Uterine Horn Research Articles

Lymphoplasmacytic endometritis and ovarian adenoma in a pinscher bitch associated with hydrometra

Hydrometra is the accumulation of sterile fluid in the uterine lumen, asymptomatic and abnormally observed in bitches, often identified accidentally during ovariosalpingohysterectomy (OSH). The aim of this study is to report a case of hydrometra in a seven-year-old nulliparous female Pinscher dog, which was brought to the veterinarian due to a gradual increase in abdominal volume. Prior to the consultation, the dog had received a dose of medroxyprogesterone acetate (50 mg). Abdominal ultrasound revealed normal configurations of abdominal organs, except for the uterus, which displayed a lumen filled with anechoic, non-cellular content. During OSH, a considerable enlargement of uterine horns was observed, along with circulatory changes in the organ, such as congestion. The uterine horns were incised longitudinally, revealing clear, translucent, and non-viscous intrauterine fluid. Histopathological examination confirmed mild lymphoplasmacytic endometritis in the uterus and the presence of ovarian adenoma. Therefore, it is believed that ovarian adenoma and hydrometra may result from elevated circulating exogenous progestagen concentrations. Thus, the importance of veterinary medical monitoring is emphasized to prevent and identify possible alterations in the early stages of hydrometra.

Pregnancy-induced remodeling of the murine reproductive tract: a longitudinal in vivo magnetic resonance imaging study

Mammalian pregnancy requires gradual yet extreme remodeling of the reproductive organs to support the growth of the embryos and their birth. After delivery, the reproductive organs return to their non-pregnant state. As pregnancy has traditionally been understudied, there are many unknowns pertaining to the mechanisms behind this remarkable remodeling and repair process which, when not successful, can lead to pregnancy-related complications such as maternal trauma, pre-term birth, and pelvic floor disorders. This study presents the first longitudinal imaging data that focuses on revealing anatomical alterations of the vagina, cervix, and uterine horns during pregnancy and postpartum using the mouse model. By utilizing advanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technology, T1-weighted and T2-weighted images of the reproductive organs of three mice in their in vivo environment were collected at five time points: non-pregnant, mid-pregnant (gestation day: 9–10), late pregnant (gestation day: 16–17), postpartum (24–72 h after delivery) and three weeks postpartum. Measurements of the vagina, cervix, and uterine horns were taken by analyzing MRI segmentations of these organs. The cross-sectional diameter, length, and volume of the vagina increased in late pregnancy and then returned to non-pregnant values three weeks after delivery. The cross-sectional diameter of the cervix decreased at mid-pregnancy before increasing in late pregnancy. The volume of the cervix peaked at late pregnancy before shortening by 24–72 h postpartum. As expected, the uterus increased in cross-sectional diameter, length, and volume during pregnancy. The uterine horns decreased in size postpartum, ultimately returning to their average non-pregnant size three weeks postpartum. The newly developed methods for acquiring longitudinal in vivo MRI scans of the murine reproductive system can be extended to future studies that evaluate functional and morphological alterations of this system due to pathologies, interventions, and treatments.

Alteration in Effects of Endometriosis on Fecundity According to Pregnancy Experience in Mouse Model.

This study is aimed at identifying variations in the effect of endometriosis on fecundity in a mouse model based on prior pregnancy experience. Endometriosis is one of the most prevalent gynecological diseases and is known to impact female fecundity adversely. In this study, an endometriosis mouse model was established by allografting uterine horn tissue using Pelch's method. The effect of endometriosis on fecundity was confirmed in primiparous and multiparous female mice. As fecundity indicators, the pregnancy rate, number of litters, pregnancy period, and survival rate of the pups were investigated. As a result of the experiment, the pregnancy rate decreased, and the pregnancy period tended to be shorter in primiparous female mice. However, there was no significant change in the multiparous mice. In addition, it has been established that correlations exist between the size of lesions and certain fecundity indicators of the lesion, even among primiparous and multiparous females with endometriosis. The study attempted to demonstrate a link between pregnancy experience and fecundity changes caused by endometriosis by experimentally reproducing clinical results using mouse models. These results suggest strategies for identifying several pathophysiological characteristics of endometriosis.

Differing planes of nutrition alter serum and histotroph amino acid composition in nonpregnant, multiparous beef cows on day 3 of the estrous cycle.

