Utilization Of Cancer Screening Tests Research Articles

Perspectives on Clinical Adoption Barriers to Blood-Based Multi-Cancer Early Detection Tests across Stakeholders.

Current United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommendations include routine screening for breast, cervical, colorectal, and lung cancer; however, two out of every three cancer cases occur in other indications, leading to diagnoses in advanced stages of the disease and a higher likelihood of mortality. Blood-based multi-cancer early detection (MCED) tests can impact cancer screening and early detection by monitoring for multiple different cancer types at once, including indications where screening is not performed routinely today. We conducted a survey amongst healthcare providers (HCPs), payers, and patients within the U.S. health system to understand the current utilization of cancer screening tests and the anticipated barriers to widespread adoption of blood-based MCED tests. The results indicated that the community favors the adoption of blood-based MCED tests and that there is broad agreement on the value proposition. Despite this recognition, the survey highlighted that there is limited use today due to the perceived lack of clinical accuracy and utility data, high out-of-pocket patient costs, and lack of payer coverage. To overcome the hurdles for future widespread adoption of blood-based MCED tests, increased investment in data generation, education, and implementation of logistical support for HCPs will be critical.

Impact of knowledge and attitude on the utilization rate of cervical cancer screening tests among Ethiopian women: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

IntroductionCervical cancer is a major public health problem, particularly in resource-limited settings. The use of vaccination and screening tests has reduced the burden of cervical cancer in developed countries. However, the situation is quite the reverse in developing countries, including Ethiopia. Hence, this study aimed to estimate the pooled impact of knowledge and attitude on the prevalence of cervical cancer screening service utilization rates among Ethiopian women.MethodsStudies that examined cervical cancer screening service utilization among women in Ethiopia were searched from five international databases. Cochran’s Q chi-square and the I-squared test statistics were used to check the presence of heterogeneity among the included studies. The funnel plot and Egger’s regression tests were also used to assess the presence of publication bias. A weighted DerSimonian and Laird random-effects model was employed. Subgroup analysis was performed by the study population concerning the prevalence of cervical cancer screening service utilization rates. Sensitivity analysis was also conducted to assess the effect of a single study on the pooled estimates. Data analysis was performed using STATA™ Version 14 software.ResultsA total of 44 studies with 28,186 study participants were included. The estimated pooled prevalence of cervical cancer screening service utilization was 8.11% (95% CI: 7.26, 8.97). After adjustment for publication bias with the trim and fill analysis, the estimated prevalence rate appeared to be 5.47% (95% CI: 4.66, 6.28). The prevalence of cervical cancer screening service utilization was higher among HIV-positive women, 16.85%, and in studies conducted among health care workers, 10.24%, than the general population. The pooled effect of knowledge on the utilization of cervical cancer screening tests among Ethiopian women was statistically significant (AOR = 3.20, 95% CI: 1.63, 6.31). Similarly, the pooled estimated odds of utilizing cervical cancer screening tests were 6.1 times higher (AOR = 6.09, 95% CI: 1.09, 34.36) among women who had a favorable attitude towards the screening tests.ConclusionKnowledge and attitude had a significant impact on the prevalence of cervical cancer screening test utilization rates among women in Ethiopia. However, the prevalence of cervical cancer screening service utilization among Ethiopian women is very low. Hence, large-scale awareness programs and situation-based strategies need to be designed to increase the uptake of cervical cancer screening services in the country.

Recent trends in breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer screening test utilization in Canada, using self-reported data from 2008 and 2012.

In Canada, self-reported data from the Canadian Community Health Survey 2008 and 2012 provide an opportunity to examine overall utilization of breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer screening tests for both programmatic and opportunistic screening. Among women 50-74 years of age, utilization of screening mammography was stable (62.0% in 2008 and 63.0% in 2012). Pap test utilization for women 25-69 years of age remained high and stable across Canada in 2008 and 2012 (78.9% in 2012). The percentage of individuals 50-74 years of age who reporting having at least 1 fecal test within the preceding 2 years increased in 2012 (to 23.0% from 16.9% in 2008), but remains low. Stable rates of screening mammography utilization (about 30%) were reported in 2008 and 2012 among women 40-49 years of age, a group for which population-based screening is not recommended. Although declining over time, cervical cancer screening rates were high for women less than 25 years of age (for whom screening is not recommended). Interestingly, an increased percentage of women 70-74 years of age reported having a Pap test. In 2012, a smaller percentage of women 50-69 years of age reported having no screening test (5.9% vs. 8.5% in 2008), and more women reported having the three types of cancer screening tests (19.0% vs. 13.2%). Efforts to encourage use of screening within the recommended average-risk age groups are needed, and education for stakeholders about the possible harms of screening outside those age groups has to continue.

