Utilization Of Pigs Research Articles

The Effect of Lysine to Protein Ratio on Growth Performance and Efficiency of Nitrogen Utilization in Pigs

The Effect of Lysine to Protein Ratio on Growth Performance and Efficiency of Nitrogen Utilization in Pigs

Adipic acid increases plasma lysine but does not improve the efficiency of lysine utilization in swine.

Adipic acid, upon catabolism, results in intermediates that bear a structural similarity to lysine degradation products. The objectives of this research were to determine whether adipic acid affects lysine concentrations in plasma and to evaluate whether adipic acid improves the efficiency of lysine utilization in pigs. In Exp. 1, nursery pigs (n = 14) were fed (for a period of 7 d) either a standard nursery diet or the same diet supplemented with 1% adipic acid to assess effects on plasma amino acid concentrations (plasma collected on d 7). In Exp. 2, nursery pigs (n = 56) were fed (for a period of 15 d) either a control diet or the same diet but deficient in either lysine, threonine, or tryptophan with or without supplemental adipic acid to assess the effects of adipic acid on the efficiency of amino acid utilization. The results from Exp. 1 showed that adipic acid increased plasma lysine (by 18%) but not alpha-amino adipic acid, an intermediate in lysine degradation. Experiment 2 demonstrated that adipic acid did not increase the efficiency of utilization of lysine, threonine, or tryptophan. The lack of effects on alpha-amino adipic acid in Exp. 1 and the lack of a positive effect on the efficiency of utilization of lysine, threonine, and tryptophan suggest that adipic acid does not inhibit the mitochondrial uptake of lysine and(or) its degradation in the mitochondrion. It is concluded that feeding adipic acid increases plasma lysine but does not improve the efficiency of lysine utilization.

Nutritional Value of Low-phytate Barley Evaluated in Rats

The nutritional effects of two barley mutant lines with an altered phosphorus (P) profile and phytate content (13 and 43% of total P, respectively) were studied. Because grain quantities were limited, rats served as a model for the pig in a feeding trail. Four groups of five Wistar rats (weighing 65 g) were fed the low-phytate lines, the mother variety and a mixture of barley varieties. All diets were supplemented with vitamins and minerals except for P, calcium, zinc and copper. The apparent digestibility of P was improved by up to 13% in the mutant lines. Although all diets were very similar in their zinc content, only rats fed the mutant lines had a net absorption and a positive zinc balance, indicating the improved availability of this mineral. Rats appear to be a suitable model for P utilization in pigs and can thus provide plant breeders with a mineral bioavailability assay for use at an early stage.

Growth Performance, Body Composition and Protein and Energy Utilization of Pigs Fed Ad Libitum Diets Formulated According to Digestible Amino Acid Content

Growth Performance, Body Composition and Protein and Energy Utilization of Pigs Fed Ad Libitum Diets Formulated According to Digestible Amino Acid Content

Influence of dietary lysine and energy intakes on body protein deposition and lysine utilization in the growing pig.

A serial slaughter study was conducted to determine the effects of true ileally digestible lysine (IDLys) intake and metabolizable energy intake (MEI) on whole-body protein deposition (PD) and dietary lysine utilization in pigs between 45 and 75 kg live weight (LW). Conventional N balances were determined at the start and end of the serial slaughter study. Semisynthetic diets based on casein and cornstarch provided protein-bound lysine to support protein depositions of approximately 70% (Lys70%, IDLys 11.1 g/d) or 90% (Lys90%, IDLys 13.2 g/d) of a determined maximum PD. During the serial slaughter study and at Lys70%, pigs were fed one of six levels of MEI ranging from 14.1 to 23.5 MJ/d; at Lys90%, pigs were fed one of seven levels of MEI ranging from 15.6 to 26.4 MJ/d. The serial slaughter study and N balances indicated that MEI and IDLys had independent effects on PD and lysine utilization. Lysine utilization (calculated as the fraction of absorbed available lysine, over and above maintenance lysine requirements, that was retained in body protein) and PD increased with increasing MEI until plateau values were reached. At the plateaus, PD was determined by lysine intake. When lysine intake determined PD, lysine utilization did not decline (P > 0.10) with increasing lysine intake. Based on the N balance study, there was no effect (P > 0.1) of LW on lysine utilization. The marginal efficiency of using absorbed available lysine for PD was 0.75 and was not affected by LW, MEI, or IDLys.