Endometrial-derived uterine histotroph is a critical component of nutrient supply to a growing conceptus throughout gestation; however, the effect of nutritional plane on histotroph nutrient composition remains unknown in multiparous cows. We hypothesized that differing planes of nutrition would alter histotroph and serum nutrient composition in beef cattle. Thus, we evaluated serum and histotroph amino acid and glucose composition, and serum non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) in cows individually fed to maintain body weight (BW; 0 kd/d, n = 9; CON) compared with those losing moderate BW (-0.7 kg/d, n = 9; NEG). After 49 d of differing nutritional planes, cows were subjected to the 7-d CoSynch + controlled internal drug release device estrus synchronization protocol and then slaughtered on day 62. Blood serum (days 0 and 62) and uterine histotroph [day 62; from uterine horns ipsilateral and contralateral to the corpus luteum (CL)] were collected and analyzed for concentrations of amino acids, glucose, and NEFA. Performance characteristics, body composition via ultrasound (days 0 and 62), and carcass characteristics were collected. Body condition score, change in BW, average daily gain, dry matter intake, and gain:feed were decreased (P ≤ 0.05) in NEG vs. CON cows. There were no differences in body composition or carcass characteristics, except an increase (P ≤ 0.05) in dressing percentage in NEG cows due to differences in gut fill, consistent with study design. Serum NEFA increased (P ≤ 0.05) in the NEG group, but there were no differences between NEG vs. CON in glucose or BUN. Serum histidine increased (P ≤ 0.05) and alanine, isoleucine, and tryptophan decreased (P ≤ 0.05) in NEG vs. CON cows. Compared with that of the uterine horn ipsilateral to the CL, histotroph from the uterine horn contralateral to the CL had increased (P ≤ 0.05) isoleucine, asparagine, and proline concentrations in NEG cows, and decreased (P ≤ 0.05) tryptophan as a proportion of essential and total amino acids. There were no differences in glucose concentrations of histotroph contralateral or ipsilateral to the CL. Cow nutritional plane does alter serum and histotroph amino acid composition, although the presence of an embryo may be necessary to fully elucidate these changes. Differences in serum and histotroph tryptophan should be given consideration in future studies due to its importance as an essential amino acid in protein synthesis and bioactive affects.

Determination of the effects of oxytocin and carazolol on uterine involution by pulsed-wave Doppler ultrasonography in Kıvırcık ewes

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of oxytocin and carazolol on uterine involution in postpartum Kıvırcık ewes. Thirty primiparous suckling Kıvırcık ewes were divided into 3 groups: carazolol, oxytocin, and control. The ewes underwent transcutaneous B-mode USG in the 1st week after birth, and the examinations continued via transrectal USG until the 28th day of postpartum (pp). The pulsatility index (PI), resistive index (RI), and systolic/diastolic (S/D) velocity ratio were recorded for uterine artery by Doppler USG. On postpartum 21st day, gravid horn diameter reduction was best achieved in the carazolol group. The PI values were found to be statistically significant (P˂0.001) on days 14 and 21 pp. The mean RI values of uterine artery were statistically higher (P˂0.01) in the oxytocin group. The highest RI value was detected on the 14th day of pp. The carazolol group had statistically higher (P˂0.05) mean S/D values when compared to other groups. In conclusion, the most effective drug used to accelerate involution was found to be carazolol. The drugs used in this study appeared to have a contraction effect on the uterine arteries.

Fetal morphology of the female urogenital apparatus in Dasyprocta fuliginosa

Dasyprocta fuliginosa had a gestational period of approximately 104 days, to date there are few descriptions of fetal development in this species. From animals collected through subsistence hunting in the Amazon, it was possible to follow the fetal development of the female urogenital apparatus of animals from 56 days until the end of gestation. The kidneys of younger fetuses showed discreet lobations, and from the 75th gestational day onwards they were defined as smooth unilobed organs. The glomerular composition of the cortical region of the youngest fetuses had morphological differences, with poorly developed and undifferentiated capillaries. This composition was transmuted around the 82nd gestational day. Throughout the fetal development process the ureters inserted dorsolaterally to the urinary bladder, communicating with the fetal umbilical funiculus through the urachus, and with the urethra. The same occurred with the reproductive system, which was composed of a double-type uterus, with two uterine horns, a septum and two individual cervical canals, in addition to two uterine tubes, two ovaries, a vagina with a semi-open vaginal membrane, and a vulva, which made up the external genitalia. This constitution reveals that D. fuliginosa during the fetal phase has a well-developed morphology of the reproductive and urinary systems.