Survival and Disease Characteristics of Multiple Myeloma in a Rural Population

BackgroundMany studies have examined the disparities in cancer diagnosis, treatment and survival among different subgroups classified based on race, socioeconomic status and age. Not as many studies have examined disease characteristics in rural populations, perhaps because of the lack of a consensus in the United States regarding the definition of "rural". In these few studies, many disparities were reported in association with rural residence such as lower levels of utilization of cancer screening tests, lower likelihood of receiving guideline-appropriate therapy and shorter survival.ObjectivesTo examine multiple myeloma disease characteristics and survival in rural patients of southern New Mexico in comparison to their urban counterparts.MethodsPatients presented to Memorial Medical Center (MMC) and its associated cancer center from January 2003 to December 2013 with multiple myeloma were enrolled in the study. Demographic and clinical data were collected. The charts were also examined for evidence of offering or discussing Autologous Stem Cell Transplant (ASCT) as a treatment option with patients, and whether it was actually performed. Patient staging at diagnosis according to International Staging System (ISS) for myeloma was determined, if possible. Urban vs. rural classification was based on the Rural-Urban Commuting Area codes (RUCA) version 2.0; a census tract-based classification scheme that utilizes the standard bureau of census urban definition in combination with work commuting information. Categorization D of RUCA was chosen. It defines urban as all places that have 30% or more of their workers going to a Census Bureau-defined Urbanized Area.ResultsA total of 87 patients were initially enrolled in the study. Four patients were excluded because sufficient evidence to establish the diagnosis could not be verified. Two additional patients who had solitary plasmacytoma with no evidence of systemic involvement were excluded as well. Patients were classified based on their residence at the time of diagnosis as rural (29 patients) and non-rural (52 patients).There was no difference between the mean age at diagnosis between the two groups with mean being 66.20 for non-rural group and 67.77 for the rural group. The type of heavy chain protein was generally similar for both groups with 55.74 % of patients diagnosed with Immunoglobulin G heavy chain disease. The average duration of initial presenting symptom prior to diagnosis was 7.36 weeks for the whole sample, 13.6 week for the rural group, and 4.56 weeks for the non rural group, which suggests that non-rural patients were more likely to seek medical attention sooner than their rural counterparts (p=0.0037). Tobacco consumption was higher among patients in the rural group compared to non-rural group. Nearly half (47.37%) of rural patients were diagnosed at stage 3 according to ISS staging system, while only 31.03% of non-rural patients were diagnosed at the same stage. Rural patients were more likely to be diagnosed at a more advanced disease stage (p=0.063). The nature of the chief presenting problem was generally similar in both groups with the exception of the higher likelihood of patients in non-rural group to be diagnosed at an asymptomatic stage. In the whole sample, 33.33% of patients had evidence of being offered or educated about ASCT as a treatment option, and 18.52% of patients actually receiving it. There was no different between the two groups in this regard. Median survival time for the whole sample was 57 months. Patients in the rural group had a median survival of 39.03 months (95% CI 18.96- 57.99), while non-rural patients had a median survival of 68.99 months (95% CI 25.95-90.02) ( p<0.001). Log-rank test for equality of survivor function showed survival benefit in favor of the non-rural group (p=0.07).DiscussionTo our knowledge, this is the 1st US based study that examine rural-urban difference in survival of multiple myeloma patients. Our results showed that rural patients of southern New Mexico state had longer period of symptoms prior to diagnosis, were diagnosed at a more advanced stage and had worse survival compared to their non-rural counterparts. This is perhaps a result of many challenges that face health care in rural population. It is recommended to encourage the efforts aiming to enhance health care services in rural areas, to minimize the disparities in health care between rural and urban populations. [Display omitted] [Display omitted] DisclosuresNo relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Abstract A88: Perceived discrimination and cancer screening behaviors in U.S. Hispanics: Preliminary results from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL) Sociocultural Ancillary Study.