Effects of various carbohydrate sources on the growth performances and nutrient utilization in pigs weaned at 21 days of age

Effects of various carbohydrate sources on the growth performances and nutrient utilization in pigs weaned at 21 days of age

Effects of various fat sources and lecithin on the growth performances and nutrient utilization in pigs weaned at 21 days of age

Effects of various fat sources and lecithin on the growth performances and nutrient utilization in pigs weaned at 21 days of age

The effect of increasing inclusion of lucerne leaf meal in a barley-based diet on the partition of digestion and on nutrient utilization in pigs

The partition of apparent preileal and postileal digestion of a barley-based diet with increasing inclusion of lucerne leaf meal (LLM; 0, 5, 10 and 20%) was studied in a 4 × 4 change-over experiment with ileal cannulated growing pigs. There was a significant increase in the ileal flow and total tract excretion of nutrients and energy when the inclusion level of LLM was increased. This was more pronounced on the ileal flow of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM) and dietary fibre (DF) than on the total tract flow. With increasing inclusion of LLM in the diet, the ileal and total tract digestibility of DM and OM and energy were significantly reduced while, in contrast, the digestibilities of crude protein and DF were non-significantly affected. The proportion (% of total tract digestibility) of preileal digestibility of LLM was 35, 43, 25 and 41 for DM, OM, DF and energy respectively, while the digestion of CP and crude fat was almost completed at the terminal ileum. There was a significant reduction in the dietary content of digestible and metabolizable energy with increasing inclusion of LLM in the diet.

Use of plasma urea nitrogen as a rapid response criterion to determine the lysine requirement of pigs.

Five experiments were conducted to evaluate the potential use of plasma urea N (PUN) concentrations as a rapid response criterion to determine amino acid requirements. A preliminary experiment (Exp. 1) indicated that a 3-d feeding time was required to re-equilibrate PUN concentrations after a change in the dietary concentration of lysine. In Exp. 2, 3, and 4, PUN was used to estimate the lysine requirement of growing pigs at different specific BW. Thirty individually penned crossbred pigs weighing 32 and 44 kg in Exp. 2 and 3, respectively, were assigned to five dietary treatments (.60, .70, .80, .90, and 1.00% lysine) for 5 d. The PUN decreased quadratically (P < .05) to increasing dietary lysine. A two-slope, broken-line regression model estimated the requirement at .85% in Exp. 2 and at .76% in Exp. 3. In Exp. 4, 60 crossbred pigs (30 barrows and 30 gilts) weighing 70 kg were assigned to five dietary lysine concentrations: .50, .60, .70, .80, and .90% for 4 d. Increasing lysine caused PUN to decrease quadratically (P < .01). The estimated requirements were different (P < .05) between sexes: .69% for barrows and .75% for gilts. In Exp. 5, the validity of using PUN as a rapid response criterion was verified by comparing the estimated lysine requirement based on PUN with the requirement determined in a 7-d N balance. Twenty crossbred barrows averaging 19 kg were used. Dietary lysine concentrations were .60, .75, .90, 1.05, and 1.20%. A quadratic response was observed in PUN (P < .05) and N retention (NR) (P < .01) with increasing lysine. The estimated lysine concentrations that maximized rates of NR and minimized PUN (1.03 vs. 1.05) were not different (P > .10). Therefore, PUN concentrations can be used in short-term trials to accurately estimate the dietary lysine required to maximize total N utilization in pigs at a specific BW. In addition, the two-slope broken-line regression model had the highest R2 and the lowest mean square error compared with three other models as means for estimating lysine requirement from PUN concentrations.

Nutritive value of rubber seed (Hevea brasiliensis) meal: utilization by growing pigs of semipurified diets in which rubber seed meal partially replaced soybean meal.