The effect of coenzyme Q10 on cryotolerance of in vivo-derived mouse embryos.

Cryopreservation has some adverse effects on embryos including cell metabolism reduction, mitochondria and plasma membrane damage, excess production of 'Reactive Oxygen Species' and damage to DNA. In the present study. In this study we assessed the effect of coenzyme Q10 as an exogenous antioxidant on mouse embryos following cryopreservation. We collected mice embryos at the morula stage from uterine horns on the third day of gestation. The morulae were divided into 9 groups (1 control, 2 vehicles and 6 experimental), then vitrified. The culture and/or vitrification media of the experimental groups were supplemented by 10 or 30 μM of CoQ10. After one week, the embryos were warmed and then cultured. After 48 hours of embryo culture, the blastocyst rate, total cell number, viability; and after 72 hours of embryo culture, we assessed the hatching rate. Blastocyst rate and hatching rate were significantly reduced in the groups containing 30 μM CoQ10 supplemented culture media compared to other groups (p<0.05). The hatching rate in the groups containing 10 μM CoQ10 supplemented in both culture and vitrification media was significantly higher than in the other groups (p<0.05). In groups containing 10 μM CoQ10 supplemented culture media, the viability was higher than that in the other groups (p<0.05). It seems that CoQ10 in a dose-dependent manner is able to improve hatching rate and viability following cryopreservation through its antioxidant and anti-apoptotic properties, and through the production of ATP.

Sterilization of free-ranging female capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris): a comparison between two surgical techniques.

This study evaluated two surgical sterilization techniques in free-ranging female capybaras (n = 21). The first group underwent uterine horn ligature (HL; n = 11), while the second was subjected to partial salpingectomy (S; n = 10). We assessed total operative time, incision length, the ease of identifying reproductive structures, the adequacy of exposure for surgical performance through flank or midline approaches, and the extent of abdominal viscera manipulation for each method. The HL method emerged as faster, with an average operative time difference of 16 minutes. In the S group, a flank mini-laparotomy over the ovarian topography facilitated easy exposure of the ipsilateral ovary and uterine tube, enabling ligature and partial resection of the uterine tube but not the uterine horn exposure. However, accessing the contralateral uterine tube without a bilateral incision was impractical, thus prolonging the total operative time due to the need for patient repositioning and new antisepsis procedures. Conversely, a post-umbilical approach for the HL method necessitated only one mini-laparotomy incision, offering ample uterine exposure for hysterotomy in pregnant females. Both methods involved minimal abdominal viscera manipulation and resulted in no fatalities or postoperative complications. Although direct comparison is limited by the distinct sterilization techniques and surgical approaches, this study underscores the challenges and surgical access of each method. Our findings endorse the HL technique as an effective contraception method for female capybaras to prevent the birth of seronegative offspring that could amplify Rickettsia sp., the causative agent of Brazilian spotted fever.

Histology of the internal reproductive organs of the female Arabian oryx (Oryx leucoryx).

The Arabian oryx (Oryx leucoryx) is an antelope that is considered a "vulnerable" species. Lack of knowledge on the structure of its reproductive organs hinders the development of strategies to improve its reproduction. There is only one report on the gross anatomy of the female reproductive organs. With the aim of describing their microanatomy, the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina were collected at necropsy of an adult female oryx. Samples from each organ were analyzed with H&E staining and light microscopy. The squamous to cuboidal germinal epithelium covers the dense tunica albuginea of the ovaries, which encloses the cortex. This merges smoothly with the medulla. The cortex embeds follicles at several stages of development. A rich bed of blood vessels is present in the medulla, especially at the hilum. The uterine tubes are comprised of a serosa, muscularis, and mucosa. The muscularis is constituted of circular smooth muscle covered by a thin layer of longitudinal fibers. The mucosa has longitudinal folds lined by a pseudostratified epithelium with ciliated cells. The uterine horns are constituted of a serosa, muscularis, and mucosa. The muscularis contains an inner circular layer of smooth muscle and an outer longitudinal one. Simple coiled glands are present at the base of the mucosa. From this, highly cellular projections (caruncles) are present, lined by a by a simple columnar epithelium. The cervix contains four dense rings, and its mucosa is lined by longitudinal folds of a simple columnar epithelium, with ciliated cells. Numerous glands are located in the lamina propria and contain simple cuboidal to columnar epithelium. The vaginal wall was made of a serosa, muscularis, and mucosa. The mucosa is made of stratified squamous epithelium non-keratinized. In summary, the histology of the internal reproductive organs of the oryx is like the one of other ruminants.