Abstract Background: Perceived discrimination among the US population has been associated with lower utilization of cancer screening tests. Data from the Hispanic Community Health Study / Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL) Socio-cultural Ancillary Study were analyzed to determine if perceived discrimination was associated with adherence to breast, cervical and colorectal cancer screening tests. Methods: Respondents included 5,313 participants from Bronx NY, Chicago IL, Miami FL, and San Diego CA recruited using a 2-stage area household probability design. Of these, 3,083 women aged 18-74 and 840 men aged 50-74 were included in the analysis. Cancer screening behaviors, income, health insurance status, and having a usual source of healthcare were assessed via self-report. Perceived discrimination was measured using the Perceived Ethnic Discrimination Questionnaire (PEDQ). Acculturation was measured using the Short Acculturation Scale for Hispanics. Adherence to cervical and breast cancer screening tests was defined as receipt of a Pap smear within the last 2 years (in women 18-74) and receipt of a mammogram within the last 2 years (in women 40-74), respectively. In all participants 50-74, adherence to fecal occult blood testing (FOBT) was defined as having FOBT within the 1 year; adherence to colonscopy/sigmoidoscopy was defined as having had either test in the last 5 years. Chi-square tests were used to test for differences between groups. Multivariate polytomous logistic regression models were fit to assess the association between perceived discrimination and cancer screening adherence. Models were adjusted for income, health insurance status, having a usual source of care, location, and acculturation. Results: Among women, 72.1% were adherent to cervical cancer screening and 54.2% were adherent to breast cancer screening. In participants aged 50-74, 23.5% of women and 27.2% of men were adherent to FOBT; 36.9% of women and 30.0% of men were adherent to colonscopy/sigmoidoscopy. After adjustment for covariates, men in the highest quartiles of perceived discrimination were more likely be non-adherent to FOBT compared to men in the lowest quartile of perceived discrimination (Q3 vs. Q1, OR: 2.3 [1.1-4.7]; Q4 vs. Q1, OR: 4.4 [2.0-9.7]). We observed no association between perceived discrimination, and breast or cervical cancer screening, or colonoscopy/sigmoidoscopy. Not having health insurance was a significant independent predictor of non-adherence to breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer screening (breast cancer, OR: 2.5 [1.7-3.5]; cervical cancer, OR: 1.7 [1.2-2.4]; FOBT in women, OR: 2.6 [1.3-4.9]; colonoscopy/sigmoidoscopy in women, OR: 5.5[2.7-11.3]; in men, OR: 3.4 [1.5-7.4]). Greater degree of acculturation to the dominant US culture was associated with non-adherence to cervical and colorectal cancer screening in women (cervcal cancer, OR: 1.4 [1.1-1.8]; FOBT, OR: 2.0 [1.3-3.2]; colonscopy/sigmoidoscopy, OR: 1.7 [1.1-2.8]). Conclusions: For breast, cervical and colorectal cancer screening behaviors, not having health insurance and being more acculturated to US culture were significant predictors of lower rates of cancer screening; perceived discrimination was not significantly related. The finding that higher levels of discrimination are associated to non-adherence to FOBT among men warrants further research. Citation Format: Cristina Valdovinos, Carmen Isasi, Molly Jung, Heather Greenlee, Robert Kaplan, Frank J. Penedo, Rebeca A. Espinoza, Patricia Gonzalez, Vanessa L. Malcarne, Krista Perreira, Hugo Salgado, Melissa A. Simon, Lisa M. Wruck. Perceived discrimination and cancer screening behaviors in U.S. Hispanics: Preliminary results from the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL) Sociocultural Ancillary Study. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Fifth AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2012 Oct 27-30; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2012;21(10 Suppl):Abstract nr A88.

Prácticas de cribado de cáncer y estilos de vida asociados en la población de controles del estudio español multi-caso control (MCC-Spain)

ObjectivesTo estimate the prevalence of screening practices in the population controls of the multi-case control study (MCC-Spain) study and to evaluate its association with lifestyles. MethodsWe carried out a cross-sectional analysis of 1505 population controls of the MCC-Spain study, aged 20-85, enrolled from 2008-2010 in five areas of Spain. The prevalence of screening tests in the last 5 years was estimated and its association with lifestyles was assessed using logistic regression models. ResultsThe most prevalent tests were mammography (98.2%, age 50-69 years) and cytology (94.5%, age 25-65 years) in women and prostate-specific antigen in men (71.5%, age 50 or over). Participation in fecal occult blood testing was lower (11.2% and 16.2% in women and men aged 50-74, respectively). Eating at least three pieces of fruit and vegetables per day was associated with higher participation in mammography (ORa: 5.24, 95% CI: 1.96-14.07). In men, overweight-obesity was linked to higher participation in prostate-specific antigen testing (ORa: 1.88; 95% CI: 1.15-3.08). In general, the presence of comorbidities was associated with utilization of cancer screening tests. ConclusionsThe prevalence of screening practices was high for breast, cervical and prostate cancer and was low for colorectal cancer. No common lifestyle patterns were associated with participation, although differences were found by sex and type of screening test. These results may be useful to guide further studies on screening practices and review possible inefficiencies.