Thirty-six four-way cross (Chester White X Landrace X Large White X Yorkshire) growing barrows and gilts were used to investigate the effects of replacing graded levels of protein from soybean meal with equivalent levels of protein from rubber seed meal in 16% CP semipurified diets on the performance characteristics, hematocrit, plasma metabolites and N utilization of pigs. The first diet (control) was largely cornstarch-soybean meal in which the soybean meal supplied all of the CP. In other diets, rubber seed meal replaced 10%, 20% and 30%, respectively, of the protein of soybean meal in the control diet. Twenty gilts were used in a 28-d growth trial and 16 barrows were used in an 8-d digestion trial (4-d collection). There were no differences (P greater than .05) in ADG, ADF intake and in the feed:gain ratios, even though there was a trend for lower ADG and gain:feed ratio as the level of rubber seed meal increased in the diet. There were no differences in hematocrit, but plasma protein and albumin tended to be depressed when rubber seed meal provided more than 10% of the dietary protein. Apparent digestibilities of GE, DM and N were lower with rubber seed meal at 20% of the protein than with any other diet, but apparent N retained and the percent of digested N retained were not depressed significantly (P greater than .05). Although rubber seed meal protein is of poorer quality than soybean meal protein for growing pigs, at least 10% of dietary protein can be provided by rubber seed meal without adversely affecting growth and N utilization.

Effect of dietary electrolyte balance on nutrient digestibility determined at the end of the small intestine and over the total digestive tract in growing pigs.

A replicated 4 x 4 Latin square digestion trial was conducted to determine the effect of electrolyte balance (EB = Na + K - Cl meq/kg of the diet) on apparent nutrient digestibilities in pigs fitted with ileal T-cannulas. Experimental diets were composed of corn and soybean meal with dietary EB altered by the substitution of CaCl2 for CaCO3, or NaHCO3 for corn and soybean meal. Electrolyte balance levels examined were -50, 100, 250 or 400 meq/kg of the diet. Increasing dietary EB concentration linearly increased (P less than .05 to P less than .02) apparent ileal digestibility of N, energy, DM and all amino acids, except alanine and methionine. However, nutrient and amino acid digestibilities measured over the total digestive tract were similar (P greater than .16) among EB levels. Increasing dietary EB resulted in a linear and quadratic (P less than .03) effect on daily urinary N excretion, resulting in a linear (P less than .05) improvement in N retention expressed both as a percentage of N intake and of absorbed N. Blood pH, total CO2, HCO3 and base excess concentrations increased linearly (P less than .02 to P less than .001) with increasing dietary EB. Dietary EB concentrations influenced nutrient and amino acid absorption measured near the end of the small intestine. Additionally, the N balance data per unit of N intake or N absorbed are indicative of an improved N utilization in pigs fed increasing dietary EB concentrations from -50 to 400 meq/kg.

Synthesis Ability of Amino Acids and Protein from Non-Protein Nitrogen and Role of Intestinal Flora on This Utilization in Pigs

Synthesis Ability of Amino Acids and Protein from Non-Protein Nitrogen and Role of Intestinal Flora on This Utilization in Pigs

Effect of Efrotomycin on Gain and Feed Efficiency for Pigs from Weaning until Market Weight3

Six studies involving 700 pigs were conducted in five separate swine research facilities to evaluate weight gain and efficiency of feed utilization in pigs fed the antibiotic efrotomycin. Pigs averaging 8.4 kg at the beginning of the studies were fed fortified corn-soybean meal diets that contained efrotomycin at 0, 2, 4, 8 or 16 ppm for an average of 120 d to market weight, about 92.1 kg. Pigs fed efrotomycin gained 5.9 to 8.9% faster (P less than .01) and were 1.7 to 4.0% more efficient (P less than .01) than those fed control diets. The improvement in growth rate was linear from 2 through 16 ppm, while feed efficiency (gain/feed) plateaued at 4 ppm efrotomycin. Treatment X study interactions were not significant for average daily gain or feed efficiency, showing that the response to efrotomycin was similar in each study. These studies indicate that efrotomycin is effective in improving gain and efficiency of feed utilization in swine from weaning until market weight.