Intra-horn insemination in the alpaca Vicugna pacos: Copulatory wounding and deep sperm deposition.

Alpacas (Vicugna pacos) are reported to be the rare mammal in which the penis enters the uterus in mating. To date, however, only circumstantial evidence supports this assertion. Using female alpacas culled for meat, we determined that the alpaca penis penetrates to the very tips of the uterine horns, abrading the tract and breaking fine blood vessels. All female alpacas sacrificed one hour or 24 hours after mating showed conspicuous bleeding in the epithelium of some region of their reproductive tract, including the hymen, cervix and the tips of each uterine horn, but typically not in the vagina. Unmated females showed no evidence of conspicuous bleeding. Histological examination of mated females revealed widespread abrasion of the cervical and endometrial epithelium, injuries absent in unmated females. Within one hour of mating, sperm were already present in the oviduct. The male alpaca's cartilaginous penis tip with a hardened urethral process is likely responsible for the copulatory abrasion. The entire female reproductive tract interacts with the penis, functioning like a vagina. Alpacas are induced ovulators, and wounding may hasten delivery of the seminal ovulation-inducing factor beta-NGF into the female's blood stream. There is no evidence of sexual conflict in copulation in alpaca, and thus wounding may also be one of a variety of mechanisms devised by mammals to induce a beneficial, short-term inflammatory response that stimulates blastocyst implantation, the uterine remodeling associated with placental development, and thus the success of early pregnancy.

Effect of hCG and prostaglandin on ovarian, luteal development, and hormonal changes in embryo donor mares during the hot summer months in subtropics.

Commercial embryo flushing of horses has required hormonal management of both the donor and recipient mares throughout the breeding season. This study aimed to find out the effect of using human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and prostaglandin F2α (PG) on the ovarian and uterine dynamics and hemodynamics, estradiol (E2), progesterone, oxidants-antioxidants, and blood biochemicals in embryo donor mares during the hottest months of the year in a subtropical climate. Three Control estrous cycles of native mares (10-20 years; N = 10) followed by two treated cycles with hCG and PGF2α were examined daily from May to August using Doppler ultrasound with blood sampling. Circulating, progesterone (P4), total cholesterol, total proteins, albumin, haptoglobin, nitric oxide (NO), catalase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and myeloperoxidase were measured in blood serum. Days during the control estrous cycle impacted the dominant follicle (DF) diameter ( p < 0.0001), antrum diameter ( p < 0.0001), area ( p < 0.0001), antral area ( p < 0.0001), and color area % (p > 0.05), and corpus luteum (CL) diameter ( p < 0.0001). PG tended to impact DF diameter (p > 0.05) but influenced its antrum diameter (p < 0.05), color area (p < 0.05), CL diameter (p < 0.01), and area (p = 0.013). Days after hCG tended to impact DF antrum diameter (p > 0.05) and the antrum area (p > 0.05), but influenced CL diameter ( p < 0.0001). PGF2α and hCG increased uterine horn area (p = 0.016) and color area (p = 0.023), total cholesterol ( p < 0.0001), and NO ( p < 0.0001) levels but hCG increased the levels of myeloperoxidase (p < 0.005), total proteins (p < 0.001), and albumin ( p < 0.0001). Globulins achieved the highest level (p = 0.054) but the Albumin/globulin ratio reached a minimum value on Day 0 of the control mares ( p < 0.0001). PGF2α increased LDH ( p < 0.0001) and sharply declined (p = 0.028) progesterone. In conclusion, the treatment protocols of hCG and PGF2α showed minimal effects on the produced ovulating follicles and can be used during the summer season to manage embryo donor mares.