Are United States and Canadian cancer screening rates consistent with guideline information regarding the age of screening initiation?

To understand whether US and Canadian breast, colorectal and prostate cancer screening test utilization is consistent with US and Canadian cancer screening guideline information with respect to the age of screening initiation. Cross-sectional, regression discontinuity. Canada and the US. Canadian and American women of ages 30-60 and men of ages 40-60. None. Main Outcomes Measures Mammography, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and colorectal cancer test use within the past 2 years. We identify US and Canadian compliance with age screening information in a novel manner, by comparing test utilization rates of individuals who are immediately on either side of the guideline recommended initiation ages. US mammography utilization within the last 2 years increased from 33% at age 39 to 48% at age 40 and 60% at age 41. US colorectal cancer test utilization, within the last 2 years, increased from 15% at age 49 to 18% at age 50 and 28% at age 51. US PSA utilization within the last 2 years increased from 37% at age 49 to 44% at age 50 and 54% at age 51. In Canada, mammography utilization within the last 2 years increased from 47% at age 49 to 57% at age 50 and 66% at age 51. American and Canadian cancer screening utilization is generally consistent with each country's guideline recommendations regarding age. US and Canadian differences in screening due to guidelines can potentially explain cross-country differences in breast cancer mortality and affect interpretation of international comparisons of cancer statistics.

Are U.S. cancer screening test patterns consistent with guideline recommendations with respect to the age of screening initiation?

BackgroundU.S. cancer screening guidelines communicate important information regarding the ages for which screening tests are appropriate. Little attention has been given to whether breast, colorectal and prostate cancer screening test use is responsive to guideline age information regarding the age of screening initiation.MethodsThe 2006 Behavioral Risk Factor Social Survey and the 2003 National Health Interview Surveys were used to compute breast, colorectal and prostate cancer screening test rates by single year of age. Graphical and logistic regression analyses were used to compare screening rates for individuals close to and on either side of the guideline recommended screening initiation ages.ResultsWe identified large discrete shifts in the use of screening tests precisely at the ages where guidelines recommend that screening begin. Mammography screening in the last year increased from 22% [95% CI = 20, 25] at age 39 to 36% [95% CI = 33, 39] at age 40 and 47% [95% CI = 44, 51] at age 41. Adherence to the colorectal cancer screening guidelines within the last year increased from 18% [95% CI = 15, 22] at age 49 to 19% [95% CI = 15, 23] at age 50 and 34% [95% CI = 28, 39] at age 51. Prostate specific antigen screening in the last year increased from 28% [95% CI = 25, 31] at age 49 to 33% [95% CI = 29, 36] and 42% [95% CI = 38, 46] at ages 50 and 51. These results are robust to multivariate analyses that adjust for age, sex, income, education, marital status and health insurance status.ConclusionThe results from this study suggest that cancer screening test utilization is consistent with guideline age information regarding the age of screening initiation. Screening test and adherence rates increased by approximately 100% at the breast and colorectal cancer guideline recommended ages compared to only a 50% increase in the screening test rate for prostate cancer screening. Since information regarding the age of cancer screening initiation varies across countries, results from this study also potentially have implications for cross-country comparisons of cancer incidence and survival statistics.