EFFECT OF SALINOMYCIN ON NUTRIENT ABSORPTION AND RETENTION BY GROWING PIGS FED CORN-SOYBEAN MEAL DIETS WITH OR WITHOUT OAT HULLS OR WHEAT BRAN

Four balance trials were conducted to determine the effect of the antibiotic salinomycin (SM) on nitrogen (N) and energy utilization and fiber component digestibility by swine fed low- or high-fiber diets. Treatments were corn-soybean meal control (C), 10% oat hull (OH) and 20% wheat bran (WB) diets, each with or without SM (82 mg kg−1). In trial 1A, 12 female pigs (34.6 kg) were fed the C or WB diets with or without SM for a 9-d adaptation period followed by a 5-d feces and urine collection period. In trial IB, the same pigs (50.5 kg) were fed the C or OH diets with previous fiber and SM levels reversed. Trial 2 was conducted in a similar fashion with the order of the fiber sources fed reversed (OH in trial 2A, 32.3 kg; WB in trial 2B, 44.7 kg). SM increased apparent N digestibility and N absorption (P &lt; 0.01) in the WB trials, but also increased (P &lt; 0.05) urine N and thus SM did not affect N retention. Although apparent N absorption was decreased (P &lt; 0.06) by SM in the OH trials, this largely reflected a lower N intake (P &lt; 0.02) and SM did not alter N retention. SM did not alter apparent energy utilization by pigs fed the C or OH diets, but increased the coefficients for DE and ME (P &lt; 0.01) and dry matter (DM) digestibility (P &lt; 0.05) of pigs fed the WB diets. Both OH and WB decreased apparent N digestibility (P &lt; 0.01), but did not affect N retention (P &gt; 0.10). OH and WB decreased (P &lt; 0.01) energy digestibility. Digestion coefficients for DM, acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber, cellulose and hemi-cellulose were not affected by SM, but were depressed by OH and WB (P &lt; 0.01). Estimated DM digestibilities (calculated by difference) for OH and WB were 4.9% and 61.3%, respectively. The data indicate that SM may influence energy and N utilization in pigs fed a degradable source of fiber (WB), but not in pigs fed a low-fiber diet (C) or a diet containing a high-fiber ingredient resistant to fermentation (OH). This suggests that SM may alter microbial fermentation in the gastrointestinal tract of the pig. Key words: Swine, fiber, salinomycin, nitrogen utilization, energy utilization

Absence d'effet de la vitamine D sur la phytase et la phosphatase alcaline intestinales : relation avec l'absorption du phosphore phytique chez le porc

At least two-thirds of the phosphorus ingested by pigs is in the form of phytates. Two intestinal vitamin D-sensitive enzymes, alkaline phosphatase and phytase, might be involved in phytate-P digestion. The effects of dietary vitamin D upon the two intestinal phosphatases and P utilization in pigs fed a high phytate-P diet are reported here. Fourteen vit. D-depleted pigs (25-hydroxy vit. D: about 2 ng/ml plasma) were divided into two groups fed the same basal diet containing 0.6% P (of which 80% was phytic) and 0.6% Ca. One group (+D) was supplemented for 5 weeks with vit. D (1 000 IU D3/kg diet) and the other (-D) received none. P absorption and retention was two times higher in +D pigs than in -D animals (balance technique), and tibia X-ray pictures showed a lower bone density with the -D diet than with the +D diet. Surprisingly, vit. D supplementation had no effect on either of the mucosal enzymes (phytase and alkaline phosphatase). It may be concluded that vit. D improves phytate-P absorption via a mechanism which does not involve an increase in the activity of the intestinal phosphatases.

The influence of dietary protein and energy intake on the performance, body composition and energy utilization of pigs growing from 7 to 19 kg

ABSTRACTThirty-six entire male pigs were used to investigate the effects of two levels of dietary crude protein (150 and 220 g/kg) each in combination with four levels of feeding (1·0, 1·32, 1·64 MJ digestible energy/kg M0·73per day andad libitum) on growth, body composition and energy utilization over the live-weight range 7 to 19 kg.Growth rate responded linearly (P&lt; 0·001) to increasing energy intake but was depressed (P&lt; 0·05) when dietary crude protein was reduced from 220 to 150 g/kg.Raising digestible energy intake increased and decreased respectively the proportions of fat and protein in the empty body at 19 kg live weight. However, the magnitude of the response of both components to change in digestible energy intake was reduced in the case of pigs fed the lower protein diet.Total energy retained and that retained as fat and as protein responded linearly (P&lt; 0·001) to change in digestible energy intake of either diet. Extrapolation of the regression of total energy retained on digestible energy intake yielded a digestible energy requirement for maintenance of 510 kJ/kg M0·75per day, which was unaffected by level of dietary protein.The partial efficiencies of protein utilization, estimated from the regressions of protein deposition (g/day) on protein intake (g/day), were 0·616 and 0·411 for pigs given the diets containing 150 and 220 g crude protein per kg respectively.