Hysterotomy, fetus removal, and sterilization in pregnant capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris): A strategy for population control and Brazilian spotted fever prevention

This study explores a novel surgical method for population control in pregnant capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) within areas endemic to Brazilian spotted fever (BSF), a disease caused by the bacterium Rickettsia rickettsii and transmitted by the Amblyomma sp. tick. The proposed technique involves fetus removal and sterilization through a cesarean section performed along the linea alba. Conducted on 43 capybaras in São Paulo, Brazil, with all necessary ethical and legal clearances, the surgical procedure featured a periumbilical incision through the linea alba for direct uterine access, facilitation fetal removal and subsequent uterine horn ligature for complete sterilization. The technique proved efficient, with surgeries lasting between 60 and 90 minutes and incisions spanning 5–7 cm, offering minimal hemorrhage, and avoiding excessive abdominal viscera manipulation. Post-surgery, anesthetic recovery was smooth, and no sterilized females produce offspring after the procedure, underscoring the method's effectiveness for capybara population control. This is particularly significant in urban areas where human-capybara interactions are increasing due to residential expansion. The proposed surgical approach demonstrated herein presents a time-efficient and effective strategy for BSF prevention by controlling capybara population. In conclusion, the cesarean section along the linea alba emerges as a viable option for reproductive control in capybaras, with positive outcomes observed in tissue samples and overall animal health condition supporting its application in BSF-endemic regions to help reduce disease incidence.

MORPHOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE UTERUS OF WHITE OUTBRED RATS

Using light microscopy methods, the histological structure of the uterus of white outbred rats at the level of the body and cervix was clarified. It has been established that the walls of the right and left uterine horns grow together, forming a double body and neck. Whose cavities remain separated from each other by a thin septum and open into the vagina with two separate openings. The area of fusion of the medial walls is characterized by the union of the perimeter and the supravascular layer of the myometrium. The data obtained can be used to illuminate the relevant sections of reference and educational literature when writing sections on evolutionary, functional, comparative species morphology and reproductive biology. Based on the histological study, it was established thatin rats, despite the general type of uterine structure, there are significant differences that mainly affect their lower segment at the borders.

A case of rudimentary uterine horn pregnancy complicated with placental implantation in later stages of pregnancy.

A case of rudimentary uterine horn pregnancy complicated with placental implantation in later stages of pregnancy.

Interferon-tau protects bovine endometrial epithelial cells against inflammatory injury by regulating the PI3K/AKT/β-catenin/FoxO1 signaling axis

Endometritis is one of the most common causes of infertility in dairy cows, and is histopathologically characterized by inflammation and damage of endometrial epithelium. Interferon-tau (IFN-τ) is a novel type I interferon secreted by ruminant trophoblast cells with low cytotoxicity even at high doses. Previous studies suggested that IFN-τ plays an important role in inflammation. However, the mechanisms whereby IFN-τ may modulate the inflammatory responses in the bovine endometrium are unknown. In the present study, primary bovine endometrial epithelial cells (BEEC) isolated from fresh and healthy uterine horns were used for in vitro studies. The integrity of BEEC was assessed by immunofluorescence staining for cytokeratin 18 (CK-18, a known epithelial marker). For the experiments, BEEC were stimulated with different concentrations of lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 0-20 µg/mL) for different times (0-24 h). Cell viability and apoptosis were assessed via CCK-8 and flow cytometry. In a preliminary study, we observed that compared with the control group without LPS, 10 µg/mL of LPS stimulation for 24 h induced apoptosis. In a subsequent study, 20 or 40 ng/mL of IFN-τ alleviated LPS-induced apoptosis. Relative to the LPS group, western blotting further revealed that IFN-τ inhibited the protein abundance of TLR4 and phosphorylated (p-) p65 (p-p65) and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, suggesting that IFN-τ can protect BEEC against inflammatory injury. Furthermore, the protein abundance of p-phosphoinositide 3-kinase (p-PI3K), p-protein kinase B (p-AKT), p-glycogen synthase kinase-3β (p-GSK3β), β-catenin, and p-forkhead box O1 (p-FoxO1) was lower in the LPS group, whereas IFN-τ upregulated their abundance. The use of LY294002, a specific inhibitor of PI3K/AKT, attenuated the upregulation of p-PI3K, p-AKT p-GSK3β, β-catenin, and p-FoxO1 induced by IFN-τ, and also blocked the downregulation of TLR4, p-p65, and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. This suggested that the inhibition of TLR4 signaling by IFN-τ was mediated by the PI3K/AKT pathway. Furthermore, compared with the LPS group, the β-catenin agonist SB216763 led to greater p-FoxO1 and lower p-p65 and cell apoptosis. In contrast, knockdown of β-catenin using small interfering RNA had the opposite effects. To explore the role of FoxO1 on the inhibition of TLR4 by IFN-τ, we employed LY294002 to inhibit the PI3K/AKT while FoxO1 was knocked down. Results revealed that the knockdown of FoxO1 blocked the upregulation of TLR4 and p-p65 induced by LY294002, and enhanced the inhibition of IFN-τ on TLR4, p-p65, and cell apoptosis. Overall, these findings confirmed that IFN-τ can protect endometrial epithelial cells against inflammatory injury via suppressing TLR4 activation through the regulation of the PI3K/AKT/β-catenin/FoxO1 axis. These represent new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammatory function of IFN-τ in BEEC, and also provide a theoretical basis for further studies on the in vivo application of IFN-τ to help prevent negative effects of endometritis.