Identifying persons with poor health literacy in 7-seconds: An important adjunct to improving cancer screening and treatment

6007 Background: One in five adults in the United States has low literacy skills. Low literacy has been linked to poor health status, advanced stage of presentation for cancer, and limited awareness and utilization of cancer screening tests. While assessment tools are available to measure literacy, few clinicians use them routinely. We sought to develop a brief and easy-to-use version of an existing health literacy screening test. Methods: Patients were interviewed in oncology, infectious disease, and general internal medicine clinics (N=1334). All patients completed the Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine (REALM); an individually administered 3–5 minute reading screening test whereby patients pronounce 66 medical words. REALM-66 scores correlate significantly with longer reading comprehension tests (r = 0.97). While word recognition tests do not measure comprehension, they identify low literacy. Results: Stepwise multiple regression was used to predict REALM total score, treating individual words as potential dummy-coded predictor variables. Variables entering the model were constrained to have a partial R-square of ≥1%, and to be statistically significant under a Bonferroni criterion. Seven words entered the model. The seven words (REALM-7) had a correlation of r=0.95 with the REALM-66 total score for the development sample, and an r>0.93 for 2 validity samples. There was an almost perfect mapping from REALM-7 scores to reading grade level based on the REALM, and no evidence of Simpson's paradox was noted for sample stratification by site, gender or race. Conclusions: It is possible to accurately assess patient health literacy and determine reading level equivalent by asking patients to pronounce only 7 words. Physicians may utilize the REALM-7 into clinical practice to identify individuals who may not understand cancer screening or treatment materials. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

Identifying persons with poor health literacy in 7-seconds: An important adjunct to improving cancer screening and treatment

6007 Background: One in five adults in the United States has low literacy skills. Low literacy has been linked to poor health status, advanced stage of presentation for cancer, and limited awareness and utilization of cancer screening tests. While assessment tools are available to measure literacy, few clinicians use them routinely. We sought to develop a brief and easy-to-use version of an existing health literacy screening test. Methods: Patients were interviewed in oncology, infectious disease, and general internal medicine clinics (N=1334). All patients completed the Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine (REALM); an individually administered 3–5 minute reading screening test whereby patients pronounce 66 medical words. REALM-66 scores correlate significantly with longer reading comprehension tests (r = 0.97). While word recognition tests do not measure comprehension, they identify low literacy. Results: Stepwise multiple regression was used to predict REALM total score, treating individual words as potential dummy-coded predictor variables. Variables entering the model were constrained to have a partial R-square of ≥1%, and to be statistically significant under a Bonferroni criterion. Seven words entered the model. The seven words (REALM-7) had a correlation of r=0.95 with the REALM-66 total score for the development sample, and an r>0.93 for 2 validity samples. There was an almost perfect mapping from REALM-7 scores to reading grade level based on the REALM, and no evidence of Simpson's paradox was noted for sample stratification by site, gender or race. Conclusions: It is possible to accurately assess patient health literacy and determine reading level equivalent by asking patients to pronounce only 7 words. Physicians may utilize the REALM-7 into clinical practice to identify individuals who may not understand cancer screening or treatment materials. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

Testing for prostate and colorectal cancer: comparison of self-report and medical record audit

Background. Self-reported data are often used to determine cancer screening test utilization, but self-report may be inaccurate. Methods. We interviewed members of three health maintenance organizations and reviewed their medical records for information on digital rectal exam (DRE), prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test, fecal occult blood test (FOBT), sigmoidoscopy, and colonoscopy (response rate 65%). We calculated the sensitivity, specificity, concordance, and kappa statistic to compare the two sources for black men ( n = 363), white and other men ( n = 847), and women ( n = 920) by study location. Results. For DRE, FOBT, sigmoidoscopy, and colonoscopy, testing rates determined by self-report were higher than those in medical records. Kappa statistics showed fair to good agreement (0.40–0.80) for PSA, sigmoidoscopy, and colonoscopy among most subgroups. For DRE and FOBT, the agreement was poor except among participants from one HMO. Sensitivity was ≥80% for sigmoidoscopy among most subgroups, and ≥85% for endoscopy (sigmoidoscopy and colonoscopy), >75% for DRE, and ≥63% for PSA among all subgroups. Specificity exceeded 80% for FOBT and colonoscopy among all subgroups. Agreement was lower among older age groups. For all tests, agreement was poor between the reasons for testing. Conclusion. Overreporting for some cancer tests should be considered when using self-reported data to evaluate progress towards reaching national goals for prevention behaviors.