The effects of energy intake and dietary protein on nitrogen retention, growth performance, body composition and some aspects of energy metabolism of baby pigs.

1. The effects of level of feeding of either a protein-adequate or a protein-deficiency diet on nitrogen retention (NR), growth performance, body composition and some aspects of energy utilization in pigs growing from 1.8 to 6.5 kg live weight (LW) were investigated in two experiments. 2. In Expts and 2 piglets were given a protein-adequate diet at four levels of intake (0.93, 1.44, 1.83 and 2.30 MJ gross energy (GE)/kg LW0.75 per d) and a protein-deficient diet at five levels of intake (1.14, 1.38, 1.68, 1.95, and 2.30 MJ GE/kg LW0.75 per d) respectively. 3. For pigs given the protein-adequate diet (Expt 1) NR was linearly (P less than 0.001) related to energy intake (EI) and independent of N intake (NI). NR in pigs given the protein-deficient diet (Expt 2) was linearly (P less than 0.001) related to NI and independent of EI. 4. Average daily LW gain responded linearly to increases in EI in both experiments. However, at equivalent levels of EI pigs given the protein-adequate diet exhibited more rapid and efficient growth than those given the protein-deficient diet. The results also indicated an interaction between the effects of EI and dietary protein content for feed conversion efficiency. 5. Body fat at 6.5 LW increased in a curvilinear fashion with increasing EI in both experiments. However, over the range of EI tested (from approximately 1.8 to 4.6 times energy for maintenance) body fat increased by 153% in Expt 1 and by only 27% in Expt 2. Pigs given the protein-deficient diet were also markedly fatter than those given the protein-adequate diet. Body protein at 6.5 kg LW decreased (P less than 0.01) with increasing EI in Expt 1 but was unaffected by EI in Expt 2. 6. As estimated by multiple regression analysis, the values for the deficiency of energy utilization for protein (kp) and fat (kt) deposition were 0.76 and 0.78 respectively in Expt 1 and 0.42 and 0.89 respectively in Expt 2. The estimates of metabolizable energy required for maintenance were 4.45 and 532 kJ/kg LW0.75 per d for Expts 1 and 2 respectively.

An interrelation between the level of ribonucleic acid in leucocytes and lymphocytes of blood, the fattening growth and the meat utility of pigs

More and more work points towards the possibility of selecting pigs by utilizing the early indexes of fattening and slaughtering group. This work attempts to observe the early biochemical indexes which could indicate the later commercial value of pigs. An investigation was made of the ribonucleic acids, which take an active part in cytoplasmic biosynthesis of the protein forming the main mass of meat tissue in the animal.In this work, an attempt is made to observe an interdependence between the content of ribonucleic acid in leucocytes and lymphocytes of pigs 'blood and the level of the animals' productivity. The results obtained permit the following conclusions: 1. No statistically significant differences for the sexes were noted between P-RNA level in the leucocytes and lymphocytes in peripheral blood and fattening indexes and meat utility. 2. The dynamics of RNA in leucocytes and lymphocytes of peripheral blood may form a criterion for selecting earlier or later maturing time. 3. The obtained coefficients of correlation between the content of P-RNA in blood leucocytes and lymphocytes and the fattening growth and meat utility of pigs suggest that these blood indexes may be used as a criterion for selection, according to which the future fattening and meat output could be forecases during the initial period for pigs growth (4th month of life). 4. The results obtained may be of wider importance from the breeding point of view, providing that future investigations are performed on much wider populations of animals.

Efficiency of Food Utilization in Pigs

Efficiency of Food Utilization in Pigs