlet temperature of heat transfer fluid and effective heat collection of ETSCs containing PCM decreases, while temperature time lag and effective heat collection time increases. Compared with ETSCs containing PCM with density of 425 kg/m3, the effective heat collection time is prolonged up to 44.41 % for the scheme with PCM density of 1700 kg/m3. Utilization of PCM with higher melting temperature is beneficial to enhance energy performance of ETSCs, which the maximum effective heat collection is increased by 4.31 % for ETSCs containing PCM with melting temperature of 333–335 K. However, increasing the values beyond 1700 kg/m3, 1 W/(m·K), 4000 J/(kg·K) and 247,500 J/kg in cold regions of northeast China are not beneficial.

Phase change materials for thermal management and energy storage: A review

This paper presents a general review of significant recent studies that utilize phase change materials (PCMs) for thermal management purposes of electronics and energy storage. It introduces the causes of electronic devises failure and which methods to control their fails. Moreover, this paper gives an overview of PCMs types and their characteristics and applications. It focuses on the thermal energy storage applications i.e., the use of PCMs in heat sinks to control their thermal efficiency. Also, the methods of enhancing the thermal conductivity of PCM are presented including the addition of nanoparticles to the PCMs or metallic fins manufactured for the heat sink. Furthermore, there is a systemic discussion of the effect of various parameters affecting the performance of the HSs with TCE-PCM. The focus of the discussion is based on lowering the base temperature of the heat sink. All factors affected the thermal response of the HS is deeply illustrated including HS's orientation, fins geometry and shape, power levels, PCM volume fractions, and nanoparticles concentrations.

Experimental study of a latent heat thermal energy storage system assisted by varying annular fins

Latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) systems can be used to alleviate the intermittent nature of solar power by allowing energy to be stored and released when needed. LHTES systems utilize phase change materials (PCMs) for energy storage, and a frequent problem with most PCMs is the low thermal conductivity. Annular fins of variable diameter are used to increase the heat transfer rate to and from the PCM. A shell and tube heat exchanger filled with PCM uses a central pipe with annular fins to carry the heat transfer fluid through the system. All fin configurations in this study contain the same volume of copper but are designed differently. The benchmark case with no fins had charging and discharging times of 47.87 and 42.5 h, respectively. The ten-annular fin cases include: uniform fins, increasing fin diameter from top to bottom, and decreasing fin diameter from top to bottom which decreased the charging time by 84.1 %, 85.77 %, and 58.5 %, respectively. These cases decreased the discharging time by 68.21 %, 65.34 %, and 44.0 %, respectively. Similar designs with twenty annular fins decreased the charging time by 85.50 %, 89.45 %, and 71.00 %, respectively. These cases decreased the discharging time by 68.58 %, 77.41 %, and 44.28 %, respectively.

Development of core-shell type microencapsulated phase change material with Zn-30 mass% Al alloy and its shell formation mechanism

Latent heat storage (LHS) technology is promising because it can store and release heat at a constant temperature utilizing phase change material (PCM) and is a superior alternative for sensible heat storage (SHS) technology. In this study, we report an improved preparation method for microencapsulated PCM (MEPCM) with Zn–30 mass% Al (melting temperature: 440–512 °C) as the PCM. Conventional MEPCM preparation involves boehmite treatment for 3 h in boiling water to form AlOOH shells on Zn–30 mass% Al alloy particles (average diameter: 35.7 μm) and heat-oxidation treatment to form an oxide shell in oxygen atmosphere at 800 °C. In this study, Al(OH)3 is added to the treatment solution before boehmite treatment; furthermore, precipitation treatment at 75 °C for 16 h is investigated. After heat-oxidation treatment, different Al and Zn oxide shells are formed on the surface of the alloy particles depending on the Al(OH)3 quantity added before boehmite treatment and precipitation treatment. The prepared MEPCM has a heat storage density of 0.48 GJ m−3 and excellent cyclic durability of >100 melting and solidification cycles. In addition to this, investigations related to the fabrication of composite PCM by mixing it with a glass frit was carried out for improving the durability of the MEPCM. Therefore, this material can be utilized in future medium-to-high temperature heat applications such as transportation, chemical processes, and renewable energy.