Organizational systems used by California capitated medical groups and independent practice associations to increase cancer screening

Patients in health maintenance organizations (HMOs) appear to have higher utilization of cancer screening tests than patients with fee-for-service insurance. The authors surveyed the medical directors of 174 physician organizations in a California network model HMO to obtain information regarding their organizational structure, implementation of guidelines, and use of systems to increase cancer screening. The majority of independent practice associations (IPAs) and medical groups (IMGs) in this California HMO had guidelines and office systems aimed at improving cancer screening. These activities were reported more frequently for mammography and Papanicolaou (Pap) smears than for colorectal carcinoma screening. IMGs reported using flow sheets more often than IPAs. Chart audits were performed more frequently for mammography (48% for IMGs and 40% for IPAs) and Pap smears (45% and 40%, respectively) than for colorectal carcinoma screening (38% and 30%, respectively). Approximately 50% of IPAs and IMGs reported mailing reminders to patients for mammography and Pap smears, but only a few did so for colorectal carcinoma screening. Annual fecal occult blood testing was believed by most medical directors to be a reasonable strategy for managed care patients (86% of IPAs and 96% of IMGs); however, fewer believed that screening sigmoidoscopy for patients ages 50-70 years was a reasonable expectation (71% and 78%, respectively). The majority of IPAs and IMGs in this California HMO reported using both guidelines and office systems to improve cancer screening rates. Further research is needed to understand the effect of these systems, as well their complex interactions with competing incentives, on cancer screening in managed care patients.

Organizational systems used by California capitated medical groups and independent practice associations to increase cancer screening

BACKGROUND Patients in health maintenance organizations (HMOs) appear to have higher utilization of cancer screening tests than patients with fee-for-service insurance. METHODS The authors surveyed the medical directors of 174 physician organizations in a California network model HMO to obtain information regarding their organizational structure, implementation of guidelines, and use of systems to increase cancer screening. RESULTS The majority of independent practice associations (IPAs) and medical groups (IMGs) in this California HMO had guidelines and office systems aimed at improving cancer screening. These activities were reported more frequently for mammography and Papanicolaou (Pap) smears than for colorectal carcinoma screening. IMGs reported using flow sheets more often than IPAs. Chart audits were performed more frequently for mammography (48% for IMGs and 40% for IPAs) and Pap smears (45% and 40%, respectively) than for colorectal carcinoma screening (38% and 30%, respectively). Approximately 50% of IPAs and IMGs reported mailing reminders to patients for mammography and Pap smears, but only a few did so for colorectal carcinoma screening. Annual fecal occult blood testing was believed by most medical directors to be a reasonable strategy for managed care patients (86% of IPAs and 96% of IMGs); however, fewer believed that screening sigmoidoscopy for patients ages 50–70 years was a reasonable expectation (71% and 78%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS The majority of IPAs and IMGs in this California HMO reported using both guidelines and office systems to improve cancer screening rates. Further research is needed to understand the effect of these systems, as well their complex interactions with competing incentives, on cancer screening in managed care patients. Cancer 2000;88:2824–31. © 2000 American Cancer Society.

Social Support and Cancer Screening Among Older Black Americans

Age-adjusted cancer mortality is 27% higher for Black Americans than for the general U.S. population, which may result from inappropriate use of cancer detection tests. Social support has been shown to affect adjustment to breast cancer and survival, but it has not been studied as a predictor of use of preventive health care services in the older population. Our hypothesis is that larger social networks are associated with greater utilization of cancer-screening tests in the older population. The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between social support and use of cancer-screening tests among older Black Americans. Data for this study were obtained from a 1986 baseline survey evaluation of a community intervention program to increase cancer awareness and a 1991 end-point survey of use of cancer detection tests. Our study sample consisted of 617 Black Americans aged 55 years or older who lived in San Francisco (Calif.), the control community, and in Oakland (Calif.), the target community for intervention. The survey included measures of 1) social network characteristics, as determined by a modified version of Berkman and Syme's Social Network Index; 2) demographic characteristics; and 3) use of six cancer-screening tests--mammography, occult blood stool examination, cervical smear, clinical breast examination, digital rectal examination, and sigmoidoscopy. Multiple logistic regression analysis of the Social Network Index results indicated statistically significant positive associations of social support with the use of mammography and occult blood stool examination but not with the other cancer-screening tests. There were statistically significant associations between having HMO (Health Maintenance Organization) insurance and increased use of mammography and occult blood stool examination, compared with having Medi-Cal or other insurance. The interval between the surveys had a statistically significant positive association with use of mammography. These significant associations were not explained by differences in the other variables, which included health status, age, gender, education, type of health insurance, interval between the surveys, and a regular source of care. Social support seems to be associated with increased use of mammography and occult blood stool examinations among older Black Americans. Interventions designed to increase utilization of social networks may be an effective way to increase use of cancer screening, which may ultimately lead to reduced mortality from cancer.