Uterus histomorphometry of alpacas (Vicugna pacos) in induced luteal phase, with GnRH or Copulation

Background: Alpacas have reproductive traits such as induced ovulation and a higher gestation rate in the left uterine horn. Additionally, low fertility and high embryonic mortality are significant challenges in alpaca breeding. To address these issues, it is essential to study the histological changes occurring in the uterine wall during day 8 of the luteal phase. Aim: This research aims to describe these changes in alpacas with induced ovulation using GnRH or copulation. Methods: The study was conducted on 8 sexually mature fertile alpacas with a preovulatory follicle of ≥ 7 mm. Ovulation was induced with GnRH (G1, n=3) and natural mating’ (G2, n=5), confirmed by ultrasound showing the disappearance of the follicle and formation of the corpus luteum. On day 8 of the luteal phase, samples of the uterine wall from the right and left uterine horns were obtained through a midline laparotomy. A uterine lavage with PBS was also performed, and no embryo-ova was found. The tissues were fixed, processed, and stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin. Measurements of the myometrium and endometrium, the area of the superficial and deep endometrial glands, the height of the gland cells, and the height of the endometrial mucosal cells were performed using microscopy and software. The Measurements were taken in microns (um), from 12 different photographs per animal. Results: In G2 (copulation), greater thickness of the endometrium and myometrium, as well as a larger area of the superficial glands and cell height, were observed (p &lt; 0.005). Additionally, the area of the superficial glands in the left horn was greater compared to the right. Conclusion: The thickness of the myometrium and endometrium, and the area of the superficial glands of the left uterine horn in alpacas during the luteal phase (day 8), induced by copulation (G2), show better development. This research provides new insights into changes in the histomorphometry of the alpacas uterus during this stage and is the first report in this species.

A case of noncommunicating rudimentary uterine horn with dysmenorrheal symptoms after cesarean section

A case of noncommunicating rudimentary uterine horn with dysmenorrheal symptoms after cesarean section

Comparison of ultrasonographic measures of reproductive tract in Thai swamp buffalo heifers and cows

Although artificial insemination (AI) technology is widely used in buffalo breeding in Thailand, AI in buffaloes has a lower conception rate compared to AI in beef cattle. It is crucial to understand the development of the ovary and reproductive system of buffalo heifers and cows. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the reproductive tract characteristic using ultrasound measurements during the luteal and follicular phases in Thai swamp buffalo heifers and cows. The studies of reproductive tract were conducted in buffalo cows (n=8; BCS=3.38) and heifers (n=8; BCS=3.25). The reproductive tract was evaluated by measuring the size of the ovary, dominant follicle, CL, uterine horn, cervix, and vulva. The buffalo cows had larger diameter of the cervix and vulvar width (P&lt;0.05) compared with those of heifers. In the follicular phase, buffalo cows had a mean ovarian diameter (ipsilateral POF) of 2.35 cm, and heifers had a mean ovarian diameter of 2.24 cm (P&gt;0.05). The average preovulatory follicle diameter was 1.29 cm in buffalo cows and 1.18 cm in heifers (P&gt;0.05). In the luteal phase, the mean ovarian diameter (ipsilateral CL) of buffalo cows was significantly larger than heifers (P&lt;0.05; 2.46 vs. 2.09 cm, respectively). The diameters of the CL in buffalo heifers and cows were 1.27 and 1.47 cm, respectively (P&gt;0.05). Buffalo cows and heifers have no differences in ovarian components in the follicular and luteal phases, but there are differences in the size of the reproductive tract, which reproductive tract of buffalo cows is larger than heifers.

Effectiveness of Histopathological Changes of Induced Thin Layer Endometrium by Pentoxifylline and Pentoxifylline-Loaded Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid on Female Rats.

Pentoxifylline (PTXF) is a vasoactive agent that plays a significant role in the treatment of thin-layer endometrium cases. The PTXF, also identified as oxpentifylline, is a member of xanthine derivatives and a competitive nonselective phosphodiesterase inhibitor leading to the elevation of intracellular cAMP, inhibition of tumor necrosis factor and leukotriene synthesis, activation of protein kinase A, and reduction of inflammation and innate immunity. Moreover, it is used as an agent to relieve muscle pain in people with peripheral artery disease (vascular irregularities). It is also an acceptable choice for the treatment of radiation-induced fibrosis. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the advantageous impact of PTXF and PTXF-loaded poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) on female rats after being exposed to ethanol to create a thin layer of the endometrium. For this purpose, 50 female rats were selected and divided into five groups (G1: negative normal control, G2: positive control, G3: PLGA only, G4: preference PTXF, and G5: PLGA-PTXF groups) for a 20-day treatment period. In this study, the histopathological section revealed a perfect improvement in the tissues of the uterine horn of female rats that induced endometria and were treated with PLGA-PTXF. In this group of rats, clear healing was achieved and there was an increase in the thickness of endometrium and myometrium, compared to the ordinary PTXF-treated group which had the lowest recovery characteristics. However, the positive control group underwent a significant decrease in terms of endometrium and myometrium thickness as well as vascular and glandular density. This study showed that the PTXF-loaded PLGA had the capacity to heal the thin layer of the endometrium by improving the levels of histopathological changes, especially regarding the thickness of the endometrium and myometrium more than the ordinary PTXF.

EFFECTIVENESS OF IMMUNOSTIMULATION FOR POSTOPERATIVE INTRA-ABDOMINARY ADHESION IN AN EXPERIMENTAL RAT MODEL

Purpose of the Study: To analyze the effectiveness of using sodium deoxyribonucleate (SDN) for pelvic adhesions in rats in experiment. Materials and Methods: The experiment was carried out on 90 laboratory rats. Three groups of 30 animals each were formed: group 1 – control; group 2 – rats with a simulated adhesive process in the pelvis without subsequent treatment; group 3 – animals with a model of adhesive process in the pelvis receiving intramuscular SDN for 10 days. The adhesive process in the pelvis was modeled in rats by ligating the uterine horns on both sides. The expression of CD4, CD8, CD20, CD138 was studied using DP-SOFT software program and subsequent statistical processing. Results: In animals of the control group, a small number of cells with expression of CD4+, CD8+ and CD138 markers were found in the parietal peritoneum (PP). In perimetrium (PM), no positively stained cells of the studied immunophenotype were found. In group 2, animals showed an increase in the number of cells in the PP positively expressing CD4+ and CD138+, and the appearance of CD56+ cells. An increase in the number of CD138+ and CD4+ cells was found in the rats’ PM. In group 3, compared to the control, the count of CD4+ cells, CD56+ cells and CD138+ cells significantly increased. In the PM of the operated animals, we found an increase in the number of cells positively expressing CD4+ and CD138+, and the appearance of CD56+ cells. In the PM of rats, an increase in the number of CD138+ and CD4+ cells was noted, which indicates activation of the humoral immune system. In group 3, the count of CD4+, CD56+ and CD138+ – cells in the PP significantly increased compared to the control. PM was characterized by a similar distribution of cells. Conclusion: After surgery, the adhesive process causes a change in the ratio of leukocyte subpopulations in the affected area towards an increase in their number in the parietal peritoneum rather than in the perimetrium. The use of SDN has an immunomodulatory effect and stimulates immune responses by increasing the number of immunocompetent cells in the surgical site.